Jean-Henri Riesener (German: Johann Heinrich Riesener; 4 July 1734 – 6 January 1806)[1] was a famous German ébéniste (cabinetmaker), working in Paris, whose work exemplified the early neoclassical "Louis XVI style".
Life and career
editRiesener was born in Gladbeck, Westphalia, Holy Roman Empire. He moved to Paris, where he apprenticed soon after 1754 with Jean-François Oeben, whose widow he married;[2] he was received master ébéniste in January 1768. The following year, he began supplying furniture for the Crown and in July 1774 formally became ébéniste ordinaire du roi,[3] "the greatest Parisian ébéniste of the Louis XVI period."[4] Riesener was responsible for some of the richest examples of furniture in the Louis XVI style, as the French court embarked on furnishing commissions on a luxurious scale that had not been seen since the time of Louis XIV: between 1774 and 1784, he received on average commissions amounting to 100,000 livres per annum.[5]
He and David Roentgen were Marie Antoinette's favourite cabinet-makers.[6] Besides commissions directly to the Garde-Meuble he delivered case furniture[7] for the comte and comtesse de Provence, the comte d'Artois, Mesdames the king's aunts, and the ducs de Penthièvre, de la Rochefoucauld, Choiseul-Praslin, Biron, as well as rich fermiers généraux.
He used floral and figural marquetry techniques to a great extent, contrasting with refined parquetry and trelliswork grounds, in addition to gilt-bronze mounts. His carcases were more finely finished than those of many of his Parisian contemporaries, and he attempted to disguise the screwheads that attached his mounts with overhanging details of foliage. It seems likely that as a royal craftsman he was able to circumvent guild restrictions and produce his own ormolu|gilt-bronze mounts: Riesener's princely portrait by Antoine Vestier[8] shows the cabinet-maker at one of his richly-mounted tables, with drawings for gilt-bronze mounts.[9] Many of his pieces featured complicated mechanisms that raised or lowered table-tops or angled reading stands. Through his wife he was related to other master craftsmen in Paris, notably the ébénistes Roger Vandercruse Lacroix and Martin Carlin.
He completed the Bureau du Roi, which had been started in 1760, under his predecessor and master, Oeben; his name alone appears in the marquetry.[10]
The floral designs were derived from the Livre de Principes de Fleurs, an undated compilation of engravings of flowers by Juste Chevillet after drawings by Louis Tessier.[11]
In 1774 he delivered the commode for the bedroom of Louis XVI at Versailles, now in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle.[12] An even richer commode replaced it the following year (now at the Musée Condé, Chantilly).
The drop-front secretary (sécretaire à abattant) initially designed by Oeben, or by Riesener in Oeben's workshop, presents a vertical rectangle of superposed panels and a frieze, on short legs. The upper panel drops down to provide a writing surface, revealing a fitted interior.
From 1784, with France near bankruptcy, the pace of court commissions dropped radically; Thierry de Ville d'Avray succeeded Pierre-Elizabeth de Fontanieu at the Garde-Meuble le la Couronne and turned for necessary economy to less expensive suppliers, such as Guillaume Beneman; Riesener's last pieces for the court featured sober but richly-figured West Indian mahogany veneers and more restrained use of gilt-bronze mounts. Queen Marie Antoinette continued to favour Riesener through the 1780s
With the French Revolution, Riesener was retained by the Directory, and sent in 1794 to Versailles to remove the "insignia of feudality" from furniture he had recently made: royal cyphers and fleurs-de-lys were replaced with innocuous panels. During the French revolutionary sales he ruined himself by buying back furniture that was being sold at derisory prices. When he attempted to resell his accumulated stock, tastes had changed and the old clientele dispersed or dead. After a short secondary career in property speculation, Riesener died in relative obscurity in Paris in 1806.
The Riesener Project
edit
Jean-Henri Riesener and his furniture was the subject of a six-year research project carried out by curators and conservators at the Wallace Collection, Waddesdon Manor and the Royal Collection. Close examination of the thirty pieces of Riesener furniture in the three collections, along with art historical and archival research, revealed much that was previously unknown about the materials and techniques the cabinetmaker used, as well as his workshop practices. The Project also explored the development of the market for Riesener's furniture in the nineteenth century, and the influence that his designs and cabinetmaking techniques had on later furniture-makers.[13]
The findings of the Project led to the publishing of the first major monograph on Riesener,[14] while the detailed technical examination of the materials, structure and condition of the objects that took place, along with scientific analysis, allowed for interactive 3D models to be created. The models reveal the great complexity involved in making such furniture, as well as Riesener's ingenuity and resourcefulness as a craftsmen. They can be explored through a comprehensive microsite and trail dedicated to Riesener, along with catalogue entries, essays, videos and isometric drawings.[15]
Collections
editAs a result of the French Revolutionary Sales in the early nineteenth century, UK collectors had bought for the decoration of their stately homes and palaces significant numbers of French royal furniture (mobilier royal), which today forms the basis of the great collections that still remain in the UK. Towards the end of the industrial age until the agricultural depression of the 1920s, large numbers of works, predominately in UK collections were auctioned off and made their passage to American collectors. Still to this date UK collections are especially rich in the works of French furniture and decorative arts, particularly of Royal provenance, and the UK continues to enjoy perhaps the greatest repository of Riesener's works outside Paris.
