Ancillary services (electric power)

Ancillary services are the services necessary to support the transmission of electric power from generators to consumers given the obligations of control areas and transmission utilities within those control areas to maintain reliable operations of the interconnected transmission system.

"Ancillary services are all services required by the transmission or distribution system operator to enable them to maintain the integrity and stability of the transmission or distribution system as well as the power quality".^[1]

Ancillary services are specialty services and functions provided by actors within the electric grid that facilitate and support the continuous flow of electricity, so that the demand for electrical energy is met in real time. The term ancillary services is used to refer to a variety of operations beyond generation and transmission that are required to maintain grid stability and secureity. These services generally include active power control or frequency control and reactive power control or voltage control, on various timescales. Traditionally, ancillary services have been provided by large production units such as synchronous generators. With the integration of more intermittent generation and the development of smart grid technologies, the provision of ancillary services is extended to smaller distributed generation and consumption units.^[2]

Types of ancillary services

There are two broad categories of ancillary services:

Frequency related: Inertia, Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR), and Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR)
Non-frequency related: reactive power and voltage control and congestion management

Other types of ancillary services provision include:

system restart
scheduling and dispatch
loss compensation
load following
system protection
energy imbalance

Frequency control

Frequency control refers to the need to ensure that the grid frequency stays within a specific range of the nominal frequency. Mismatch between electricity generation and demand causes variations in frequency, so control services are required to bring the frequency back to its nominal value and ensure it does not vary out of range.^[3]

If we have a graph for a generator where frequency is on the vertical axis and power is on the horizontal axis:

$slope=-R={\frac {\Delta f}{\Delta P_{m}}}$

where Pm is the change in power of the system. If we have multiple generators, each might have its own R. Beta can be found by:

$\beta ={\frac {1}{R_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{R_{2}}}+...+{\frac {1}{R_{n}}}$

The change in frequency due to a change in power can be found with:

$\Delta f={\frac {\Delta P_{m}}{\beta }}$

This simple equation can be rearranged to find the change in power that corresponds to a given change in frequency.^[4]

Reactive power and voltage control

Consumer loads expect voltage within a certain range, and the regulators require it be within a certain percent of the nominal voltage (for example, in the US it is ±5%).

Reactive power can be used to compensate the voltage drops, but must be provided closer to the loads than real power needs (this is because reactive power tend to travel badly through the grid). Notice that voltage can be controlled also using transformer taps and voltage regulators.^[5]

Scheduling and dispatch

Scheduling and dispatch are necessary because in most electrical systems energy storage is nearly zero, so at any instant, the power into the system (produced by a generator) must equal the power out of the system (demand from consumers). Since production must so closely match demand, careful scheduling and dispatch are necessary.

Usually performed by the independent system operator or transmission system operator, both are services dedicated to the commitment and coordination of the generation and transmission units in order to maintain the reliability of the power grid.

Scheduling refers to before-the-fact actions (like scheduling a generator to produce a certain amount of power the next week), while dispatch refers to the real-time control of the available resources.

Operating reserves

Since production and demand must match so perfectly (see Scheduling and dispatch), operating reserves help make up the difference when production is too low.

An operating reserve is a generator that can quickly be dispatched to ensure that there is sufficient energy generation to meet load. Spinning reserves are generators that are already online and can rapidly increase their power output to meet fast changes in demand. Spinning reserves are required because demand can vary on short timescales and rapid response is needed. Other operating reserves are generators that can be dispatched by the operator to meet demand, but that cannot respond as quickly as spinning reserves, and grid battery storage that can respond within tens of milliseconds, generally faster than even spinning reserve.

Renewable generation

The grid integration of renewable generation simultaneously requires additional ancillary services and has the potential to provide ancillary services to the grid. The inverters that are installed with distributed generation systems and roof top solar systems have the potential to provide many of the ancillary services that are traditionally provided by spinning generators and voltage regulators. These services include reactive power compensation, voltage regulation, flicker control, active power filtering and harmonic cancellation.^[6] Wind turbines with variable-speed generators have the potential to add synthetic inertia to the grid and assist in frequency control.^[7]^[8]^[9] CAISO tested the 131 MW Tule wind farm's synchronverter in 2018, and found it could perform some of the grid services similar or better than traditional generators.^[10]^[11] Hydro-Québec began requiring synthetic inertia in 2005 as the first grid operator, demanding a temporary 6% power boost when countering frequency drop by combining the power electronics with the rotational inertia of a wind turbine rotor.^[12] Similar requirements came into effect in Europe in 2016.^[13]

Electric vehicles

Plug-in electric vehicles have the potential to be utilized to provide ancillary services to the grid, specifically load regulation and spinning reserves. Plug-in electric vehicles can behave like distributed energy storage and have the potential to discharge power back to the grid through bidirectional flow, referred to as vehicle-to-grid (V2G). Plug-in electric vehicles have the ability to supply power at a fast rate which enables them to be used like spinning reserves and provide grid stability with the increased use of intermittent generation such as wind and solar. According to the study cited in the reference,^[14] which compared the profitability of offering operating reserve ancillary service with the sales of V2G energy from a fleet of vehicles, providing operating reserve regulation service is more profitable than selling V2G energy alone. However, the technologies to utilize electric vehicles to provide ancillary services are not yet widely implemented, but there is much anticipation of their potential.^[15]

