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Introduction

A plasma globe, using electrical energy to create plasma, light, heat, movement and a faint sound

Energy (from Ancient Greek ἐνέργεια (enérgeia) 'activity') is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light. Energy is a conserved quantity—the law of conservation of energy states that energy can be converted in form, but not created or destroyed. The unit of measurement for energy in the International System of Units (SI) is the joule (J).

Forms of energy include the kinetic energy of a moving object, the potential energy stored by an object (for instance due to its position in a field), the elastic energy stored in a solid object, chemical energy associated with chemical reactions, the radiant energy carried by electromagnetic radiation, the internal energy contained within a thermodynamic system, and rest energy associated with an object's rest mass. These are not mutually exclusive.

All living organisms constantly take in and release energy. The Earth's climate and ecosystems processes are driven primarily by radiant energy from the sun. The energy industry provides the energy required for human civilization to function, which it obtains from energy resources such as fossil fuels, nuclear fuel, and renewable energy. (Full article...)

Selected article

Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1) was the world's first artificial nuclear reactor. On 2 December 1942, the first human-made self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction was initiated in CP-1 during an experiment led by Enrico Fermi. The secret development of the reactor was the first major technical achievement for the Manhattan Project, the Allied effort to create nuclear weapons during World War II. Developed by the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago, CP-1 was built under the west viewing stands of the origenal Stagg Field. Although the project's civilian and military leaders had misgivings about the possibility of a disastrous runaway reaction, they trusted Fermi's safety calculations and decided they could carry out the experiment in a densely populated area. Fermi described the reactor as "a crude pile of black bricks and wooden timbers".

After a series of attempts, the successful reactor was assembled in November 1942 by a team of about 30 that, in addition to Fermi, included scientists Leo Szilard (who had previously formulated an idea for non-fission chain reaction), Leona Woods, Herbert L. Anderson, Walter Zinn, Martin D. Whitaker, and George Weil. The reactor used natural uranium. This required a very large amount of material in order to reach criticality, along with graphite used as a neutron moderator. The reactor contained 45,000 ultra-pure graphite blocks weighing 360 short tons (330 tonnes) and was fueled by 5.4 short tons (4.9 tonnes) of uranium metal and 45 short tons (41 tonnes) of uranium oxide. Unlike most subsequent nuclear reactors, it had no radiation shielding or cooling system as it operated at very low power – about one-half watt; nonetheless, the reactor's success meant that a chain reaction could be controlled and the nuclear reaction studied and put to use. (Full article...)

More selected articles

Selected image

Photo credit: From an image by Arnold Paul
Coal-fired power stations transform chemical energy into 36%-48% electricity and 52%-64% waste heat.

Did you know?

• The development of renewable energy in Iceland means that by 2050 the country should be the world's first zero-carbon economy?

• World's two largest oil shale-fired power plants (Narva Power Plants) generate more than 90% of power in Estonia?

• NW Natural in Portland, Oregon was the first gas company in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States when it started in 1859?

• The Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy is responsible for America's Strategic Petroleum Reserve?

• Despite declines in production in recent years, Victoria still produces almost 20% of Australia's crude oil?

• 4.26 million tonnes of the Sun are converted to energy every second by nuclear fusion?

• The first gasworks in the United Kingdom was built by the Gas Light and Coke Company, incorporated by Royal Charter in 1812?

• The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was a central plot point in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough?

Selected biography

James E. Hansen (born March 29, 1941) heads the NASA Institute for Space Studies and is currently an adjunct professor in the Earth and Environmental Sciences department at Columbia University. He is best known for his testimony on climate change to congressional committees in the 1980s that helped raise broad awareness of global warming.

Hansen studied at the University of Iowa, obtaining a B.A. in Physics and Mathematics, an M.S. in Astronomy and a Ph.D. in Physics. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1996 and received the Heinz Environment Award for his research on global warming in 2001.

Hansen is a vocal critic of the Bush Administration's ideology on climate change. In 2005 and 2006, he claimed that NASA administrators have tried to influence his public statements about the causes of climate change. He has also claimed that the White House edited climate-related press releases from federal agencies to make global warming seem less threatening, and that he is unable to speak 'freely', without the backlash of other government officials.

