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Japanese
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Etymology 1
[edit]Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 天 in the cursive sōsho style.
Pronunciation
[edit]Syllable
[edit]- The hiragana syllable て (te). Its equivalent in katakana is テ (te). It is the nineteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is た行え段 (ta-gyō e-dan, “row ta, section e”).
Derived terms
[edit]- で (de)
See also
[edit]- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
[edit]
From the ren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verb つ (tsu).
Alternative forms
[edit]- (allomorph used with -gu/-bu/-mu/-nu (voiced ending) godan verbs) で (de)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]- the conjunctive ending, attaching to the ren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives.
- simply indicates separate actions or states that occur simultaneously; and
- indicates actions or states that occur successively; do something and
- indicates reason or cause; because doing something
- used as a contrastive conjunction; do something but
- indicates method or state
- followed by hojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such as いる (iru), ある (aru), やる (yaru), くれる (kureru), あげる (ageru), もらう (morau), おく (oku), くる (kuru), いく (iku), etc., to make their complement
- used in the form …て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition
- ては (-te wa) and ても (-te mo) make conditional clauses
- (women's speech) used in sentence-final position, an extension of the conjunctive particle above and simply omitting any following words; usually takes the form って when attaching to adjectives
Usage notes
[edit]Inflection rules for the て form
| non-accented [0] word | dictionary form | -te form | accented [-2] word | dictionary form | -te form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godan verbs (type 1) | |||||
| 聞く | きく (kìkú) | きいて (kìíté) | 書く | かく (káꜜkù) | かいて (káꜜìtè) |
| 嗅ぐ | かぐ (kàgú) | かいで (kàídé) | 泳ぐ | およぐ (òyóꜜgù) | およいで (òyóꜜìdè) |
| 貸す | かす (kàsú) | かして (kàshíté) かいて (kàíté) (dialectal) |
話す | はなす (hànáꜜsù) | はなして (hànáꜜshìtè) はないて (hànáꜜìtè) (dialectal) |
| 取り持つ | とりもつ (tòrímótsú) | とりもって (tòrímótté) | 立つ | たつ (táꜜtsù) | たって (táꜜttè) |
| 死ぬ | しぬ (shìnú) | しんで (shìńdé) | 凍え死ぬ | こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) | こごえしんで (kògóéshíꜜǹdè) |
| 呼ぶ | よぶ (yòbú) | よんで (yòńdé) ようで (yòódé) (dialectal) |
選ぶ | えらぶ (èráꜜbù) | えらんで (èráꜜǹdè) えろうで (èróꜜòdè) (dialectal, historically えらうで) |
| 望む | のぞむ (nòzómú) | のぞんで (nòzóńdé) のぞうで (nòzóódé) (dialectal) |
読む | よむ (yóꜜmù) | よんで (yóꜜǹdè) ようで (yóꜜòdè) (dialectal) |
| 終わる | おわる (òwárú) | おわって (òwátté) | 作る | つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) | つくって (tsùkúꜜttè) |
| 言う | いう (ìú) ゆう (yùú) |
いって (ìtté) ゆって (yùtté) ゆうて (yùúté) (Kansai, historically いうて) |
会う | あう (áꜜù) | あって (áꜜttè) おうて (óꜜòtè) (Kansai, historically あうて) |
| 追う | おう (òú) | おって (òtté) おうて (òóté) (Kansai) |
食う | くう (kúꜜù) | くって (kúꜜttè) くうて (kúꜜùtè) (Kansai) |
| kami ichidan verbs (type 2a) | |||||
| 似る | にる (nìrú) | にて (nìté) | 見る | みる (míꜜrù) | みて (míꜜtè) |
| 借りる | かりる (kàrírú) | かりて (kàríté) | 生きる | いきる (ìkíꜜrù) | いきて (íꜜkìtè) |
| 感じる | かんじる (kàńjírú) | かんじて (kàńjíté) | 用いる | もちいる (mòchííꜜrù) | もちいて (mòchíꜜìtè) |
| shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b) | |||||
| 寝る | ねる (nèrú) | ねて (nèté) | 出る | でる (déꜜrù) | でて (déꜜtè) |
| 開ける | あける (àkérú) | あけて (àkété) | 食べる | たべる (tàbéꜜrù) | たべて (táꜜbètè) |
| 忘れる | わすれる (wàsúrérú) | わすれて (wàsúrété) | 助ける | たすける (tàsúkéꜜrù) | たすけて (tàsúꜜkètè) |
| 憧れる | あこがれる (àkógárérú) | あこがれて (àkógárété) | 訪れる | おとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù) | おとずれて (òtózúꜜrètè) |
| irregular verbs (type 3) | |||||
| する | する (sùrú) | して (shìté) | 来る | くる (kúꜜrù) | きて (kíꜜtè) |
| adjectives | |||||
| 重い | おもい (òmóí) | おもくて (òmóꜜkùtè) | 高い | たかい (tàkáꜜì) | たかくて (táꜜkàkùtè) たかくて (tàkáꜜkùtè) |
(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)
- In Standard Japanese the -te form of 行く (iku, “to go”) is 行って (itte).
- The Kansai forms are also literary. In Standard Japanese they are mandatory for the two verbs 問う (tou, “to ask”) and 請う (kou, “to beg”).
- When the て (te) indicates method or state, ない (nai) + て (te) becomes ないで (naide) instead of the regular なくて (nakute):
- ご飯を食べないで出た ― gohan o tabenaide deta ― I went out without eating.
- In formal writing, て (te) is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, the ren'yōkei is used for all but the last action or state, and いる (iru) (which becomes い (i)) is replaced by おり (ori).
- 姉がピアノを弾き、妹が歌を歌う。 ― ane ga piano o hiki, imōto ga uta o utau. ― (formal) The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.
- As both the ren'yōkei form and the て (te)/で (de) form connect clauses together, they are usually interchangeable. They each serve specific grammatical purposes as follows:[1][2]
- When two verbs are closely related in context, て (te) must be used.
- デパートへ行って、買い物をする ― depāto e itte,kaimono o suru ― I'll go to the department store and do some shopping.
- When two verbs are both controllable in nature, て (te) must be used.
- 友達に会って、休みのことを尋ねる ― tomodachi ni atte, yasumi no koto o tazuneru ― I'll meet my friend and ask about their holiday.
- When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature, て (te) must be used.
- 地震で地面がすごく揺れて、立てなかった ― jishin de jimen ga sugoku yurete,tatenakatta ― The ground shook so much in the earthquake that I couldn't stand up.
- When two verbs are closely related in context, て (te) must be used.
- This word is classified as 助詞 (joshi, “auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is an inflectional suffix, and “ren'yōkei + て (te)” is usually called the gerund, a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[3] and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called the テ形 (-te kei, “-te form”).
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Particle
[edit]- alternative form of the quotative particle って (tte), used after ん (n)
- こまちゃんて言うな――!!
- Koma-chan te iu na――!!
- Don't call me Koma-chan!
- こまちゃんて言うな――!!
Etymology 4
[edit]| For pronunciation and definitions of て – see the following entry. | ||
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| (This term, て (te), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) For a list of all kanji read as て, see Category:Japanese kanji read as て.) |
References
[edit]- ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1989 January 1) “Main Entries: -te て”, in A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 464–467
- ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1995 January 1) “Main Entries: Vmasu”, in A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 556-560
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57