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See also: and
U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B

[U+4E0A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E0C]

𝍴 U+1D374, 𝍴
IDEOGRAPHIC TALLY MARK THREE
𝍳
[U+1D373]
Counting Rod Numerals 𝍵
[U+1D375]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
Stroke order
3 strokes

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 1, +2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition )

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
alternative forms ancient
𠄟

Glyph origen

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

In oracle bone script, it is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of "down" by showing one line below another (contrast ). This form evolved into 下 in later scripts, the character used today.

Etymology

[edit]

    From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (to fall) (STEDT):

    • inside Sinitic, cognate with (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
    • outside Sinitic, cognate with Mizo tla ~ tlâk (to fall), thla ~ thlâk (to drop), Burmese ကျ (kya., to fall) and ချ (hkya., to drop).

    Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origen by comparing (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, be low, debased); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

    • (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
    • (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Note:
    • ha4 - vernacular;
    • xia4 - literary.
    Note:
    • hā - vernacular;
    • xiā - literary.
    Note: haa5 - “in a short time etc.”.
    Note:
    • ha5 - “lower”;
    • ha3 - “to go down, to put in”.
    Note:
    • hā - literary;
    • à - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hâ - literary;
    • â, giâ - vernacular.
    Note:
    • hā/hǎ/hēe/hiěe - literary;
    • hē/hě/hēe/hiěe/khē/khě - vernacular (“to put”);
    • ē/ě/ēe/ěe - vernacular (“next; a short time”);
    • kē/kě/kēe/kiěe (often replaced by ) - vernacular (“low, short”).
      • (Teochew)
        • Peng'im: hia6 / ê6 / ê7 / gê6 / hê6
        • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă / ĕ / ē / kĕ / hĕ
        • Sinological IPA (key): /hia³⁵/, /e³⁵/, /e¹¹/, /ke³⁵/, /he³⁵/
    Note:
    • hia6 - literary;
    • ê6 - vernacular;
    • ê7 - classifier;
    • gê6 - “low, short” (often replaced by ());
    • hê6 - “to put in, to start”.
    Note:
    • 6gho - vernacular;
    • shia - new literary;
    • 6ya, 6yo - literary;1o - to make it such that, to fill, to to fertilize.
      Note:
      • 6zhia, 3ua, 6ua - directional;
      • 3hua - as in 下種下种.

      • Dialectal data
      Variety Location 下 (底) 下 (降) 下 (等一子)
      Mandarin Beijing /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
      Harbin /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
      Tianjin /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
      Jinan /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
      Qingdao /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
      Zhengzhou /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
      Xi'an /xa⁴⁴/ ~頭 /ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
      Xining /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
      Yinchuan /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
      Lanzhou /xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
      Ürümqi /xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
      Wuhan /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
      /xa³⁵/
      Chengdu /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
      Guiyang /xa²¹³/
      /ɕia²¹³/
      /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
      Kunming /ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
      Nanjing /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
      Hefei /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
      Jin Taiyuan /xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
      /ɕia⁴⁵/
      Pingyao /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
      Hohhot /ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
      Wu Shanghai /ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      /ɦo²³/
      /ɕia⁵³/
      /ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
      Suzhou /ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
      Hangzhou /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
      Wenzhou /ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
      Hui Shexian /ɕia²²/
      /xa³⁵/
      /ɕia²²/
      /xa²²/
      /xa²²/
      Tunxi /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
      Xiang Changsha /xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
      /ɕia¹¹/
      /xa¹¹/
      Xiangtan /ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
      Gan Nanchang /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
      Hakka Meixian /ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
      Taoyuan /hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
      Cantonese Guangzhou /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
      Nanning /ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
      Hong Kong /ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
      Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ha²²/
      /ke²²/
      /ha²²/ /ha²²/
      /e²²/
      Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
      Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
      Shantou (Teochew) /e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
      Haikou (Hainanese) /ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/

