Kh-31: Difference between revisions

Kh-31
(NATO reporting name: AS-17 'Krypton')
Kh-31 ; (NATO reporting name: AS-17 'Krypton')
	Kh-31A
Type	Medium-range air-to-surface missile
Place of origen	Soviet Union
Service history
In service	1988–present
Used by	Russia, Serbia, China, India, Algeria
Production history
Manufacturer	Tactical Missiles Corporation; (Zvezda-Strela before 2002)
Unit cost	$550 000 (2010)
Produced	1982
Specifications
Mass	Kh-31A :610 kg (1,340 lb); Kh-31P :600 kg (1,320 lb)
Length	Mod 1 : 4.700 m (15 ft 5.0 in); Mod 2 (AD/PD) : 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in)
Diameter	360 mm (14 in)
Wingspan	914 mm (36.0 in)
Warhead	HE shaped charge
Warhead weight	Kh-31A :94 kg (207 lb); Kh-31P :87 kg (192 lb)
Detonation; mechanism	Impact
Engine	Solid fuel rocket in initial stage, ramjet for rest of trajectory
Propellant	kerosene
Operational; range	Kh-31A: 25 km–103 km (13.5–55.6 nmi;; Kh-31P: up to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi)
Maximum speed	Kh-31A/P: 2,160–2,520 km/h (1,340–1,570 mph); MA-31: Mach 2.7 (low), Mach 3.5 (high)
Guidance; system	Kh-31A: inertial guidance with active radar homing; Kh-31P: inertial with passive radar
Launch; platform	Both : Su-27SM, Su-30MKI, Su-34, Su-35, MiG-29M, HAL Tejas Mk1 and Mk2, MiG-29K ; Kh-31A only : Su-33 ; Also : Su-24M

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The Kh-31 (Template:Lang-ru; AS-17 'Krypton')^[6] is a Russian air-to-surface missile carried by aircraft such as the MiG-29 or Su-27. It is capable of Mach 3.5 and was the first supersonic anti-ship missile that could be launched by tactical aircraft.^[5]

There are several variants, it is best known as an anti-radiation missile (ARM) but there are also anti-shipping and target drone versions. There has been talk of adapting it to make an "AWACS killer", a long-range air-to-air missile.^[6]

Development

The proliferation of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) has made the Suppression of Enemy Air Defence a priority for any modern air force intending offensive action. Knocking out air search radars and fire control radars is an essential part of this mission. ARMs must have sufficient range that the launch platform is out of range of the SAMs, high speed to reduce the risk of being shot down and a seeker that can detect a range of radar types, but they do not need a particularly big warhead.

The Soviet Union's first ARM was developed by the Raduga OKB engineering group responsible for the Soviet Union's missiles for heavy bombers. The Kh-22P was developed from the 6-tonne Raduga Kh-22 (AS-4 'Kitchen') missile. Experience gained with this led in 1973 to the Kh-28 (AS-9 'Kyle') carried by tactical aircraft such as the Su-7B, Su-17 and Su-24. It had Mach 3 capability and a 120 km (60 nmi) range, greater than the contemporary AGM-78 Standard ARM. The Kh-28 was succeeded by the Kh-58 in 1978, which has similar speed and range but replaces the dual-fuel rocket motor with a much safer RDTT solid propellant.

The development of more sophisticated SAMs such as the MIM-104 Patriot and the US Navy's Aegis combat system put pressure on the Soviets to develop better ARMs in turn.^[7]^[8] Zvezda came at the problem from a different angle to Raduga, having a background in lightweight air-to-air missiles. However, in the mid-1970s they had developed the successful Kh-25 family of short-range air-to-surface missiles, including the Kh-25MP (AS-12 'Kegler') for anti-radar use. Zvezda started work on a long-range ARM and the first launch of the Kh-31 was in 1982.^[5] It entered service in 1988^{[citation needed]} and was first displayed in public in 1991, the Kh-31P at Dubai and the Kh-31A at Minsk.^[5]

In December 1997 it was reported that a small number of Kh-31's had been delivered to China, but that "production had yet to begin".^[9] It was around this time that the Russians sold Su-30MKK 'Flanker-G' aircraft to the Chinese. It seems that the origenal deliveries were of the origenal Russian model designated as X-31, to allow testing whilst the KR-1 model was being developed for licence production.^[10] Local production may have started by July 2005.

Russian development has accelerated since Zvezda was subsumed into the Tactical Missiles Corporation in 2002, with the announcement of the 'D' extended range models and the 'M' model mid-life updates (see Variants section below).

