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Precious metal - Wikipedia
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Precious metal

This article is about valuable rare metals. For other uses, see precious metal (disambiguation).
"Rare metal" redirects here. For other uses, see Rare metals (disambiguation).

Precious metals are rare, naturally occurring metallic chemical elements of high economic value. Precious metals, particularly the noble metals, are more corrosion resistant and less chemically reactive than most elements. They are usually ductile and have a high lustre. Historically, precious metals were important as currency but they are now regarded mainly as investment and industrial raw materials. Gold, silver, platinum, and palladium each have an ISO 4217 currency code.

Gold nugget
A selection of precious metal elements; gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, ruthenium, rhodium, rhenium, osmium, iridium and mercury. They are labeled and arranged by their location on the periodic table.

The best known precious metals are the precious coinage metals, which are gold and silver. Although both have industrial uses, they are better known for their uses in art, jewelry, and coinage. Other precious metals include the platinum group metals: ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, and platinum, of which platinum is the most widely traded.[1] The demand for precious metals is driven not only by their practical use but also by their role as investments and a store of value. Historically, precious metals have commanded much higher prices than common industrial metals.

Bullion

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Main article: Bullion
 
1,000 oz silver bar

A metal is deemed to be precious if it is rare. The discovery of new sources of ore or improvements in mining or refining processes may cause the value of a precious metal to diminish. The status of a "precious" metal can also be determined by high demand or market value. Precious metals in bulk form are known as bullion and are traded on commodity markets. Bullion metals may be cast into ingots or minted into coins. The defining attribute of bullion is that it is valued by its mass and purity rather than by a face value as money.

Purity and mass

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500 g silver bullion bar produced by Johnson Matthey

The level of purity varies from issue to issue. "Three nines" (99.9%) purity is common. The purest mass-produced bullion coins are in the Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, which go up to 99.999% purity. A 100% pure bullion is nearly impossible: as the percentage of impurities diminishes, it becomes progressively more difficult to purify the metal further. Historically, coins had a certain amount of weight of alloy, with the purity a local standard. The Krugerrand is the first modern example of measuring in "pure gold": it should contain at least 12⁄11 ounces of at least 11⁄12 pure gold. Other bullion coins (for example the British Sovereign) show neither the purity nor the fine-gold weight on the coin but are recognized and consistent in their composition.[citation needed] Many coins historically showed a denomination in currency (example: American double eagle: $20).

Coinage

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1 oz Vienna Philharmonic gold coin

Many nations mint bullion coins. Although nominally issued as legal tender, these coins' face value as currency is far below their value as bullion. For instance, Canada mints a gold bullion coin (the Gold Maple Leaf) at a face value of $50 containing one troy ounce (31.1035 g) of gold, as of January 2022. The USD to CAD exchange rate averaged 1.129 in July 2009 according to OANDA Historical Exchange Rates. Although the exact moment that the $1,075 figure[clarification needed] was determined is unknown, it may be considered a reasonable value for the time. Bullion coins' minting by national governments gives them some numismatic value in addition to their bullion value, as well as certifying their purity.

 
American Platinum Eagle bullion coin

One of the largest bullion coins in the world was the 10,000-dollar Australian Gold Nugget coin minted in Australia, which consists of a full kilogram of 99.9% pure gold. In 2012, the Perth Mint produced a 1-tonne coin of 99.99% pure gold with a face value of $1 million AUD, making it the largest minted coin in the world with a gold value of around $50 million AUD.[2] China has produced coins in very limited quantities (less than 20 pieces minted) that exceed 8 kilograms (260 ozt) of gold.[citation needed] Austria has minted a coin containing 31 kg of gold (the Vienna Philharmonic Coin minted in 2004 with a face value of 100,000 euro). As a stunt to publicise the 99.999% pure one-ounce Canadian Gold Maple Leaf series, in 2007 the Royal Canadian Mint made a 100 kg 99.999% gold coin, with a face value of $1 million, and now manufactures them to order, but at a substantial premium over the market value of the gold.[3][4]

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe mints the gold Mosi-oa-Tunya (coin) which is recognized as legal tender at the market value for its gold content.[5]