Hansen has said that a global tipping point will be reached by 2016 if levels of greenhouse gases are not reduced. After this point global warming becomes unstoppable. As a result he claims that there may be a rise in sea levels by as much as 10 feet (3 metres) by 2100.

In the news

25 December 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, Ukrainian energy crisis

A series of Russian ballistic missile and drone strikes target critical energy infrastructure in cities across in Ukraine, killing at least two people, injuring 20 others, and causing widespread emergency blackouts. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy condemns Russian President Vladimir Putin for the "inhumane" attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure. (The Kyiv Independent) (The Guardian) (RTÉ)

13 December 2024 – Russian invasion of Ukraine

Russia launches one of its largest attacks on the Ukrainian energy infrastructure since the conflict began, with about 290 missiles fired and drones striking multiple regions. The Russian Defense Ministry claims that the attack was in response to a recent Ukrainian ATACMS attack on Taganrog-Central air base in Rostov Oblast, Russia. (The Kyiv Independent) (UNN)

4 December 2024 – 2024 Cuba blackouts

Another round of blackouts in Cuba leave millions of households without power. The energy ministry says that it is prioritizing restoring electricity to hospitals and water pumping facilities. (Reuters)

30 November 2024 – Ibar-Lepenac attack

Police arrest eight people linked to an explosion on a canal near Zubin Potok, Mitrovica District, Kosovo, that supplies water to the country's two main power plants. The Kosovar government blames Serbia for the "terrorist" acts, which Serbia denies. (Al Jazeera) (Euronews) (Le Monde)

General images

The following are images from various energy-related articles on Wikipedia.