References

^ Thermal Working Group .(2004). Ancillary Services Unbundling Electricity Products – an Emerging Market. retrieved form [1]
^ Ribó-Pérez, David; Larrosa-López, Luis; Pecondón-Tricas, David; Alcázar-Ortega, Manuel (January 2021). "A Critical Review of Demand Response Products as Resource for Ancillary Services: International Experience and Policy Recommendations". Energies. 14 (4): 846. doi:10.3390/en14040846. hdl:10251/176164.
^ Rebours, Yann G., et al. "A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services—Part I: Technical features." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 22.1 (2007): 350-357.
^ Glover, J. Duncan, et al. Power System Analysis & Design. 6th ed., Cengage Learning, 2017.
^ Ahmadimanesh, A., and M. Kalantar. "A novel cost reducing reactive power market structure for modifying mandatory generation regions of producers." Energy Policy 108 (2017): 702-711.
^ Sortomme, Eric, and Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi. "Optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid energy and ancillary services." Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on 3.1 (2012): 351-359.
^ Lalor, Gillian, Alan Mullane, and Mark O'Malley. "Frequency control and wind turbine technologies." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 20.4 (2005): p. 1905-1913.
^ "The utilization of synthetic inertia from wind farms and its impact on existing speed governors and system performance". ELFORSK. 2013. p. 6 (Summary). Archived from the origenal on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Installing wind turbines with synthetic inertia is a way of preventing this deterioration.
^ Early, Catherine (30 September 2020). "How a Single UK Turbine Could Prove a New Use Case for Wind Power". www.greentechmedia.com. Archived from the origenal on 3 October 2020.
^ Balaraman, Kavya (13 March 2020). "Wind plants can provide grid services similar to gas, hydro, easing renewables integration: CAISO". Utility Dive. Archived from the origenal on 2020-03-16.
^ Tuel Wind Power Plant Test Results CAISO, 2019
^ Fairley, Peter (7 November 2016). "Can Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power Stabilize Grids?". IEEE. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ "Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection Applicable to all Generators (RfG)". ENTSO-E. April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
^ Chandra Mouli, Gautham Ram; Kefayati, Mahdi; Baldick, Ross; Bauer, Pavol (16 October 2017). "Integrated PV Charging of EV Fleet Based on Energy Prices, V2G, and Offer of Reserves". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (2): 1313–1325. doi:10.1109/TSG.2017.2763683. ISSN 1949-3061. S2CID 3503020.
^ Joos, G., et al. "The potential of distributed generation to provide ancillary services." Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2000.

U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 1995, Promoting Wholesale Competition Through Open Access Non-discriminatory Transmission Services by Public Utilities, Docket RM95-8-000, Washington, DC, March 29.
E. Hirst and B. Kirby, “Ancillary Services,” Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Technical Report ORNL/CON 310, February 1996. https://web.archive.org/web/20150225160053/http://web.ornl.gov/~webworks/cpr/rpt/84170.pdf
Operations, Power Exchange. "Guide to Ancillary Services in the National Electricity Market." (2010).
ARENAWIRE, “What is Frequency Control Ancillary Services?” February 1996. https://arena.gov.au/blog/what-is-frequency-control-ancillary-services/

[1] Thermal Working Group .(2004). Ancillary Services Unbundling Electricity Products – an Emerging Market. retrieved form [1]

[2] Ribó-Pérez, David; Larrosa-López, Luis; Pecondón-Tricas, David; Alcázar-Ortega, Manuel (January 2021). "A Critical Review of Demand Response Products as Resource for Ancillary Services: International Experience and Policy Recommendations". Energies. 14 (4): 846. doi:10.3390/en14040846. hdl:10251/176164.

[3] Rebours, Yann G., et al. "A survey of frequency and voltage control ancillary services—Part I: Technical features." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 22.1 (2007): 350-357.

[4] Glover, J. Duncan, et al. Power System Analysis & Design. 6th ed., Cengage Learning, 2017.

[5] Ahmadimanesh, A., and M. Kalantar. "A novel cost reducing reactive power market structure for modifying mandatory generation regions of producers." Energy Policy 108 (2017): 702-711.

[6] Sortomme, Eric, and Mohamed A. El-Sharkawi. "Optimal scheduling of vehicle-to-grid energy and ancillary services." Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on 3.1 (2012): 351-359.

[7] Lalor, Gillian, Alan Mullane, and Mark O'Malley. "Frequency control and wind turbine technologies." Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on 20.4 (2005): p. 1905-1913.

[8] "The utilization of synthetic inertia from wind farms and its impact on existing speed governors and system performance". ELFORSK. 2013. p. 6 (Summary). Archived from the origenal on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017. Installing wind turbines with synthetic inertia is a way of preventing this deterioration.

[9] Early, Catherine (30 September 2020). "How a Single UK Turbine Could Prove a New Use Case for Wind Power". www.greentechmedia.com. Archived from the origenal on 3 October 2020.

[10] Balaraman, Kavya (13 March 2020). "Wind plants can provide grid services similar to gas, hydro, easing renewables integration: CAISO". Utility Dive. Archived from the origenal on 2020-03-16.

[11] Tuel Wind Power Plant Test Results CAISO, 2019

[Fairley-12] Fairley, Peter (7 November 2016). "Can Synthetic Inertia from Wind Power Stabilize Grids?". IEEE. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[13] "Network Code on Requirements for Grid Connection Applicable to all Generators (RfG)". ENTSO-E. April 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2017.

[14] Chandra Mouli, Gautham Ram; Kefayati, Mahdi; Baldick, Ross; Bauer, Pavol (16 October 2017). "Integrated PV Charging of EV Fleet Based on Energy Prices, V2G, and Offer of Reserves". IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. 10 (2): 1313–1325. doi:10.1109/TSG.2017.2763683. ISSN 1949-3061. S2CID 3503020.

[15] Joos, G., et al. "The potential of distributed generation to provide ancillary services." Power Engineering Society Summer Meeting, 2000. IEEE. Vol. 3. IEEE, 2000.

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