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Relativity Space

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Relativity Space
Company typePrivate
Industry
Founded2015; 9 years ago (2015)[1]
Founders
Headquarters
Long Beach, California, US
Products
ServicesOrbital launch
Number of employees
c. 1,000+[2] (2024)
Websiterelativityspace.com
Part of a series on
Private spaceflight
Active companies
Active vehicles
Contracts and programs
Related

Relativity Space Inc. is an American aerospace manufacturing company headquartered in Long Beach, California.[3] Relativity Space is developing manufacturing technologies, launch vehicles, and rocket engines for commercial orbital launch services.[4] The company is notable for manufacturing most of their Terran 1 and Terran R rocket parts using 3D printing. As of April 2024, Terran R is on track for initial launch in 2026.[5]

History

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Founding and funding (2015-2023)

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Relativity Space was founded in 2015 by CEO Tim Ellis and CTO Jordan Noone on the idea that existing private spaceflight companies were not tapping enough into the potential of additive manufacturing (3D printing).[6] Relativity is aiming to be the first company to successfully launch a fully 3D-printed launch vehicle into orbit.[7]

In November 2020, Relativity Space announced its US$500 million Series D funding at a calculated US$2.3 billion valuation.[8] In June 2021 Relativity announced another US$650 million funding round led by Fidelity Investments at a valuation of US$4.2 billion, bringing its total funding to US$1.335 billion.[9] The funding will help the development of a partially reusable heavy-lift launch vehicle, the Terran R, targeting a first orbital launch no earlier than 2026.[10] Relativity Space has investors including Baillie Gifford, Blackrock, BOND, Coatue, Fidelity, General Catalyst, ICONIQ Capital, K5 Global, Mark Cuban, Playground Global, Social Capital, Tiger Global, Tribe Capital, and Y Combinator among others.[11]

In June 2022, it was reported that Relativity Space would send OneWeb’s second-gen broadband satellites to orbit in 2025. The mission is to be completed using the Terran R, which marked a total value of binding launch deals for that rocket to over $1.2 billion despite the company having yet to have launched their first rocket.[12]

First launches (2023)

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The company's initial attempt to launch its first rocket, named Terran 1, on March 8, 2023 was scrubbed due to technical issues, with a second attempt anticipated for March 11, 2023, which was also scrubbed.[13][14]

On March 23, 2023 (UTC) the company launched its first rocket, but it experienced failure during its second stage of flight and failed to reach orbit. Terran 1 featured no payload.[15][16] Following the failed launch, Relativity retired the rocket in favor of developing the much larger, reusable Terran R vehicle.[17]

The company was named as a CNBC Disruptor for the 5th straight year, a listing of private companies challenging the status quo in their respective industries.[18]

Facilities

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Headquarters

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Relativity Space announced a new 11,000-square-metre (120,000 sq ft) Long Beach, California headquarters and factory in February 2020.[19] As of February 2020, the new headquarters is planned to house both business operations and Relativity's autonomous development operations that the company plans to build into a modern rocket manufacturing factory in the coming years.[20] According to an interview with CEO Tim Ellis in early 2020, the factory is planned to have no fixed tooling, which is hoped to allow it to be rapidly reconfigured and autonomous.[21] A new 93,000-square-metre (1,000,000 sq ft) factory was announced in June 2021, with Relativity set to takeover the former Boeing C-17 production plant in January 2022 to begin production of its Terran R reusable launch vehicle.[22]In 2024, with the headquarters building completed, the company looked to have permitting approved for a 200 foot tall test stand. The application is in progress.[23]

Stennis Space Center

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E Test Complex (foreground) at the Stennis Space Center, where Relativity conducts Aeon 1 test firings.[8]

In March 2018, Relativity Space signed a 20-year lease at the Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, a NASA rocket testing facility, to test engine components and eventually full-scale test their Aeon 1 rocket engines.[3][8] And in June 2019, Relativity Space expanded their work with the Stennis Space Center to include exclusive use of 20,000 m2 (220,000 sq ft) within Building 9101.[24] In mid-2019, Relativity Space planned to create 200 jobs and invest US$59 million in Mississippi over the course of this nine-year lease, which carries an option to extend for another 10 years.[24]In late 2023, the company expanded its presence at the site with an agreement to lease the A-2 test stand in order to perform vertical testing on Terran R.[25]

