The Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas, also known as "The Magistrate," dates from the 2nd or 3rd century BCE. It was discovered in Tarquinia in Italy and is now in the Tarquinia National Museum.[1] It features a reclining figure, Laris Pulenas, before whom is a stone carving of a long strip of cloth (volumen), half-unrolled, inscribed with one of the longer continuous inscriptions in Etruscan (Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum, n.5430), nearly 60 words, making it of particular linguistic value.[2]
| Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas | |
|---|---|
 The Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas, in the Tarquinia National Museum | |
| Material | Limestone |
| Writing | Etruscan alphabet |
| Created | 2nd or 3rd century BCE |
| Discovered | Tarquinia |
| Present location | Tarquinia National Museum, Tarquinia, Italy |
| Identification | CIE n.5430 |
| Language | Etruscan language |
| Culture | Etruscan |
The text opens with the name of the deceased, along with that of his father (Larce), and unusually, also those of his grandfather (Larth), his uncle (Velthuru), and his great-grandfather (Pule Laris Creice "the Greek"--possibly Pollus, a Greek seer who lived around 400 BC. and settled in Cerveteri--the Etruscan Cisra).[3] The rest of the text apparently presents the deceased's accomplishments in life, including that he wrote a text on divination (zich nethshrac acas-ce).[4][5] He also served as a priest of Catha and of Pacha (Etruscan Bacchus, at this point in history in the process of merging with Fufluns, the Etruscan Dionysus).[6] Furthermore, he seems to have governed (laucar-ce) the city of Tarquinia (Tarχnalθ spurem) as a creal, apparently some high public office.[7]
1 Lris . Pulenas . Larces . clan . Larthal . papacs
2 Velthurus . nefts . prumpts . Pules . Larisal . Creices
3 anen . zich . nethshrac . acasce . creals . Tarχnalθ . spu
4 rem . lucaircẹ . ipa . ruθcva . Caθas . hermeri . slicaχ̣
eṃ
5 aprinθvale . luθcva . Caθas . Paχanac . alumnaθe . hermu
6 mele . Crapisces . puts . χim . Culsl . Lẹp̣rnal . pσl . varχti . cẹrine . pul
7 alumnaθ . pul . hermu . huzrnatre . pσl . tenịṇ[e -5-] ci .
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas, Known as "The Magistrate" / Sarcophagus with Lars Pulena / 3/4 view of proper left, Head / Hellenistic; Creation date: 3rd century BCE". University of Michigan. 2012-11-25. Retrieved 2023-11-25.
- ^ Bonfante, L. (1990) Etruscan U. California Press: Berkely and Los Angeles. p. 28
- ^ Bernard, Seth (2023). Historical Culture in Iron Age Italy: Archaeology, History, and the Use of the Past, 900-300 BCE. Oxford University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-19-764746-2.
- ^ Roncalli, Francesco (1996-06-01). "Laris Pulenas and Sisyphus: Mortals, Heroes and Demons in the Etruscan Underworld". Etruscan Studies. 3 (1): 45–64. doi:10.1515/etst.1996.3.1.45. ISSN 2163-8217.
- ^ Cataldi, Maria (1988). I sarcofagi etruschi delle famiglie Partunu, Camna e Pulena (in Italian). Procom, Roma. OCLC 632955991.
- ^ Pavel, D. (2020) "The image of the god Fufluns – Dionysus as reflected on Etruscan mirrors: a Greek or an Etruscan God?". Revista CICSA online, Serie Nouă VI:41-68. p45.https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=939803
- ^ Pallottino, M. (1975) The Etruscans, Indiana University Press: Bloomington and London. pp. 219, 229
Further reading
edit- Belfiore, V. (2012) Studi sul lessico ‘sacro’: Laris Pulenas, le lamine di Pyrgi e la bilingue di Pesaro in Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies 3/1, art. 3: 1–20. UMass Amherst. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/rasenna/vol3/iss1/3 http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=rasenna
- Bonfante G. and Larissa Bonfante (2002) The Etruscan language. An introduction. 2nd Edition. Manchester University Press, Manchester/New York ISBN 0719055407 , pp. 149-151, 172, 197.
- Bonfante, L. (1990) Etruscan in Reading the Past series. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles. pp.28, 41.
- Buonamici, G.(1936) "La formula onomastica nell'iscrizione tarquiniese di Laris Pulenas (CIE., n.5430)" in Paribeni, R. (ed) Scritti in onore di Bartolomeo Nogara raccolti in occasione del suo lxx anno Città del Vaticano.
- Devoto, G. (1936) "Problemi dell’Iscrizione di Pulena." Studi Etruschi 10.277–287.
- Grünwedel, A. (1922). Tusca. Leipzig: K. W. Hiersemann.
- Heurgon, J. (1957) Influences grecques sur la religion étrusque : l'inscription de Laris Pulenas
- Heurgon, J. (1993) The Etruscans. Fourth Edition. Reclam, Stuttgart ISBN 3150104009 , pp. 334-337.
- Jannot, J.-R. (2017) Religion in ancient Etruria. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison ISBN 9780299208448 , pp. 7, 199.
- Naso, A. (ed.) (2017) Etruscology. Walter de Gruyter, Boston ISBN 9781934078488 , p. 1148.
- Pallottino, M. (1975) The Etruscans, Indiana University Press: Bloomington and London. pp. 200, 219.
- Pallottino, M. (1988) Etruscology: History and culture of the Etruscans. Seventh Edition, Springer, Basel ISBN 303486048X , pp. 325, 416, 452, 479-486.
- Prayon, F. (2010) The Etruscans. History, religion, art. 5. Edition. CH Beck, Munich ISBN 9783406598128 , pp. 61-62, 74.
- Ribezzo, F. (1932) "L’epitafio etrusco di Pulena." Rivista Indo-Greco-Italica 16.68–85.
- Simon, E. (1989) "Culsu, Culsans e Ianus." Secondo Congresso Internazionale Etrusco, Firenze, 26 maggio – 2 giugno 1985. Atti, vol. III, pp. 1271-1281. Rome: Bretschneider.
- Stolenberg, H. L. (1956) Die wichtigsten etruskischen Inschriften: Texte, Übersetzung und Erläuterung. Leverkusen: Gottschalk.
- Thomson de Grummond, N. (ed.) (1996) Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology. Routledge, New York ISBN 188496480X , pp. 14, 34, 46, 57, 59.
- Thomson de Grummond, N. (2006) "Prophets and Priests”, in The Religion of the Etruscans, edited by Nancy Thomson de Grummond, Erika Simon. Austin: University of Texas Press, 27-44. p. 34.
- van der Meer, L. B. (1987) The bronze liver of Piacenza. Analysis of a polytheistic structure. Gieben, Amsterdam ISBN 9070265419 , p. 173.
- Cataldi, M. (2001) Tarquinia: Museo Archeologico Nazionale. Brief guide. L'Erma di Bretschneider, Rome ISBN 8882651223 , pp. 30-31.
- Unknown, Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena, Early Second Century B.C.E., Terracotta (Local Stone), The Etruscan Period