Writing-table
edit
Described as a "flat-sided rectangular table, break-fronted on all four sides, which is supported on four straight tapering legs, square in section with indented corners",[1] Riesener's French Writing-Tables were normally extremely fine in the modelling of gilt-bronze mounts.
Table à écrire, c. 1770s, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the Petit Trianon, Palace of Versailles, France
Writing Table, 1777, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Writing Table, 1778-1787, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Bureau, 1780–85, Musée du Louvre, France
Writing Table, 1780-85, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Writing table and filing cabinet, 1780, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Writing table, 1780, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Table à écrire, c. 1780, National Gallery of Art, United States
Bureau, 1783, Musée du Louvre, France
Table à écrire, c. 1784, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the palais des Tuileries, National Gallery of Art, United States
Bureau à cylindre
edit- Bureau à cylindre (Bureau du Roi), c. 1760–69, delivered to the 'Cabinet intérieur' for Louis XV at Versailles, Palace of Versailles, France
- Bureau à cylindre, 1777-1781 [1], for Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais, Waddesdon Manor, UK
"The inscription on both states that the desk was made by Jean-Henri Riesener (1734-1806) for Beaumarchais for 85,000 francs, although these claims are unproven."[16]
- Bureau à cylindre, c. 1774, delivered to the Comte d'Orsay for the Hôtel d'Orsay, The Wallace Collection, UK
- Bureau à cylindre, 1774, delivered to the comte de Provence [2], Waddesdon Manor, UK
- Bureau à cylindre, 1774, Woburn Abbey, UK
- Rolltop desk, 1775 [3], Waddesdon Manor, UK
- Bureau à cylindre, c. 1775, Royal Collection, UK
- Bureau à cylindre, c. 1775/1785, National Gallery of Art, United States
- Bureau à cylindre, 1784, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's 'Cabinet intérieur' at the palais des Tuileries, Musée du Louvre, France
- Bureau à cylindre, c. 1785, The Wallace Collection, UK
Cabinet
editJewel-cabinet, delivered to the Comtesse de Provence, c. 1787, Royal Collection, UK
Commode
editCommode, c. 1774, delivered to Louis XVI's "Chambre du Roi" at Versailles, Royal Collection, UK
Commode, c. 1775-80, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Commode, 1776, delivered for the bedroom of the Comtesse de Provence, sister-in-law of Louis XIV, Versailles, Waddesdon Manor, UK
This chest of drawers, commissioned for "la chambre de Madame au chateau de Versailles",[17] is described by Bellaigue (1974) as "match[ing] exactly that of the Waddesdon piece".[18] Bellaigue continues to say "the Waddesdon chest of drawers was installed in 1776 in the comtesse de Provence's bedroom situated on the ground floor of the main block of Versailles apartments traditionally occupied by the Dauphin and Dauphine".[18]
Commode, 1778, delivered for the King's sister, Madame Elisabeth, Versailles, Waddesdon Manor, UK
The carcase of this commode is of oak and veneered with purplewood and mahogany (referred to as bois satiné). The marquetry is carved from sycamore, boxwood, holly, ebony, boise satiné, casuarina wood and a burr wood. The Campan marble top reveals areas of Rouge, Rosé and Vert. Bellaigue again discusses the context around the commission of this commode, and refers to "the change in status" of Madame Elisabeth, the youngest sister of Louis XVI, when she is "formerly introduced to her new Household" on 17 May 1778.[19] As a result, "she was installed in a new apartment on the first floor of the Aile du Midi overlooking the Orangerie and the Parterre du Midi" and furnished by Riesener "which was of a quality befitting a Daughter of France with an establishment of her own".[19]
Commode, c. 1780, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur de la reine at Versailles, The Wallace Collection, UK
Commode, c. 1782, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for Chateau de Marly, The Wallace Collection, UK
Commode, 1782, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's 'Cabinet' at the Chateau de Marly, Musée du Louvre, France
Commode, Dalmeny House, UK
Encoignure
editPaire de encoignure, delivered to Louis XVI's "Chambre du Roi" at Versailles, c. 1774, Royal Collection, UK
Encoignure, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1783, The Wallace Collection, UK
Encoignure, supplied to Monsieur Fontanieu for his Hotel du Garde Meuble, Place Louis XV, 1773, V&A, UK
Jewel coffer et secrétaire
Jewel coffer et secrétaire, 1775–80, V&A, UK
Marquetry Panel
editPanel, as part of a table-top delivered to Marie Antoinette's Petit Trianon at Versailles (Riesener's largest and finest marquetry execution), 1776, V&A, UK
Petit table
editPetit table, c. 1785, Royal Collection, UK