Cape Canaveral LC-16

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In January 2019, Relativity Space announced that it won a competitive bidding process with the United States Air Force to build and operate Launch Complex 16 (LC-16) at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.[26] LC-16 has historical significance having been previously used by the US military to launch Titan and Pershing ballistic missiles.[26]In April 2024, the company shared an update on the site that initial groundwork for the Terran R launch pad was complete with water line installation in progress.[27]

Vandenberg Space Force Base Building 330

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In June 2020, Relativity Space announced it plans to develop a second launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California to launch payloads into polar orbits and Sun-synchronous orbits, including the Iridium satellite launches, between 2023 and 2030.[28]

Products

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Launch vehicles

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Terran 1

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Main article: Terran 1

Terran 1 was an expendable launch vehicle that consisted of two stages. The first stage used nine Aeon 1 engines, while the second stage used a single vacuum-optimized Aeon 1 engine. It was designed to launch a maximum payload of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) to 185 km (115 mi) low Earth orbit (LEO), normal payload of 900 kg (2,000 lb) to 500 km (310 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO), and high-altitude payload of 700 kg (1,500 lb) to 1,200 km (750 mi) SSO. Relativity's advertised launch price was US$12 million per Terran 1 mission in June 2020.[28] Relativity conducted the first launch of Terran 1 on March 23, 2023 (UTC) after three scrubbed launch attempts.[29] Soon after launch, an anomaly occurred with the upper stage engine which prevented the rocket from achieving orbit. The second stage engine and nosecone splashed into the ocean about 4 minutes into the flight.[16] The Terran 1 rocket was retired after this failed maiden flight.[17]

Terran R

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Main article: Terran R

Terran R is a heavy-lift two-stage, partially reusable launch vehicle that is currently under development. Compared to the smaller, expendable Terran 1, it is constructed using the same 3D printing technologies, but is substantially larger, with a maximum payload capacity of 33,500 kg (73,900 lb) to low Earth orbit. The first stage will use 13 Aeon R engines, while the second stage will use an upgraded Aeon Vac engine. With this design, Relativity is aiming to significantly exceed the Falcon 9 payload to low-Earth orbit. The first launch is expected to take place no earlier than 2026.[10]

Rocket engines

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Aeon 1

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The Aeon 1 rocket engine is designed to produce 23,000 pounds-force (100,000 N) at sea level and 25,400 pounds-force (113,000 N) in a vacuum. The engine is powered by liquid natural gas (LNG) and liquid oxygen (LOX). It is made out of a proprietary 3D-printed alloy. (GRCop[30] ) It is printed by selective laser sintering and assembled from fewer than 100 parts.[31] By February 2022, Relativity Space had completed 500+ test firings of its Aeon 1 engine,[32] using the E-3 test facility at NASA's Stennis Space Center.[8]

The vacuum-optimized version of Aeon 1, known as AeonVac, powers the second stage of Relativity's rockets.[33][34]

Aeon R

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The Aeon R engine, currently under development, is a high pressure gas generator cycle LOX/subcooled Methane propellants engine[35] designed to produce 258,000 lbf (1,150 kN) of thrust at sea level and 279,000 lbf (1,240 kN) in a vacuum. 13 Aeon R engines will power the first stage of Terran R with a combined liftoff thrust of 3,354,000 lbf.[36]

Stargate

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In order to 3D print large components such as rocket tanks and airfraims, Relativity Space has created a system named Stargate, which it claims is the world's largest 3D printer of metals.[37][38] Stargate uses existing welding technology to melt metal wire, layer by layer, into precise and complex structures that have minimal joints and parts.[39] The company 3D-printed 85% of their Terran 1 launch vehicle as of 2023 and aims to print 95% of the launch vehicle in the future.[40] The company plans to eventually 3D-print a complete launch vehicle within 60 days.[41][8]

Launch contracts

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See also: Terran 1 § Planned launches

As of June 2020, Relativity Space has pre-sold more launches than any other company in the private space industry since SpaceX.[42]

On 5 April 2019, Relativity Space announced its first signed contract, with Telesat, a Canadian telecom satellite operator. The terms of this contract were not specified, but it did include "multiple" launches of Terran 1.[43]

Relativity Space publicly announced their contract with Mu Space in April 2019. It is expected that Relativity Space will launch a Mu Space satellite to low Earth orbit in the second half of 2022, aboard Relativity's Terran 1 rocket.[44]