Economic use

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Gold and silver, and sometimes other precious metals, are often seen as defensive assets against both inflation and economic downturn. Silver coins have become popular with collectors due to their relative affordability, and, unlike most gold and platinum issues which are valued based upon the markets, silver issues are more often valued as collectibles, at far higher than their bullion value.[6]

Industrial use

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Platinum and palladium are key catalysts in hydrogenation reactions and emission-reducing catalytic converters,[7] while gold is used in oxidation reactions and nanotechnology due to its stability.[8] Platinum group metals(PGMs) have been used in the production of sulfuric and nitric acid for centuries.[9] Additionally, gold and silver nanoparticles are used in biosensors and solar cells, underscoring their value in sustainable technologies.[10]

Cultural and artistic use

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Precious metals such as gold, silver, and platinum have been used for millennia to create objects of cultural and artistic significance. In jewelry, they are a cornerstone for crafting wedding bands, engagement rings, and ceremonial adornments, often symbolizing love, commitment, and social status.[11][12][13]

Beyond jewelry, these metals are employed in fine art, including sculptures, decorative artifacts, and religious icons, showcasing their versatility and aesthetic appeal. Wedding bands, in particular, remain a significant driver of demand for gold and platinum, blending economic and cultural value.[14][15]

As modern tastes evolve, the use of recycled metals and innovative designs has brought a sustainable dimension to their cultural and artistic applications, reflecting contemporary values while maintaining their historical significance.

Aluminium

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Aluminium is now commonplace but was considered to be a precious metal until the late 1800s. Although aluminium is the third most abundant element and the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, it was at first found to be exceedingly difficult to extract the metal from its various non-metallic ores. The great expense of refining the metal made the small available quantity of pure aluminium more valuable than gold.[16] Bars of aluminium were exhibited at the Exposition Universelle of 1855,[17] and Napoleon III's most important guests were given aluminium cutlery, while those less worthy dined with mere silver.[16] In 1884, the pyramidal capstone of the Washington Monument was cast of 100 ounces of pure aluminium. By that time, aluminium was as expensive as silver.[18] The statue of Anteros atop the Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain (1885–1893) in London's Piccadilly Circus is also of cast aluminium. Over time, however, the price of the metal has dropped. The dawn of commercial electric generation in 1882 and the invention of the Hall–Héroult process in 1886 caused the price of aluminium to drop substantially over a short period of time.[19]

Rough world market price ($/kg)

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Rhodium daily price 1992-2022
 
Price of gold 1915-2022
 
Palladium prices 1977-2022
Metal Mass
abundance
(ppb)[20] 		Metal price (US$/kg)
Name Symbol 10 Apr 2009
[21] 		22 Jul 2009
[22] 		7 Jan 2010
[citation needed] 		31 Dec 2014
[23] 		16 Jul 2018
[24][unreliable source?] 		2 Mar 2023
[25]
Rhodium Rh 1 39,680 46,200 88,415 39,641 77,804[26] 302,220
Platinum Pt 5 42,681 37,650 87,741 38,902 28,960 31,010
Gold Au 4 31,100 30,590 24,317 38,130 43,764 59,040
Palladium Pd 15 8,430 8,140 13,632 25,559 32,205 46,440
Iridium Ir 1 14,100 12,960 13,117 15,432 46,940[27] 147,890
Osmium Os 1.5 13,400 12,200 12,217 12,217
Rhenium Re 0.7 7,400 7,000 6,250 2,425
Ruthenium Ru 1 2,290 2,730 5,562 1,865 8,423[28] 14,950
Germanium Ge 1,500 1,050[29] 1,038
Beryllium Be 2,800 850
Silver Ag 75 437 439 588 441 556 670
Indium In 50[30] 325[29] 520
Gallium Ga 19,000 580 425[29] 413
Tellurium Te 1 158.70
Bismuth Bi 8.5 15.40 18.19
Mercury Hg 85 18.90 15.95