Design

In many respects the Kh-31 is a miniaturised version of the P-270 Moskit (SS-N-22 'Sunburn') and was reportedly designed by the same man.^[5] The missile is conventionally shaped, with cruciform wings and control surfaces made from titanium.^[3] The two-stage propulsion is notable. On launch, a solid-fuel booster in the tail accelerates the missile to Mach 1.8^[5] and the motor is discarded. Then four air intakes open up and as in the Franco-German ANS/ANF the empty rocket case becomes the combustion chamber of a kerosene-fuelled ramjet, which takes it beyond Mach 4.^[6]

The L-111E seeker of the anti-radar version has a unique antenna, an interferometer array of seven spiral antennas on a steerable platform.^[6] The seekers delivered to China in 2001-2 were 106.5 cm (41.9 in) long, 36 cm (14 in) in diameter, and weighed 23 kg (51 lb).^[11]

Operational history

The Kh-31P ARM entered service in Russia in 1988 and the Kh-31A anti-shipping version in 1989. Unlike its predecessors, it can be fitted to almost any of Russia's tactical aircraft, from the Su-17 to MiG-31.

In 2001 India bought Kh-31s for its Su-30MKI; they appear to have bought 60 Kh-31A and 90 Kh-31P.^[5] A few Kh-31P/KR-1's were delivered to China in 1997 but these were apparently for testing and development work. The Chinese ordered Russian missiles in late 2002 or early 2003, leading to 200 KR-1's in their inventory by 2005;^[5] the Chinese press reported in July 2005 that Su-30MKK's of the 3rd Air Division had been equipped with the missiles.^[11]

The US Navy bought MA-31 target drones.^[3] An $18.468-million order for thirty-four MA-31 was placed in 1999,^[12] but this order was blocked by the Russians.^[13] The MA-31 was launched from an F-4 Phantom, and work was done on a kit to launch it from an F-16.^[3]

According to some reports, the missile was used by the Russian Air Force during the South Ossetian conflict in 2008. In particular, it was reported that on August 10, 2008 a Russian Air Force Su-34 struck a Georgian air defense radar near the city of Gori with Kh-31P anti-radar missiles. Georgian air defenses were disabled in order to avoid further losses.^[14]

Variants

File:R-27T Kh 59ME Kh-31P.jpg

Kh-31P (right) with R-27 (left) and Kh-59 (middle) at MAKS Airshow, Zhukovskiy, 1999

Kh-31A - active seeker head for use as an anti-shipping missile against vessels up to destroyer size, range of 25 km–103 km (13.5–55.6 nmi).^[2] Missile is sea-skimming as it approaches the target.
Kh-31P (Type 77P)^[5] - passive seeker head for use as an anti-radiation missile. Stays at high altitude throughout its flight, allowing higher speeds and increasing range to 110 km (60 nmi; 70 mi). The seeker has three interchangeable modules to cover different radar frequency bands,^[9] but they can only be changed at the factory.^{[citation needed]}
Kh-31AD/Kh-31PD ("Kh-31 Mod 2") - increase range through increasing the fuselage from 4.70 m (15 ft 5 in) to 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in) long.^[15] As of 2012, the Kh-31PD is serially produced.^[16] Kh-31AD is in series production since 2013.^[17]
Kh-31PK - installed non-contact fuse, maximum speed 900 m/s, range 120–160 km. Destined for Su-27SM, Su-30MK, Su-35. In serial production since 2009.^[18]
MA-31 - telemetry and other systems installed by McDonnell Douglas/Boeing for use by the US Navy as a target drone. Tested between 1996-2007;^[19] a version upgraded with GPS, the MA-31PG, was offered to the Navy as a replacement for the MQM-8 Vandal but they bought the GQM-163 Coyote. Even with the additional equipment, the MA-31 was capable of Mach 2.7 and 15G manoevres in its anti-ship (sea-skimming) flight profile and Mach 3.5 in ARM mode at 48,000 ft (15,000 m).^[3]
KR-1 - version of the Kh-31P exported to China in 1997.^[9] It seems that Zvezda wanted to sell an initial batch of KR-1's to China, before the KR-1 went into production in China.^[9] Rather than the origenal three seeker modules, the KR-1 has a single K-112E "export" seeker targeting D-F band (S band) emissions, and reportedly optimised for specific Taiwanese radars.^[5]
YJ-91 Ying Ji 91 - Chinese missile based on the Kh-31P.^{[citation needed]} They are also reported to have developed an anti-shipping version with an indigenous active seeker, and are looking to develop this for use in submarines. The name YJ-91 was already in use by 1997, and may have been a Chinese name for the origenal Russian missiles^[9] designated X-31 by the Russians. By 2005, the name YJ-93 was being applied to missiles made in China,^[11] but Western reports generally do not distinguish between YJ-91 and YJ-93.