      Rime
      Character
      Reading # 1/2 2/2
      Initial () (33) (33)
      Final () (98) (98)
      Tone (調) Rising (X) Departing (H)
      Openness (開合) Open Open
      Division () II II
      Fanqie
      Baxter haeX haeH
      Reconstructions
      Zhengzhang
      Shangfang
      /ɦˠaX/ /ɦˠaH/
      Pan
      Wuyun
      /ɦᵚaX/ /ɦᵚaH/
      Shao
      Rongfen
      /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
      Edwin
      Pulleyblank
      /ɦaɨX/ /ɦaɨH/
      Li
      Rong
      /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
      Wang
      Li
      /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
      Bernhard
      Karlgren
      /ɣaX/ /ɣaH/
      Expected
      Mandarin
      Reflex
      xià xià
      Expected
      Cantonese
      Reflex
      haa6 haa6
      BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
      Character
      Reading # 1/2 2/2
      Modern
      Beijing
      (Pinyin)
      xià xià
      Middle
      Chinese
      ‹ X › ‹ H ›
      Old
      Chinese
      /*ɡˁraʔ/ /*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
      English down descend

      Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

      * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
      * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
      * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
      * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

      * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
      Zhengzhang system (2003)
      Character
      Reading # 1/2 2/2
      No. 13445 13446
      Phonetic
      component
      Rime
      group
      Rime
      subdivision
      0 0
      Corresponding
      MC rime
      Old
      Chinese
      /*ɡraːʔ/ /*ɡraːs/
      This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!
      Particularly: “Taishanese”

      Definitions

      [edit]

      1. (lower; inferior; located below)
        Antonym:
        1. low position
            ―  xiàcéng  ―  lower level
        2. lower part of; under
            ―  shùxià  ―  under the tree
            ―  lóuxià  ―  downstairs
          1. under the influence of; with
            這些條件这些条件  ―  zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià  ―  under these conditions
            朋友幫助朋友帮助  ―  zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià  ―  with help from friends
            藥師指導药师指导  ―  zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià  ―  under the instruction of a pharmacist
        3. later; next
          世紀世纪  ―  xià ge shìjì  ―  the next century
            ―  xiàjuǎn  ―  Volume II
        4. inferior, poor
            ―  xiàrén  ―  servant
            ―  xiàpǐn  ―  inferior products
        5. (Eastern Min, Southern Min, Xiang) low (quantity or absolute position)
          alt. forms: (Min Nan)
      2. (intransitive) (to go to a lower place)
        Antonym:
        1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
            ―  Nǐ kuài xià lái.  ―  Come down here.
            ―  xiàhǎi  ―  to go to sea
            ―  xiàlóu  ―  to go downstairs
            ―  xiàshān  ―  to go down the mountain
            ―  zǒuxià  ―  to walk down
            ―  luòxià  ―  to fall down
          深淵深渊  ―  tiàoxià shēnyuān  ―  to jump down to an abyss
          1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly
              ―  xià  ―  to capture; to arrest
            基礎基础  ―  xià jīchǔ  ―  to lay the foundation
        2. to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
            ―  xiàchuán  ―  to disembark from a boat
            ―  xiàchuáng  ―  to get out of bed
          1. to finish, to complete
              ―  xiàbān  ―  to get off work
              ―  xià  ―  to finish class
        3. to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
            ―  xiàxiāng  ―  to go to the countryside
          館子馆子  ―  xiàguǎnzǐ  ―  to go to the restaurant
            ―  xià  ―  to be forced to step down
        4. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
      3. (transitive) (to move something to a lower place)
        1. (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
            ―  xià  ―  to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
            ―  xiàjiǎo  ―  to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
            ―  xiàyào  ―  to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")
            ―  xià  ―  to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")
          1. to put food into boiling water
            麵條面条  ―  xià miàntiáo  ―  to put noodles into boiling water
            餃子饺子  ―  xià jiǎozǐ  ―  to put dumplings into boiling water
          2. to rain or snow
              ―  xiàxuě  ―  to snow
              ―  xià  ―  to rain
          3. to give birth (as an animal)
            豬仔猪仔  ―  xià zhūzaǐ  ―  to have piglets
              ―  xiàdàn  ―  to lay eggs
          4. (Taishanese) to put in; to add (a condiment, etc.)
          5. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
            軟件软件  ―  Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn.  ―  Download the software first.
        2. to give or issue something to an inferior person
            ―  xiàlìng  ―  to issue an order
          1. to send an invitation
            戰書战书  ―  xià zhànshū  ―  to send a letter of challenge
        3. to conquer
            ―  lián xià sān chéng  ―  to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
      4. (a short time)
        1. (historical, obsolete) Synonym of  / (diǎn): an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
        2. (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
          alt. forms: (Cantonese)
          1. for a short time; for one moment
              ―  děng xià  ―  wait a moment
          2. give something a go
              ―  kàn xià  ―  take a look
            [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  take a look
            [Cantonese]  ―  man4 haa5 [Jyutping]  ―  try smelling it
        3. Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
            ―  Qiāo sān xià mén.  ―  Knock at the door three times.

