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ma=86400 Identification of more than 40 gravitationally magnified stars in a galaxy at redshift 0.725 | Nature Astronomy
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Identification of more than 40 gravitationally magnified stars in a galaxy at redshift 0.725

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Abstract

Strong gravitational magnification enables the detection of faint background sources and allows researchers to resolve their internal structures and even identify individual stars in distant galaxies. Highly magnified individual stars are useful in various applications, including studies of stellar populations in distant galaxies and constraining dark matter structures in the lensing plane. However, these applications have been hampered by the small number of individual stars observed, as typically one or a few stars are identified from each distant galaxy. Here, we report the discovery of more than 40 microlensed stars in a single galaxy behind Abell 370 at redshift of 0.725 (dubbed ‘the Dragon arc’) when the Universe was half of its current age, using James Webb Space Telescope observations with the time-domain technique. These events were found near the expected lensing critical curves, suggesting that these are magnified stars that appear as transients from intracluster stellar microlenses. Through multi-wavelength photometry, we constrained their stellar types and found that many of them are consistent with red giants or supergiants magnified by factors of hundreds. This finding reveals a high occurrence of microlensing events in the Dragon arc and demonstrates that time-domain observations by the James Webb Space Telescope could lead to the possibility of conducting statistical studies of high-redshift stars.

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Fig. 1: JWST observations of distant stars seen as bright transients in the Dragon arc.
Fig. 2: Differential images of the Dragon arc between the 2022 and 2023 epochs at 2 μm.
Fig. 3: Colour–magnitude diagram of F410M-detected transients at 2 μm.

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Data availability

The 2 μm differential image generated and analysed during the current study is available from https://github.com/yfudamoto/the_dragon_arc2024.git. Other datasets generated are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The raw data from GTO-1208 (CANUCS) are available on the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at https://doi.org/10.17909/ph4n-6n76 (ref. 62).

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Acknowledgements

We thank L. Kwok for kindly sharing the JWST spectrum of supernova 2021aefx and J. Miralda-Escude for insightful comments. This work is based on observations made with the NASA/ESA/CSA JWST. The data were obtained from the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc., under NASA Contract No. NAS5-03127 for JWST. These observations are associated with Programmes 1208 and 3538. We acknowledge the JWST GO-3538 team led by PI E. Iani for developing their observing programme with a zero-exclusive-access period. This work was supported by JSPS (KAKENHI Grant Nos. JP22K21349, JP23K13149, JP20H05856, JP22H01260 and JP22J21). F.S., E.E. and Y.Z. acknowledge the JWST/NIRCam contract to the University of Arizona (Contract No. NAS5-02015). F.S. acknowledges support for Programme 2883 provided by NASA through a grant from the Space Telescope Science Institute. J.M.D. acknowledges support from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Investigación y Universidades (Project PID2022-138896NB-C51 through MCIU/AEI/MINECO/FEDER, UE). L.D. acknowledges research grant support from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (Award Number FG-2021-16495) and the support of the Frank and Karen Dabby STEM Fund in the Society of Hellman Fellows. A.Z. acknowledges support from the United States–Israel Binational Science Foundation (Grant No. 2020750), the United States National Science Foundation (NSF; Grant No. 2109066), the Ministry of Science & Technology, Israel, and the Israel Science Foundation (Grant No. 864/23). E.Z. acknowledges Project Grant No. 2022-03804 from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) and has also benefited from a sabbatical at the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study. M.J. is supported by the United Kingdom Research and Innovation (UKRI) Future Leaders Fellowship ‘Using Cosmic Beasts to uncover the Nature of Dark Matter’ (Grant Nos. MR/S017216/1 and MR/X006069/1). D.J.L. acknowledges support from the UKRI FLF (Grant Nos. MR/S017216/1 and MR/X006069/1). D.J.L. is also supported by Science and Technology Facilities Council (Grant Nos. ST/T000244/1 and ST/W002612/1). E.I. acknowledges funding from the Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA). R.A.W. and S.H.C. acknowledge support from the NASA JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist programme (Grant Nos. NAG5-12460, NNX14AN10G and 80NSSC18K0200 from GSFC). C.-C.C. acknowledges support from the National Science and Technology Council of Taiwan (Grant No. 111-2112M-001-045-MY3) and Academia Sinica through a Career Development Award (AS-CDA-112-M02). D.E. acknowledges support from a Beatriz Galindo senior fellowship (BG20/00224) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and from Projects PID2020-114414GB-100 and PID2020-113689GB-I00 financed by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, Project P20-00334 financed by the Junta de Andalucía and Project A-FQM-510-UGR20 of the FEDER/Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y, Universidades. K.K. acknowledges support from the JSPS (KAKENHI Grant Nos. JP17H06130, JP22H04939, JP23K20035 and JP24H00004). G.E.M. acknowledges financial support from Villum Young Investigator Grant Nos 37440 and 13160 and the Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), which is funded by the Danish National Research Foundation (Grant No. 140). A. Nabizadeh acknowledges funding from Olle Engkvists Stiftelse. F.E.B. acknowledges support from ANID-Chile BASAL CATA (Grant No. FB210003), FONDECYT Regular (Grant No. 1241005) and the Millennium Science Initiative (Programmes AIM23-0001 and ICN12_009). P.L.K. acknowledges Grant No. AAG 2308051 from the NSF.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

    Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Masamune Oguri, Katsuya T. Abe & Anton M. Koekemoer

  2. Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Yoshinobu Fudamoto, Fengwu Sun, Eiichi Egami, Xiaojing Lin & Yongda Zhu

  3. Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Fengwu Sun

  4. Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Santander, Spain

    Jose M. Diego

  5. Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA

    Liang Dai

  6. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan

    Masamune Oguri

  7. Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel

    Adi Zitrin, Lukas J. Furtak, Miriam Golubchik & Ashish K. Meena

  8. Observational Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

    Erik Zackrisson & Armin Nabizadeh

  9. Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study, Uppsala, Sweden

    Erik Zackrisson

  10. Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, UK

    Mathilde Jauzac, David J. Lagattuta & Anna Niemiec

  11. Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, UK

    Mathilde Jauzac, David J. Lagattuta & Anna Niemiec

  12. Astrophysics Research Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Mathilde Jauzac

  13. School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa

    Mathilde Jauzac

  14. Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

    Edoardo Iani & Vasily Kokorev

  15. School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA

    Rogier A. Windhorst, Seth H. Cohen & Nicholas Foo

  16. Instituto de Astrofísica and Centro de Astroingeniería, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Campus San Joaquín, Macul Santiago, Chile

    Franz Erik Bauer

  17. Millennium Institute of Astrophysics, Providencia, Chile

    Franz Erik Bauer

  18. Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA

    Franz Erik Bauer

  19. European Southern Observatory, Vitacura, Chile

    Fuyan Bian

  20. European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain

    Rachana Bhatawdekar

  21. Department of Physics, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain

    Thomas J. Broadhurst

  22. Donostia International Physics Centre, San Sebastian, Spain

    Thomas J. Broadhurst

  23. Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain

    Thomas J. Broadhurst

  24. Department of Astronomy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

    Zheng Cai, Mingyu Li, Zihao Li, Xiaojing Lin, Yunjing Wu & Siwei Zou

  25. Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics (ASIAA), Taipei, Taiwan

    Chian-Chou Chen

  26. Department of Physics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    Wenlei Chen

  27. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

    Christopher J. Conselice

  28. Departamento de Física Teórica y del Cosmos, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain

    Daniel Espada

  29. Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias, Granada, Spain

    Daniel Espada

  30. Department of Astronomy/Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

    Brenda L. Frye

  31. Department of Astronomy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA

    Seiji Fujimoto

  32. Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Tiger Yu-Yang Hsiao

  33. Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, Germany

    Jean-Baptiste Jolly

  34. Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Hiroki Kawai

  35. Minnesota Institute for Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

    Patrick L. Kelly

  36. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Anton M. Koekemoer

  37. Institute of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Mitaka, Japan

    Kotaro Kohno

  38. Research Center for the Early Universe, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Kotaro Kohno

  39. Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Lyngby, Denmark

    Georgios E. Magdis

  40. DTU-Space, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Georgios E. Magdis

  41. Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Georgios E. Magdis & Charles L. Steinhardt

  42. LPNHE, CNRS/IN2P3, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Cité, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies, Paris, France

    Anna Niemiec

  43. Univ Lyon, Univ Lyon1, Ens de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France

    Johan Richard

  44. Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Charles L. Steinhardt

  45. Chinese Academy of Sciences, South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing, China

    Siwei Zou

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  1. Yoshinobu Fudamoto
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  2. Fengwu Sun
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  3. Jose M. Diego
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Contributions

Y.F. wrote the main part of the text, analysed the data and produced the figures. F.S. calibrated and analysed the data and contributed text. J.M.D., M.O., A.Z., M.J., D.J.L., A.M.K. and H.K. contributed analyses and interpretations of the results. E.Z. contributed SED fitting of detected stars. E.E. and R.A.W. contributed interpretations of the data. E.I. contributed to the planning and execution of the JWST GO-3538 programmes. All co-authors contributed to the scientific interpretation of the results and helped to write the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yoshinobu Fudamoto.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Tables 1 and 2 and Figs. 1 and 2.

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Fudamoto, Y., Sun, F., Diego, J.M. et al. Identification of more than 40 gravitationally magnified stars in a galaxy at redshift 0.725. Nat Astron (2025). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-024-02432-3

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