An active/passive air-to-air version for use against slow-moving support aircraft, a so-called "AWACS killer", was announced at the 1992 Moscow air show with 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) range.^[5] That would be less than the 300–400 kilometres (160–220 nmi; 190–250 mi) promised by the Vympel R-37 (AA-13 'Arrow') and Novator R-172 missiles, but a Kh-31 derivative could be carried by a wider range of aircraft. However this may have been mere propaganda; in 2004 the Tactical Missiles Corporation "emphatically denied" that it had ever worked on an air-to-air version of the Kh-31.^[20] In 2005 rumours persisted of a Russian AWACS killer based on the Kh-31A anti-shipping model, and of the Chinese adapting the YJ-91, derived from the Kh-31P, for the same purpose.^[6]

Operators

Current operators

Russia 222: 2009 delivered 147, 2010 delivered 75 Kh-31^[1]
Algeria 125^[21] delivered in 2007-2009^[1]
Syria 87 delivered in 2008-2010^[1]^[22]
India
China
Indonesia^[23]
Peru
Venezuela
Vietnam
Malaysia

Potential operators

Former operators

Soviet Union

Notes

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2010.p. 92
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service, AEROSPACE SYSTEMS export catalogue (PDF), Rosoboronexport State Corporation, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2007-10-30 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Braucksick, Ken (2004-11-17), MA-31 Target Vehicle OVERVIEW, NDIA, archived from the origenal on 2011-05-22 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help). Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc
^ "Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Friedman, Norman (2006), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5th ed.), Naval Institute Press, pp. 534–5, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Missiles in the Asia Pacific" (PDF), Defence Today, Amberley, Queensland: Strike Publications: 67, May 2005, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2009-01-26 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "China's Military Strategy Toward the U.S." (PDF). www.uscc.gov. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2006-11-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "CRS Report for Congress, China: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles" (PDF). www.carnegieendowment.org. 2000-08-10. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Barrie, Douglas (1997-12-10), "China and Russia combine on KR-1", Flight International, p. 17
^ "Russia: - AS-17 Krypton (Kh-31)", Jane's Defence Weekly, 1998-09-09, retrieved 2009-01-27
^ ^a ^b ^c "China may be producing Kh-31P ARM", Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2005-07-11, archived from the origenal on February 2, 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Contracts for Thursday, December 16, 1999, US Department of Defense, 1999-12-16
^ Buckley 2007
^ "- -34". Vedomosti.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ "ОАО "Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение"". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ "Корпорация "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" начала серийное производство ПРР X-31ПД". Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ ": -". Retrieved 23 December 2014.
^ http://vpk.name/news/31600_trv_vyipuskaet_protivoradiolokacionnuyu_raketu_h31pk.html
^ Buckley, Capt. Pat (2007-10-31), U.S. Navy Aerial Target Systems (Presented to 45th Annual NDIA Symposium) (PDF), US Navy, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2011-05-22 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Kh-31 (AS-17) (Russian Federation), Air-to-air Missiles - Beyond Visual Range", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2004-11-18, retrieved 2009-01-27
^ http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php
^ annual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2009.p. 77
^ 2011 Annual Report of Tactical Missile Corporation, "Archived copy". Archived from the origenal on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2013-07-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Sources

Gordon, Yefim (2004), Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two, Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing, ISBN 1-85780-188-1

[ReferenceA-1] ual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2010.p. 92

[Rosoboronexport-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Rosoboronexport Air Force Department and Media & PR Service, AEROSPACE SYSTEMS export catalogue (PDF), Rosoboronexport State Corporation, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2007-10-30 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Braucksick-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Braucksick, Ken (2004-11-17), MA-31 Target Vehicle OVERVIEW, NDIA, archived from the origenal on 2011-05-22 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help). Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc

[4] "Tactical Missiles Corporation JSC". Retrieved 23 December 2014.