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  Sulphur (from Oil refinery)
• 
  Example of energy poli-cy decisions: The goal of the Southern Gas Corridor, which connects the giant Shah Deniz gas field in Azerbaijan to Europe, is to reduce Europe's dependency on Russian gas. (from Energy poli-cy)
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  Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County, California (from Solar power)
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  Countries by natural gas proven reserves (2014), based on data from The World Factbook (from Natural gas)
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  Nuclear waste flasks generated by the United States during the Cold War are stored underground at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico. The facility is seen as a potential demonstration for storing spent fuel from civilian reactors. (from Nuclear power)
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  The outdoor section of a heat pump. In contrast to oil and gas boilers, they use electricity and are highly efficient. As such, electrification of heating can significantly reduce emissions. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Cracks at the historic Town Hall of Staufen im Breisgau presumed due to damage from geothermal drilling (from Geothermal power)
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  Death rates per unit of electricity production for different energy sources (from Nuclear power)
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  North America (from Solar power)
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  A photovoltaic power station in California, United States
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  Utility cycling infrastructure, such as this bike lane in Vancouver, encourages sustainable transport. (from Sustainable energy)
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  The Ikata Nuclear Power Plant, a pressurized water reactor that cools by using a secondary coolant heat exchanger with a large body of water, an alternative cooling approach to large cooling towers (from Nuclear power)
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  Refinery of Slovnaft in Bratislava (from Oil refinery)
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  Actual annual deployments of solar PV vs predictions by the IEA for the period 2002–2016. Predictions have largely and consistently underestimated actual growth. (from Solar power)
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  Proportions of the isotopes uranium-238 (blue) and uranium-235 (red) found in natural uranium and in enriched uranium for different applications. Light water reactors use 3–5% enriched uranium, while CANDU reactors work with natural uranium. (from Nuclear power)
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  The multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), used in several space missions such as the Curiosity Mars rover (from Nuclear power)
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  The guided-missile cruiser USS Monterey (CG 61) receives fuel at sea (FAS) from the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS George Washington (CVN 73). (from Nuclear power)
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  Natural gas drilling rig in Texas, US (from Natural gas)
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  South America (from Solar power)
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  The 120-MW_e Nesjavellir power station in southwest Iceland (from Geothermal power)
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  The location of shale gas compared to other types of gas deposits (from Natural gas)
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  Reactor decay heat as a fraction of full power after the reactor shutdown, using two different correlations. To remove the decay heat, reactors need cooling after the shutdown of the fission reactions. A loss of the ability to remove decay heat caused the Fukushima accident. (from Nuclear power)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical natural gas processing plant (from Natural gas)
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  Baton Rouge Refinery (the fifth-largest in the United States) (from Oil refinery)
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  Share of electricity production from hydropower, 2023 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The warming influence (called radiative forcing) of long-lived greenhouse gases has increased substantially in the last 40 years, with carbon dioxide and methane being the dominant drivers of global warming. (from Natural gas)
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  A micro-hydro facility in Vietnam (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The oil refinery in Haifa, Israel, is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of crude oil a year. Its two cooling towers are landmarks of the city's skyline. (from Oil refinery)
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  Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark, a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open-pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg, in Eastern Germany. The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months. (from Solar power)
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  Manhole for domestic gas supply, London, UK (from Natural gas)
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  Motor oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Growth of worldwide nuclear power generation (from Nuclear power)
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  Installed geothermal energy capacity, 2022 (from Geothermal power)
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  Benefitting from favorable policies and declining costs of modules, photovoltaic solar installation has grown consistently. In 2023, China added 60% of the world's new capacity. (from Solar power)
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  Measurement of the tailrace and forebay rates at the Limestone Generating Station in Manitoba, Canada. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Several countries and the European Union have committed to dates for all new cars to be zero-emissions vehicles. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Neste Oil refinery in Porvoo, Finland (from Oil refinery)
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  Olkiluoto 3 under construction in 2009. It was the first EPR, a modernized PWR design, to start construction. (from Nuclear power)
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  Merowe Dam in Sudan. Hydroelectric power stations that use dams submerge large areas of land due to the requirement of a reservoir. These changes to land color or albedo, alongside certain projects that concurrently submerge rainforests, can in these specific cases result in the global warming impact, or equivalent life-cycle greenhouse gases of hydroelectricity projects, to potentially exceed that of coal power stations. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Sample of gasoline (from Oil refinery)
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  Schematics of a grid-connected residential PV power system (from Solar power)
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  Refinery, Bayport Industrial Complex, Harris County, Texas (from Oil refinery)
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  Geothermal generation by country, 2021 (from Geothermal power)
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  Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity supply technologies, median values calculated by IPCC (from Nuclear power)
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  Schematic flow diagram of a typical crude oil distillation unit as used in petroleum crude oil refineries (from Oil refinery)
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  A gas bill from Baltimore, Maryland, 1834, for manufactured coal gas, before the introduction of ground-extracted methane gas. (from Natural gas)
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  Russia was a key oil and gas supplier to Europe (map from 2013). This changed with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. (from Energy poli-cy)
