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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
U+79D1, 科
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-79D1

[U+79D0]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+79D2]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 115, +4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 竹木卜十 (HDYJ), four-corner 24900, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 850, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24950
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1274, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2595, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+79D1

Chinese

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simp. and trad.

Glyph origen

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls) and ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : phonetic (OC *ɡoːl, grain) + semantic (measuring tool).

Etymology 1

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Possibly a *k-prefixed noun derived from (OC *ɡoːl), hence “the things which harmonize” (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
  • khe/kher - vernacular (rare in Taiwan, not used in Zhangzhou);
  • kho - literary.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰwa/
Li
Rong
/kʰuɑ/
Wang
Li
/kʰuɑ/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kʰuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kuō
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fo1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 4926
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːl/
Definitions
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  1. sort; class; kind
  2. law; regulation
  3. (historical) imperial examination
  4. article; clause
  5. norms; rules
  6. division; branch (of study) (Classifier: )
  7. section; department
  8. (taxonomy) family
  9. (Chinese theater) action; enactment (as opposed to dialogue, recitation, or singing)
    打諢打诨  ―  chādǎhùn  ―  to improvise for hilarity; to jest
  10. to pass a sentence
  11. to check; to examine
  12. to punish; to fine or levy taxes

Compounds

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Descendants
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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ka)
  • Korean: 과(科) (gwa)
  • Vietnamese: khoa ()
See also
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Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (29)
Final () (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter khwaH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kʰuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʰuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kʰuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kʰwaH/
Li
Rong
/kʰuɑH/
Wang
Li
/kʰuɑH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kʰuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
kuò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
fo3
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 4930
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kʰoːls/
Definitions
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  1. to grow; to tiller

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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  1. (Hong Kong Cantonese) Alternative form of fol (fo1, to follow).

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. grade
  2. categorized classes or the text of law
  3. graded crimes
  4. examinations graded in classes
  5. divide taxes or crimes
  6. a (circular) hole

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC khwa|khwaH).

Suffix

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() (-kaくわ (-kwa)?

  1. department, section
  2. (taxonomy) family
Coordinate terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
とが
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling

From Old Japanese.

Attested in the Nihon Ryōiki (810‐824 CE).[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(とが) (toga

  1. mistake, error
  2. crime, offense, wrongdoing
  3. fault, flaw

References

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  1. ^ 咎・科”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Takumi KASHIMA (加島 巧) and Loretta LORENZ, transl. (2007 December 30), “Takasebune (English Translation of Mori Ogai's Takasebune)”, in 長崎外大論叢 [The Journal of Nagasaki University of Foreign Studies]‎[2]

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC khwa).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 과정 (gwajeong gwa))

  1. hanja form? of (sort; class)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: khoa

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Derived terms

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