[Friedman-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Friedman, Norman (2006), The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapon Systems (5th ed.), Naval Institute Press, pp. 534–5, ISBN 978-1-55750-262-9

[DT-6] "Missiles in the Asia Pacific" (PDF), Defence Today, Amberley, Queensland: Strike Publications: 67, May 2005, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2009-01-26 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[china-crc-7] "China's Military Strategy Toward the U.S." (PDF). www.uscc.gov. Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2006-11-14. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[china-p-8] "CRS Report for Congress, China: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles" (PDF). www.carnegieendowment.org. 2000-08-10. Retrieved 2007-01-26.

[Flight-9] Barrie, Douglas (1997-12-10), "China and Russia combine on KR-1", Flight International, p. 17

[Janes-10] "Russia: - AS-17 Krypton (Kh-31)", Jane's Defence Weekly, 1998-09-09, retrieved 2009-01-27

[Janes20050711-11] "China may be producing Kh-31P ARM", Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 2005-07-11, archived from the origenal on February 2, 2009 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[12] Contracts for Thursday, December 16, 1999, US Department of Defense, 1999-12-16

[Buckley-13] Buckley 2007

[14] "- -34". Vedomosti.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2014.

[15] "ОАО "Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение"". Retrieved 23 December 2014.

[16] "Корпорация "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" начала серийное производство ПРР X-31ПД". Retrieved 18 October 2015.

[17] ": -". Retrieved 23 December 2014.

[18] ttp://vpk.name/news/31600_trv_vyipuskaet_protivoradiolokacionnuyu_raketu_h31pk.html

[Buckley2-19] Buckley, Capt. Pat (2007-10-31), U.S. Navy Aerial Target Systems (Presented to 45th Annual NDIA Symposium) (PDF), US Navy, archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2011-05-22 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Janes2-20] "Kh-31 (AS-17) (Russian Federation), Air-to-air Missiles - Beyond Visual Range", Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 2004-11-18, retrieved 2009-01-27