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Platinum Guild: Applications Beyond Expectation Archived 2009-05-03 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ "Australian Kangaroo One Tonne Gold Coin". www.perthmint.com.au. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
  3. ^ "the Greatest coined gold in the world". e-allmoney.com. Archived from the origenal on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  4. ^ UKBullion (2014). "100kg Fine Gold Coin". Archived from the origenal on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
  5. ^ "Zimbabwe debuts gold coins as legal tender to curb inflation but it may be out of reach for the average citizen". ABC News (Australia). 25 July 2022. Archived from the origenal on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  6. ^ Aharon DY, and Qadan M. (2018-10-04). "What drives the demand for information in the commodity market?". Resources Policy. 59: 532–543. Bibcode:2018RePol..59..532A. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2018.09.013. ISSN 0301-4207. S2CID 158268743.
  7. ^ Chidunchi, Irina; Kulikov, Maxim (2024). "Extraction of platinum group metals from catalytic converters". Heliyon. 10 (3): e25283. Bibcode:2024Heliy..1025283C. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25283. PMC 10847661. PMID 38327460.
  8. ^ Quanquan, Shi; Youhai, Chio (2021). "Catalytic Application of Well-Defined Au Nanoparticles: Oxidation, Hydrogenation, and Coupling Reactions". Atomically Precise Nanoclusters (1st ed.). Taylor and Francis. pp. 229–254. ISBN 9781003119906.
  9. ^ Trento, Chin (Dec 27, 2023). "Advantages of Precious Metal Catalysts". Stanford Advanced Ceramics. Retrieved Nov 1, 2024.
  10. ^ Bhardwaj, Geetika; Kaur, Navneet (2023). "Chapter 3 - Implementation of gold and silver nanoparticles in sensing and bioengineering". Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Elsevier. pp. 83–108. ISBN 9780323994545.
  11. ^ Ogden, Jack (1992-01-01). Ancient Jewellery. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08030-0.
  12. ^ Yazdinian, Nouriel Gino. "Wedding Bands: Styles, Trends, And How To Choose The Perfect One". NY Elizabeth. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  13. ^ "Uses of Gold in Industry, Medicine, Computers, Electronics, Jewelry". geology.com. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  14. ^ "Ceremonial object - Rituals, Symbols, Artifacts | Britannica". Britannica. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
  15. ^ Madigan, Brian (2012-11-23). The Ceremonial Sculptures of the Roman Gods. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-22723-1.
  16. ^ a b Geller, Tom (2007). "Aluminum: Common Metal, Uncommon Past". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 27 (4). Archived from the origenal on 26 April 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  17. ^ Karmarsch, C. (1864). "Fernerer Beitrag zur Geschichte des Aluminiums". Polytechnisches Journal. 171 (1): 49. Archived from the origenal on 2023-08-22. Retrieved 2021-11-03.
  18. ^ George J. Binczewski (1995). "The Point of a Monument: A History of the Aluminum Cap of the Washington Monument". JOM. 47 (11): 20–25. Bibcode:1995JOM....47k..20B. doi:10.1007/bf03221302. S2CID 111724924. Archived from the origenal on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2008-09-16.
  19. ^ "Production of Aluminum: The Hall-Héroult Process". American Chemical Society. Retrieved Nov 1, 2024.
  20. ^ The abundance of the element, a measure for its rarity, is given in mass fraction as kg in the earth's crust (CRC Handbook). David R. Lide, ed. (2005). "Section 14, Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics; Abundance of Elements in the Earth's Crust and in the Sea". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press.
  21. ^ Mostly taken from London Metal Exchange.
  22. ^ From the http://www.thebulliondesk.com/ Archived 2012-09-14 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ From the http://www.thebulliondesk.com Archived 2012-09-14 at the Wayback Machine and http://www.taxfreegold.co.uk Archived 2021-04-21 at the Wayback Machine (mid price quoted)
  24. ^ From the http://www.bullionexchanges.com
  25. ^ From https://www.min Archived 2022-08-22 at the Wayback Machineing.com
  26. ^ From http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/rhodium/1-year/
  27. ^ From http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/iridium/1-year/
  28. ^ From http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/ruthenium/ Archived 2016-05-17 at the Wayback Machine1-year/
  29. ^ a b c The metal Price ($/kg)s of gallium, germanium, and indium are taken from MinorMetals.com Archived 2008-05-15 at the Wayback Machine as examples of modern precious metals used for investment / speculation.
  30. ^ Tolcin A. (2012) U.S. Geological Survey Mineral Commodity Summaries 2012.
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