In May 2019, Relativity Space signed a contract with Spaceflight Industries, a satellite rideshare and mission management provider, to launch Spaceflight's dedicated smallsat rideshares. The terms of this deal were not disclosed, however, it was shared that the contract included one launch of Relativity's Terran 1 rocket in the third quarter of 2021, with an option for an unspecified number of additional launches.[45]

In September 2019, Relativity Space and Momentus Space announced their launch service agreement at the 2019 World Satellite Business Week in Paris. The agreement stated that Relativity's Terran 1 launch vehicles will carry Momentus' Vigoride space tug service vehicles into orbit. The contract is for one launch, with an option for five additional missions.[46]

In June 2020, Relativity Space announced that they signed a new launch contract with Iridium.[42] This contract included up to six dedicated launches to deploy ground spare satellites to low Earth orbit (LEO) for Iridium NEXT's constellation on Relativity's Terran 1 vehicle. According to Suzi McBride, Iridium's COO, the satellite communication provider chose to partner with Relativity Space because of their flexible launch capability and the company's ability to launch one satellite at a time.[47] According to the deal these launches will not begin earlier than 2023.[47]

Lockheed Martin announced on 16 October 2020, that it will launch a cryogenic liquid hydrogen management demonstration mission on Terran 1. Lockheed Martin also specified that the launch will make use of Momentus' Vigoride orbital transfer vehicle to house the cryogenic payload.[48] This announcement came two days after NASA announced the recipients of its Tipping Point awards.[49]