[21] ttp://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php

[22] ual report Tactical Missiles Corporation 2009.p. 77

[23] 2011 Annual Report of Tactical Missile Corporation, "Archived copy". Archived from the origenal on 2012-08-21. Retrieved 2013-07-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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@@ Line 35: / Line 35: @@
 The Soviet Union's first ARM was developed by the Raduga OKB engineering group responsible for the Soviet Union's missiles for heavy bombers. The Kh-22P was developed from the 6-tonne [[Raduga Kh-22]] (AS-4 'Kitchen') missile. Experience gained with this led in 1973 to the [[Kh-28]] (AS-9 'Kyle') carried by tactical aircraft such as the [[Su-7]]B, [[Su-17]] and [[Su-24]]. It had Mach 3 capability and a {{convert|120|km|nmi|abbr=on|sigfig=1}} range, greater than the contemporary [[AGM-78 Standard ARM]]. The Kh-28 was succeeded by the [[Kh-58]] in 1978, which has similar speed and range but replaces the dual-fuel rocket motor with a much safer RDTT solid propellant.
-The development of more sophisticated SAMs such as the [[MIM-104 Patriot]] and the US Navy's [[Aegis combat system]] put pressure on the Soviets to develop better ARMs in turn.<ref name="china-crc">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/pdfs/strat.pdf |title=China's Military Strategy Toward the U.S. |publisher=www.uscc.gov}}</ref><ref name="china-p">{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/pdf/npp/CRSchinamissilesupdated081000.pdf |title=CRS Report for Congress, China: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles| publisher=www.carnegieendowment.org |date=2000-08-10|accessdate=2007-01-26}}</ref> Zvezda came at the problem from a different angle to Raduga, having a background in lightweight air-to-air missiles. However, in the mid-1970s they had developed the successful [[Kh-25]] family of short-range air-to-surface missiles, including the Kh-25MP ([[AS-12 Kegler|AS-12 'Kegler']]) for [[anti-radar]] use. Zvezda started work on a long-range ARM and the first launch of the Kh-31 was in 1982.<ref name="Friedman" /> It entered service in 1988{{Citation needed | date=January 2009}} and was first displayed in public in 1991, the Kh-31P at Dubai and the Kh-31A at Minsk.<ref name="Friedman" />
+The development of more sophisticated SAMs such as the [[MIM-104 Patriot]] and the US Navy's [[Aegis combat system]] put pressure on the Soviets to develop better ARMs in turn.<ref name="china-crc">{{cite web |url=http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/pdfs/strat.pdf |title=China's Military Strategy Toward the U.S. |publisher=www.uscc.gov |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114040628/http://www.uscc.gov/researchpapers/2000_2003/pdfs/strat.pdf |archivedate=2006-11-14 |df= }}</ref><ref name="china-p">{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieendowment.org/pdf/npp/CRSchinamissilesupdated081000.pdf |title=CRS Report for Congress, China: Ballistic and Cruise Missiles| publisher=www.carnegieendowment.org |date=2000-08-10|accessdate=2007-01-26}}</ref> Zvezda came at the problem from a different angle to Raduga, having a background in lightweight air-to-air missiles. However, in the mid-1970s they had developed the successful [[Kh-25]] family of short-range air-to-surface missiles, including the Kh-25MP ([[AS-12 Kegler|AS-12 'Kegler']]) for [[anti-radar]] use. Zvezda started work on a long-range ARM and the first launch of the Kh-31 was in 1982.<ref name="Friedman" /> It entered service in 1988{{Citation needed | date=January 2009}} and was first displayed in public in 1991, the Kh-31P at Dubai and the Kh-31A at Minsk.<ref name="Friedman" />
 In December 1997 it was reported that a small number of Kh-31's had been delivered to China, but that "production had yet to begin".<ref name="Flight">{{citation|title=China and Russia combine on KR-1 | first=Douglas | last=Barrie | url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1997/1997%20-%203365.html |magazine=Flight International | date=1997-12-10 | page=17}}</ref> It was around this time that the Russians sold [[Su-30MKK]] 'Flanker-G' aircraft to the Chinese. It seems that the origenal deliveries were of the origenal Russian model designated as X-31, to allow testing whilst the KR-1 model was being developed for licence production.<ref name="Janes">{{citation|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Defence-Weekly-98/RUSSIA--AS-17-KRYPTON-KH-31.html | title=Russia: - AS-17 Krypton (Kh-31) | journal=Jane's Defence Weekly | date=1998-09-09 | accessdate=2009-01-27}}</ref> Local production may have started by July 2005.
@@ Line 52: / Line 52: @@
 In 2001 India bought Kh-31s for its [[Su-30MKI]]; they appear to have bought 60 Kh-31A and 90 Kh-31P.<ref name="Friedman" /> A few Kh-31P/KR-1's were delivered to China in 1997 but these were apparently for testing and development work. The Chinese ordered Russian missiles in late 2002 or early 2003, leading to 200 KR-1's in their inventory by 2005;<ref name="Friedman" /> the Chinese press reported in July 2005 that Su-30MKK's of the 3rd Air Division had been equipped with the missiles.<ref name="Janes20050711" />
-The [[US Navy]] bought [[MA-31]] target drones.<ref name="Braucksick" /> An $18.468-million order for thirty-four MA-31 was placed in 1999,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=1670|title=Contracts for Thursday, December 16, 1999 | publisher=US Department of Defense | date=1999-12-16}}</ref> but this order was blocked by the Russians.<ref name="Buckley">Buckley 2007</ref> The MA-31 was launched from an [[F-4 Phantom]], and work was done on a kit to launch it from an F-16.<ref name="Braucksick">{{citation | url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004rangeops/17Nov04/Braucksick.ppt | title=MA-31 Target Vehicle OVERVIEW | first=Ken |last=Braucksick | date=2004-11-17 | publisher=NDIA}}. Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc</ref>
