Edge (geometry)
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A polygon is bounded by edges; this square has 4 edges. -
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Every edge is shared by three or more faces in a 4-polytope, as seen in this projection of a tesseract.
In geometry, an edge is a particular type of line segment joining two vertices in a polygon, polyhedron, or higher-dimensional polytope.[1] In a polygon, an edge is a line segment on the boundary,[2] and is often called a polygon side. In a polyhedron or more generally a polytope, an edge is a line segment where two faces (or polyhedron sides) meet.[3] A segment joining two vertices while passing through the interior or exterior is not an edge but instead is called a diagonal.
An edge may also be an infinite line separating two half-planes.[4] The sides of a plane angle are semi-infinite half-lines (or rays).[5]
Relation to edges in graphs
[edit]In graph theory, an edge is an abstract object connecting two graph vertices, unlike polygon and polyhedron edges which have a concrete geometric representation as a line segment. However, any polyhedron can be represented by its skeleton or edge-skeleton, a graph whose vertices are the geometric vertices of the polyhedron and whose edges correspond to the geometric edges.[6] Conversely, the graphs that are skeletons of three-dimensional polyhedra can be characterized by Steinitz's theorem as being exactly the 3-vertex-connected planar graphs.[7]
Number of edges in a polyhedron
[edit]Any convex polyhedron's surface has Euler characteristic
where V is the number of vertices, E is the number of edges, and F is the number of faces. This equation is known as Euler's polyhedron formula. Thus the number of edges is 2 less than the sum of the numbers of vertices and faces. For example, a cube has 8 vertices and 6 faces, and hence 12 edges.
Incidences with other faces
[edit]In a polygon, two edges meet at each vertex; more generally, by Balinski's theorem, at least d edges meet at every vertex of a d-dimensional convex polytope.[8] Similarly, in a polyhedron, exactly two two-dimensional faces meet at every edge,[9] while in higher dimensional polytopes three or more two-dimensional faces meet at every edge.
Alternative terminology
[edit]In the theory of high-dimensional convex polytopes, a facet or side of a d-dimensional polytope is one of its (d − 1)-dimensional features, a ridge is a (d − 2)-dimensional feature, and a peak is a (d − 3)-dimensional feature. Thus, the edges of a polygon are its facets, the edges of a 3-dimensional convex polyhedron are its ridges, and the edges of a 4-dimensional polytope are its peaks.[10]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Ziegler, Günter M. (1995), Lectures on Polytopes, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 152, Springer, Definition 2.1, p. 51, ISBN 9780387943657.
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Polygon Edge". From Wolfram MathWorld.
- ^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Polytope Edge". From Wolfram MathWorld.
- ^ Wylie Jr., C.R. (1964), Foundations of Geometry, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 64, ISBN 0-07-072191-2
- ^ Wylie Jr., C.R. (1964), Foundations of Geometry, New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 68, ISBN 0-07-072191-2
- ^ Senechal, Marjorie (2013), Shaping Space: Exploring Polyhedra in Nature, Art, and the Geometrical Imagination, Springer, p. 81, ISBN 9780387927145.
- ^ Pisanski, Tomaž; Randić, Milan (2000), "Bridges between geometry and graph theory", in Gorini, Catherine A. (ed.), Geometry at work, MAA Notes, vol. 53, Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. America, pp. 174–194, MR 1782654. See in particular Theorem 3, p. 176.
- ^ Balinski, M. L. (1961), "On the graph structure of convex polyhedra in n-space", Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 11 (2): 431–434, doi:10.2140/pjm.1961.11.431, MR 0126765.
- ^ Wenninger, Magnus J. (1974), Polyhedron Models, Cambridge University Press, p. 1, ISBN 9780521098595.
- ^ Seidel, Raimund (1986), "Constructing higher-dimensional convex hulls at logarithmic cost per face", Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing (STOC '86), pp. 404–413, doi:10.1145/12130.12172, ISBN 0-89791-193-8, S2CID 8342016.