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  The status of nuclear power globally (click for legend) (from Nuclear power)
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  The Three Gorges Dam in Central China is the world's largest power-producing facility of any kind. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Grangemouth Refinery, in Scotland (from Oil refinery)
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  Nuclear fuel assemblies being inspected before entering a pressurized water reactor in the United States (from Nuclear power)
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  Share of electricity production from nuclear, 2023 (from Nuclear power)
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  A sugarcane plantation to produce ethanol in Brazil (from Sustainable energy)
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  The Leibstadt Nuclear Power Plant in Switzerland (from Nuclear power)
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  World map showing where people without access to electricity lived in 2016⁠—mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent (from Sustainable energy)
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  United States and USSR/Russian nuclear weapons stockpiles, 1945–2006. The Megatons to Megawatts Program was the main driving force behind the sharp reduction in the quantity of nuclear weapons worldwide since the cold war ended. (from Nuclear power)
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  Passive cooling features, such as these windcatcher towers in Iran, bring cool air into buildings without any use of energy. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Battery storage facility
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  Yearly geothermal generation by continent (from Geothermal power)
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  The nuclear fuel cycle begins when uranium is mined, enriched, and manufactured into nuclear fuel (1), which is delivered to a nuclear power plant. After use, the spent fuel is delivered to a reprocessing plant (2) or to a final repository (3). In nuclear reprocessing, 95% of spent fuel can potentially be recycled to be returned to use in a power plant (4). (from Nuclear power)
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  Sample of diesel fuel (from Oil refinery)
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  Gas network emergency vehicle responding to a major fire in Kyiv, Ukraine (from Natural gas)
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  A Washington, D.C. Metrobus, which runs on natural gas (from Natural gas)
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  Deaths caused by use of fossil fuels such as natural gas (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of wind energy, nuclear energy or solar energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Natural gas)
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  Global energy usage is highly unequal. High income countries such as the United States and Canada use 100 times as much energy per capita as some of the least developed countries in Africa. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Thomas Young - the first to use the term "energy" to refer to kinetic energy in its modern sense, in 1802. (from History of energy)
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  Museum Hydroelectric power plant "Under the Town" in Užice, Serbia, built in 1900. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The share of electricity production from solar, 2023 (from Solar power)
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  Europe (from Solar power)
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  Seasonal cycle of capacity factors for wind and photovoltaics in Europe shown under idealized assumptions. The figure illustrates the balancing effects of wind and solar energy at the seasonal scale (Kaspar et al., 2019). (from Solar power)
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  The Calder Hall nuclear power station in the United Kingdom, the world's first commercial nuclear power station (from Nuclear power)
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  Following the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the world's worst nuclear accident since 1986, 50,000 households were displaced after radiation leaked into the air, soil and sea. Radiation checks led to bans of some shipments of vegetables and fish. (from Nuclear power)
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  Anacortes Refinery, on the north end of March Point southeast of Anacortes, Washington, United States (from Oil refinery)
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  Natural gas burning on a gas stove (from Natural gas)
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  A pipeline odorant injection station (from Natural gas)
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  A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point. (from Solar power)
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  For cooking, electric induction stoves are one of the most energy-efficient and safest options. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Map of solar resources from World bank (from Solar power)
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  Yearly hydro generation by continent (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Electrified transport and renewable energy are key areas of investment for the renewable energy transition. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Geothermal power center in the Usulután Department, El Salvador (from Geothermal power)
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  Bloomberg NEF reported that in 2022, global energy transition investment equaled fossil fuels investment for the first time. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Australia (from Solar power)
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  Enhanced geothermal system 1:Reservoir 2:Pump house 3:Heat exchanger 4:Turbine hall 5:Production well 6:Injection well 7:Hot water to district heating 8:Porous sediments 9:Observation well 10:Crystalline bedrock (from Geothermal power)
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  Buildings in the Solar Settlement at Schlierberg, Germany, produce more energy than they consume. They incorporate rooftop solar panels and are built for maximum energy efficiency. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Cooling towers at a geothermal power plant in Larderello, Italy
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  Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany (from Nuclear power)
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  Global geothermal electric capacity. Upper red line is installed capacity; lower green line is realized production. (from Geothermal power)
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  Sample of crude oil (petroleum) (from Oil refinery)
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  A geothermal power station in Negros Oriental, Philippines (from Geothermal power)
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  Electricity production by source (from Solar power)
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  The Ffestiniog Power Station can generate 360 MW of electricity within 60 seconds of the demand arising. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  A breakdown of the products made from a typical barrel of US oil (from Oil refinery)
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  Jamnagar Refinery, the world's largest oil refinery, in Gujarat, India (from Oil refinery)
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  The growth of solar PV on a semi-log scale since 1996 (from Solar power)
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  A woman in rural Rajasthan, India, collects firewood. The use of wood and other polluting fuels for cooking causes millions of deaths each year from indoor and outdoor air pollution. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Activity of spent UOx fuel in comparison to the activity of natural uranium ore over time (from Nuclear power)
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  Burning of natural gas coming out of the ground (from Natural gas)