      Synonyms

      [edit]

      See also

      [edit]

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Descendants

      [edit]
      Sino-Xenic ():
      • Japanese: () (ka); () (ge)
      • Korean: 하(下) (ha)
      • Vietnamese: hạ ()

      References

      [edit]

      Japanese

      [edit]

      Kanji

      [edit]

      (First grade kyōiku kanji)

      Readings

      [edit]

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Etymology 1

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      した
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      /sita//ɕita/

      From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *sita.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (した) (shita

      1. the underneath
        Antonym: (ue)
        • 1928, Motojirō Kajii, Sakura no ki no shita ni wa [Under the cherry trees]‎[2], Modern kanji and kana edition:
          (さくら)()(した)には屍体(したい)()まっている!これは(しん)じていいことなんだよ。
          Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
          There are dead bodies buried under the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Etymology 2

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      しも
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi

      ⟨simo1/simʷo//ɕimo/

      From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *simo.

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (しも) (shimo

      1. the lower portion, end
        Antonym: (kami)
      2. lowness in degree or rank
      3. the downstream portion of a river
      4. the downriver area
      5. the area farther from the capital
      6. the last part of a month, year, etc.
      7. the lower half of the body
      8. (euphemistic) private parts
      9. (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement
      Derived terms
      [edit]

      Etymology 3

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term
      もと
      Grade: 1
      kun'yomi
      Alternative spelling

      Cognate with (moto, origen).[3][4]

      Alternative forms

      [edit]

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      (もと) (moto

      1. the lower portion, base
      2. under the influence of
        (どう)()もと []
        dōi no moto, []
        with permission, []

      Etymology 4

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term

      Grade: 1
      goon

      From Middle Chinese (MC haeX|haeH).

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Noun

      [edit]

      () (ge

      1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

      Etymology 5

      [edit]
      Kanji in this term

      Grade: 1
      kan'on

      From Middle Chinese (MC haeX|haeH).

      Pronunciation

      [edit]

      Affix

      [edit]

      () (ka

      1. down; below; beneath

      Suffix

      [edit]

      () (-ka

      1. under a situation

      References

      [edit]
      1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
      2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
      3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
      4. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

      Korean

      [edit]

      Hanja

      [edit]

      (eumhun 아래 (arae ha))

      1. (only used in compounds) hanja form? of (below; bottom; lower; underneath)

      Compounds

      [edit]

      Okinawan

      [edit]

      Etymology

      [edit]

      Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]

      Cognate with mainland Japanese (shita).

      Noun

      [edit]

      (しちゃ) (shicha

      1. the below

      Derived terms

      [edit]

      References

      [edit]
      1. ^ Nakamoto, Masayo (中本政世) (1896) 沖縄語典 [Documentation of the Language of Okinawa], Hikone (彦根市): Eishōdō (永昌堂), →DOI, page 46

      Old Japanese

      [edit]

      Etymology 1

      [edit]

      From Proto-Japonic *sita.

      Noun

      [edit]

      (sita) (kana した)

      1. the below
        1. looking down
          • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 57:
            ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
            ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
            (please add an English translation of this quotation)
        2. a place
          • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 5:
            ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
            ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
            (please add an English translation of this quotation)
        Antonym: (upe2)
      Derived terms
      [edit]
      Descendants
      [edit]
      • Japanese: (shita)

      Etymology 2

      [edit]

      From Proto-Japonic *simo.

      Noun

      [edit]

      (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)

      1. the lower part
        Antonym: (kami1)
      Descendants
      [edit]
      • Japanese: (shimo)

      Vietnamese

      [edit]

      Han character

      [edit]

      : Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
      : Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]

      1. chữ Hán form of hạ (to lower; to bring down; to take down).

      Compounds

      [edit]

      References

      [edit]








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