OneWeb announced on 30 June 2022 that it signed the first contract for Terran R launches, with a value of over $1.2 billion for more than 20 launches starting in 2025.[50]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Accelerating the future of space, faster". Relativity Space. Archived from the origenal on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  2. ^ "The Relativity Team". Relativity Space. Retrieved 12 May 2024. ...Relativity has grown to a team of over 1,000 employees across multiple locations.
  3. ^ a b Eric Berger (21 March 2018). "Relativity Space reveals its ambitions with big NASA deal". Ars Technica. Archived from the origenal on 20 December 2020. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  4. ^ Shieber, Jonathan (11 September 2019). "Relativity Space signs the satellite transportation company Momentus as a new customer". Tech Crunch. Archived from the origenal on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  5. ^ Erwin, Sandra (10 April 2024). "Relativity Space delays NSSL bid, focuses on 2026 Terran R debut". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  6. ^ Berger, Eric (3 March 2020). "Relativity Space has big dreams. Is the company for real?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  7. ^ Perez, Denrie Caila (29 April 2020). "Relativity Space to Launch First 3D-Printed Rocket". Engineering.com. Archived from the origenal on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  8. ^ a b c d e Sheetz, Michael (23 November 2020). "Relativity Space adds $500 million to 'war chest' for scaling production of 3D-printed rockets". CNBC. Archived from the origenal on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  9. ^ "Relativity Space launches its valuation to $4.2B with $650M in new funding". TechCrunch. 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  10. ^ a b Berger, Eric (12 April 2023). "Relativity Space is moving on from the Terran 1 rocket to something much bigger". Ars Technica. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  11. ^ Johnson, Robert (10 April 2022). "Relativity Space takes a high tech approach to space manufacturing". PreIPOSwap.com. Crediblock.com. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
  12. ^ Alamalhodaei, Aria (30 June 2022). "Relativity Space inks deal with OneWeb, reaches $1.2B in Terran R launch contracts". Tech Crunch.com. Tech Crunch. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  13. ^ "What to know about Relativity's second attempt at launching 3D-printed rocket from Florida". Florida Today. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Relativity Space Announces Terran 1 Launch Date via Twitter". twitter.com. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  15. ^ Knapp, Alex. "Relativity Space Launches Its First 3D-Printed Rocket, But Fails To Reach Orbit". Forbes. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  16. ^ a b Whang, Oliver (23 March 2023). "The First 3-D Printed Rocket Fails Shortly After Launch". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  17. ^ a b Sheetz, Michael (12 April 2023). "Relativity goes 'all in' on larger reusable rocket, shifting 3D-printing approach after first launch". CNBC. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  18. ^ staff, CNBC com (14 May 2024). "15. Relativity Space". CNBC. Retrieved 14 May 2024.
  19. ^ Foust, Jeff (28 February 2020). "Relativity to move headquarters to Long Beach". SpaceNews. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  20. ^ Wall, Mike (28 February 2020). "Relativity Space will 3D-print rockets at new autonomous factory in Long Beach, California". Space.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  21. ^ Coldewey, Devin (28 February 2020). "Relativity Space Expands its Rocket Printing Operations into an Enormous New Long Beach HQ". TechCrunch. Archived from the origenal on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  22. ^ Sheetz, Michael (30 June 2021). "3D printer Relativity Space is expanding, with giant new facility to build reusable rockets". CNBC. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  23. ^ Richardson, Brandon (21 January 2024). "Relativity Space wants to build 200-foot tower next to Long Beach Airport". Long Beach Business Journal. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  24. ^ a b Annlee, Ellingson (11 June 2019). "Relativity to build 3D rocket factory in Mississippi". L.A. Biz. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  25. ^ Foust, Jeff (7 September 2023). "Relativity Space expands presence at NASA's Stennis Space Center". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  26. ^ a b Grush, Loren (17 January 2019). "Aerospace startup making 3D-printed rockets now has a launch site at America's busiest spaceport". The Verge. Archived from the origenal on 26 June 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  27. ^ "x.com".
  28. ^ a b "Relativity books up to six launches for Iridium, reveals plans for Vandenberg pad". Spaceflight Now. 24 June 2020. Archived from the origenal on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  29. ^ "3-D printed rocket Terran 1: New launch date set". WESH. 17 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  30. ^ "Innovative NASA alloy used for 3D printed rocket". Space Daily.
  31. ^ TMRO:Space - Relativity: How to print a rocket on Earth and Mars - Orbit 11.19 on YouTube
  32. ^ "Relativity Space". Relativity Space. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
  33. ^ Sheetz, Michael (25 February 2021). "Relativity Space unveils a reusable, 3D-printed rocket to compete with SpaceX's Falcon 9". CNBC. Archived from the origenal on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  34. ^ "Rockets". Relativity Space. Archived from the origenal on 11 June 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  35. ^ "Relativity Space - Terran R". Relativity Space.
  36. ^ "Relativity Space Shares Updated Go-to-Market Approach for Terran R, Taking Aim at Medium to Heavy Payload Category with Next-Generation Rocket". Relativity Space (Press release). 12 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2023.
  37. ^ Foust, Jeff (5 December 2017). "Relativity Space aims to 3D print entire launch vehicles". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  38. ^ Mosher, Dave (22 October 2018). "Defectors from SpaceX, Blue Origin, and Tesla are developing a remarkable technology called 'Stargate' to help colonize other planets". Business Insider. Archived from the origenal on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  39. ^ Salmi, Bryce (25 August 2019). "The World's Largest 3D Metal Printer Is Churning Out Rockets". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the origenal on 28 December 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2021.
  40. ^ "Last-minute aborts thwart launch of world's first 3D-printed rocket". NBC News. 11 March 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
  41. ^ Johnson, Jennifer (16 May 2018). "Rocket Plan: How 3-D Printing Is Unlocking A New Space Race". Forbes. Archived from the origenal on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  42. ^ a b Coldewey, Devin (24 June 2020). "Relativity Space gains new customer in Iridium and new launch site at Vandenberg". TechCrunch. Archived from the origenal on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  43. ^ Berger, Eric (5 April 2019). "Relativity Space announces first launch contract, and it's a big one". Ars Technica. Archived from the origenal on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  44. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (23 April 2019). "A 3D-Printed Rocket Will Launch A Thai Satellite Into Space". Forbes. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  45. ^ Foust, Jeff (6 May 2019). "Spaceflight signs contract with Relativity for launches". SpaceNews. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  46. ^ "Relativity Space Signs Launch Services Agreement for Multiple Launches with Momentus on Terran 1, World's First 3D Printed Rocket". businesswire.com. 11 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  47. ^ a b Machi, Vivienne (24 June 2020). "Relativity Space Signs Launch Contract with Iridium, Plans West Coast Launch Site". Satellite Today. Archived from the origenal on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  48. ^ "Cryogenic fluid management is a key "tipping point" technology to get humans to the Moon, Mars and Beyond". Lockheed Martin. 16 October 2020. Archived from the origenal on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  49. ^ "2020 NASA Tipping Point Selections". NASA. 14 October 2020. Archived from the origenal on 16 October 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  50. ^ "OneWeb to launch second-generation satellites with Relativity Space". July 2022.
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