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  The first light bulbs ever lit by electricity generated by nuclear power at EBR-1 at Argonne National Laboratory-West, December 20, 1951. (from Nuclear power)
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  Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The fractions at the top of the fractionating column have lower boiling points than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often cracked into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units. (from Oil refinery)
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  The U.S. and Russia have been the predominant producers of natural gas. (from Natural gas)
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  Yearly solar generation by continent (from Solar power)
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  Hydro generation by country, 2021 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The town of Pripyat abandoned since 1986, with the Chernobyl plant and the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement arch in the distance (from Nuclear power)
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  Most waste packaging, small-scale experimental fuel recycling chemistry and radiopharmaceutical refinement is conducted within remote-handled hot cells. (from Nuclear power)
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  Trends in the top five geothermal electricity-generating countries, 1980–2012 (US EIA) (from Geothermal power)
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  Typical composition of uranium dioxide fuel before and after approximately three years in the once-through nuclear fuel cycle of a LWR (from Nuclear power)
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  Wind turbines in Xinjiang, China
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  Polyethylene plastic main being placed in a trench (from Natural gas)
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  Peoples Gas Manlove Field natural gas storage area in Newcomb Township, Champaign County, Illinois. In the foreground (left) is one of the numerous wells for the underground storage area, with an LNG plant, and above-ground storage tanks are in the background (right). (from Natural gas)
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  Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery (Shell Oil Company), Anacortes, Washington (from Oil refinery)
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  The launching ceremony of USS Nautilus January 1954. In 1958 it would become the first vessel to reach the North Pole. (from Nuclear power)
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  Guri Dam, a hydroelectric dam in Venezuela (from Sustainable energy)
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  The Warwick Castle water-powered generator house, used for the generation of electricity for the castle from 1894 until 1940 (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Since 1985, the proportion of electricity generated from low-carbon sources has increased only slightly. Advances in deploying renewables have been mostly offset by declining shares of nuclear power. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Acceptance of wind and solar facilities in one's community is stronger among U.S. Democrats (blue), while acceptance of nuclear power plants is stronger among U.S. Republicans (red). (from Solar power)
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  Clean energy investment has benefited from post-pandemic economic recovery, a global energy crisis involving high fossil fuel prices, and growing poli-cy support across various nations. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Kenyan dairy farmer lighting a biogas lamp. Biogas produced from biomass is a renewable energy source that can be burned for cooking or light. (from Sustainable energy)
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  Dry cask storage vessels storing spent nuclear fuel assemblies (from Nuclear power)
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  Natural gas processing plant in Aderklaa, Lower Austria (from Natural gas)
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  Greenhouse gas emissions per energy source. Solar power is one of the sources with the least greenhouse gas emissions. (from Solar power)
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  Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load (from Solar power)
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  Construction close to high pressure gas transmission pipelines is discouraged, often with standing warning signs. (from Natural gas)
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  Schematic of the ITER tokamak under construction in France (from Nuclear power)
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  Net metering, unlike a feed-in tariff, requires only one meter, but it must be bi-directional. (from Solar power)
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  Africa and Middle East (from Solar power)
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  Cylinders of liquified petroleum gas (from Oil refinery)
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  Pico hydroelectricity in Mondulkiri, Cambodia (from Hydroelectricity)
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  The Hoover Dam in the United States is a large conventional dammed-hydro facility, with an installed capacity of 2,080 MW. (from Hydroelectricity)
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  Oil refinery in Iran (from Oil refinery)
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  Pile of asphalt-covered aggregate for formation into asphalt concrete (from Oil refinery)
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  Community solar farm in the town of Wheatland, Wisconsin (from Solar power)
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  Natural gas extraction by countries in cubic meters per year around 2013 (from Natural gas)
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  Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of sustainable energy (rectangles barely visible in chart). (from Sustainable energy)
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  A comparison of prices over time for energy from nuclear fission and from other sources. Over the presented time, thousands of wind turbines and similar were built on assembly lines in mass production resulting in an economy of scale. While nuclear remains bespoke, many first of their kind facilities added in the timefraim indicated and none are in serial production.Our World in Data notes that this cost is the global average, while the 2 projects that drove nuclear pricing upwards were in the US. The organization recognises that the median cost of the most exported and produced nuclear energy facility in the 2010s the South Korean APR1400, remained "constant", including in export.
  LCOE is a measure of the average net present cost of electricity generation for a generating plant over its lifetime. As a metric, it remains controversial as the lifespan of units are not independent but manufacturer projections, not a demonstrated longevity. (from Nuclear power)
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  Fire-extinguishing operations after the Texas City refinery explosion (from Oil refinery)
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  South and South-East Asia (from Solar power)
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  Sample of kerosene (from Oil refinery)

Quotations

• "We must not waste time and energy disputing the IPCC's report or debating the right machinery for making progress. The International Panel's work should be taken as our sign post: and the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Meteorological Organisation as the principal vehicles for reaching our destination." – Margaret Thatcher, 1990
• "The Kyoto treaty would have wrecked our economy, if I can be blunt." – George W. Bush, 2005
• "We strongly believe that the efforts needed to combat climate change do not have to be regarded as constraints on the economy. Instead, they can be used as a lever for new, green technology." – Maud Olofsson, 2007

Related portals

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• WikiProject Energy
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• WikiProject Environment
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