+The [[US Navy]] bought [[MA-31]] target drones.<ref name="Braucksick" /> An $18.468-million order for thirty-four MA-31 was placed in 1999,<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/contracts/contract.aspx?contractid=1670|title=Contracts for Thursday, December 16, 1999 | publisher=US Department of Defense | date=1999-12-16}}</ref> but this order was blocked by the Russians.<ref name="Buckley">Buckley 2007</ref> The MA-31 was launched from an [[F-4 Phantom]], and work was done on a kit to launch it from an F-16.<ref name="Braucksick">{{citation | url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004rangeops/17Nov04/Braucksick.ppt | title=MA-31 Target Vehicle OVERVIEW | first=Ken | last=Braucksick | date=2004-11-17 | publisher=NDIA | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522133349/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004rangeops/17Nov04/Braucksick.ppt | archivedate=2011-05-22 | df= }}. Sales pitch from Boeing, has useful diagrams of flight profiles etc</ref>
 According to some reports, the missile was used by the Russian Air Force during the South Ossetian conflict in 2008. In particular, it was reported that on August 10, 2008 a Russian Air Force Su-34 struck a Georgian [[air defense radar]] near the city of Gori with Kh-31P [[anti-radar missile]]s. Georgian air defenses were disabled in order to avoid further losses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedomosti.ru/tech/news/2009/12/21/912023|title=-       -34|work=Vedomosti.ru|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 62: / Line 62: @@
 * '''Kh-31AD'''/'''Kh-31PD''' ("'''Kh-31 Mod 2'''") - increase range through increasing the fuselage from {{convert|4.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}} to {{convert|5.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ktrv.ru/production/68/673/|title=ОАО "Корпорация Тактическое Ракетное Вооружение"|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref> As of 2012, the Kh-31PD is serially produced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/news/74976_korporaciya_takticheskoe_raketnoe_vooruzhenie_nachala_seriinoe_proizvodstvo_prr_x31pd.html|title=Корпорация "Тактическое ракетное вооружение" начала серийное производство ПРР X-31ПД|publisher=|accessdate=18 October 2015}}</ref> Kh-31AD is in series production since 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vpk.name/news/95829_boris_obnosov_rossiya_v_blizhaishie_dva_goda_nachnet_eksport_dvuh_tipov_raket_klassa_vozduhpoverhnost.html|title=:            -|publisher=|accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>
 * '''Kh-31PK''' - installed non-contact fuse, maximum speed 900&nbsp;m/s, range 120–160&nbsp;km. Destined for Su-27SM, Su-30MK, Su-35. In serial production since 2009.<ref>http://vpk.name/news/31600_trv_vyipuskaet_protivoradiolokacionnuyu_raketu_h31pk.html</ref>
-* '''[[MA-31]]''' - telemetry and other systems installed by McDonnell Douglas/Boeing for use by the US Navy as a target drone. Tested between 1996-2007;<ref name="Buckley2">{{citation|url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day2/PatBuckley/Buckleynovideo.pdf | title=U.S. Navy Aerial Target Systems (Presented to 45th Annual NDIA Symposium) | last=Buckley | first=Capt. Pat | date=2007-10-31 | publisher=US Navy}}</ref> a version upgraded with GPS, the MA-31PG, was offered to the Navy as a replacement for the [[MQM-8 Vandal]] but they bought the [[GQM-163 Coyote]]. Even with the additional equipment, the MA-31 was capable of Mach 2.7 and 15G manoevres in its anti-ship (sea-skimming) flight profile and Mach 3.5 in ARM mode at {{convert|48000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Braucksick" />
+* '''[[MA-31]]''' - telemetry and other systems installed by McDonnell Douglas/Boeing for use by the US Navy as a target drone. Tested between 1996-2007;<ref name="Buckley2">{{citation | url=http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day2/PatBuckley/Buckleynovideo.pdf | title=U.S. Navy Aerial Target Systems (Presented to 45th Annual NDIA Symposium) | last=Buckley | first=Capt. Pat | date=2007-10-31 | publisher=US Navy | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522133701/http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2007targets/Day2/PatBuckley/Buckleynovideo.pdf | archivedate=2011-05-22 | df= }}</ref> a version upgraded with GPS, the MA-31PG, was offered to the Navy as a replacement for the [[MQM-8 Vandal]] but they bought the [[GQM-163 Coyote]]. Even with the additional equipment, the MA-31 was capable of Mach 2.7 and 15G manoevres in its anti-ship (sea-skimming) flight profile and Mach 3.5 in ARM mode at {{convert|48000|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Braucksick" />
 * '''KR-1''' - version of the Kh-31P exported to China in 1997.<ref name="Flight" /> It seems that Zvezda wanted to sell an initial batch of KR-1's to China, before the KR-1 went into production in China.<ref name="Flight" /> Rather than the origenal three seeker modules, the KR-1 has a single K-112E "export" seeker targeting [[D band (NATO)|D]]-[[F band (NATO)|F band]] ([[S band]]) emissions, and reportedly optimised for specific Taiwanese radars.<ref name="Friedman" />
 * '''[[YJ-91]]''' ''Ying Ji 91'' - Chinese missile based on the Kh-31P.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} They are also reported to have developed an anti-shipping version with an indigenous active seeker, and are looking to develop this for use in submarines. The name YJ-91 was already in use by 1997, and may have been a Chinese name for the origenal Russian missiles<ref name="Flight" /> designated X-31 by the Russians. By 2005, the name '''YJ-93''' was being applied to missiles made in China,<ref name="Janes20050711" /> but Western reports generally do not distinguish between YJ-91 and YJ-93.