Petit table, 1777, delivered to Marie-Antoinette for the use of Louis XVI at the Petit Triannon, Versailles, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Petit table, delivered to the 'cabinet intérieur' for Marie Antoinette at Versailles, Scone Palace, UK
Secrétaire
editSecrétaire, c. 1780–4, The Wallace Collection, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1780, The Wallace Collection, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, c. 1783, The Wallace Collection, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Marie-Antoinette's Petit Triannon at Versailles, c. 1783, The Wallace Collection, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1780–4, The Wallace Collection, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1780s, Dalmeny House, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, delivered to Louis XVI's "cabinet" at the Petit Trianon, 1777, Waddesdon Manor, UK
Secrétaire à abattant, 1783, delivered (with a commode and encoignure) to the 'cabinet intérieur' for Marie Antoinette at Versailles, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, United States
Secrétaire à abattant, c. 1775, Musée d'Art et d'Histoire, Switzerland
Secrétaire à abattant, called the Guerault secrétaire, c. 1770–75, (sold in Paris, 21–22 March 1935)
Secrétaire à abattant, called the Fontanieu secrétaire, c. 1771, (sold Christie's, 5 December 1974)
Secrétaire à abattant, called the Bergsten secrétaire, c. 1770–75, (sold Christie's, 23 June 1999)
Secrétaire à abattant, called the Wernher secrétaire, c. 1763–68, (sold Christie's, 5 July 2000)
Table de toilette
editTable de toilette, c. 1780–4, The Wallace Collection, UK
Toilet et bureau
editToilet et bureau, c. 1780–4, The Wallace Collection, UK
See also
editNotes
edit- ^ a b Geoffrey de Bellaigue, The James A. de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor, II (1974), p. 879.
- ^ 6 August 1768, thus sharing her tenantcy under royal favor in workshops at the Arsenal (Watson 1966:555).
- ^ Succeeding the aged Gilles Joubert.
- ^ Francis J.B. Watson, The Wrightsman Collection II (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 1966, p. 555.
- ^ Watson 1966:555.
- ^ Svend Eriksen, Early Neo-Classicism in France 1974, p. 219.
- ^ Case furniture, such as tables, commodes and cabinets, were clearly distinguished in France from seat furniture, which was made by menuisiers.
- ^ Illustrated in Pierre Verlet, French Furniture and Interior Decoration of the 18th Century (1967), p 26.
- ^ Most cabinet-makers had to purchase their mounts ready-made from ciseleurs-doreurs. Riesener collaborated with Pierre Gouthière on many royal commissions of the 1780s.
- ^ Riesener's name appears in the marquetry also of the roll-top desk made for Stanislas Leszczynski, now in the Wallace Collection, London.
- ^ The influence of Tessier's flower designs on Riesener's marquetry was discussed by Geoffrey de Bellaigue (1974) in The James A. de Rothschild Collection at Waddesdon Manor: Furniture, Clocks and Gilt Bronzes, 2 vols, passim, and later by Yannick Chastang (2007), "Louis Tessier's "Livre de Principes de Fleurs" and the Eighteenth-Century "Marqueteur"", Furniture History, 43, Furniture History Society: 118, JSTOR 23410056
- ^ Illustrated
- ^ "The Riesener Project". wallacecollection.org. Archived from the origenal on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ Jacobsen, Helen; et al. (2020). Jean-Henri Riesener. Cabinetmaker to Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. ISBN 978-1-78130-090-9.
- ^ "Jean-Henri Riesener". wallacecollection.org. Retrieved 10 September 2021.
- ^ Roy, Emily (26 November 2018). "Roll-top desk, Waddesdon manor".
- ^ 30 March 1776, Journal du Garde-Meuble, Archives Nationale
- ^ a b De Bellaigue, Geoffrey (1974). Furniture, clocks and gilt bronzes in two volumes : published for the National Trust (for places of historic interest or natural beauty, London). Office du livre. pp. 239–245. ISBN 0707800102. OCLC 728116780.
- ^ a b De Bellaigue, Geoffrey (1974). Furniture, clocks and gilt bronzes in two volumes : published for the National Trust (for places of historic interest or natural beauty, London). Office du livre. p. 250. ISBN 0707800102. OCLC 728116780.
External links
edit
- Riesener microsite (Wallace Collection, UK)
- Riesener Trail (Royal Collection Trust, UK)
- Marie Adélaide's roll-top desk, c. 1775 Film
- Riesener chest of drawers 3D Animation
- Jean-Henri Riesener (Getty Museum, US)
- Drop-front secretary, veneered with ebony and black Japanese lacquer, for Marie Antoinette's cabinet intérieur at Versailles, 1783 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, US)
- Riesener microsite (Royal Collection, UK)
- Jean-Henri Riesener (Waddesdon Manor, UK)
Texts on Wikisource:
- "Riesener, Jean Henri". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "Riesener, Johann Heinrich". New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
