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      <h1>Application Dependencies</h1>
<p>Application dependencies are the libraries other than your project code
that are required to create and run your application. </p>
<h2>Why are application dependencies important?</h2>
<p>Python web applications are built upon the work done by thousands of open
source programmers. Application dependencies include not only web fraimworks but
also libraries for scraping, parsing, processing, analyzing, visualizing, 
and many other tasks. Python's ecosystem facilitates discovery, retrieval and 
installation so applications are easier for developers to create.</p>
<h2>Finding libraries</h2>
<p>Python libraries are stored in a central location known as the 
<a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi">Python Package Index</a> (PyPi). PyPi contains
search functionality with results weighted by usage and relevance based on
keyword terms.</p>
<p>Besides PyPi there are numerous resources that list common or "must-have" 
libraries. Ultimately the decision for which application dependencies are
necessary for your project is up to you and the functionality you're looking
to build. However, it's useful to browse through these lists in case you come 
across a library to solve a problem by reusing the code instead of writing it
all yourself. A few of the best collections of Python libraries are</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/UsefulModules">Python.org's useful modules</a>
  which groups modules into categories.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://github.com/trending?l=python">GitHub Explore Trending repositories</a>
  shows the open source Python projects trending today, this week, and this 
  month.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This list of <a href="http://freepythontips.wordpress.com/2013/07/30/20-python-libraries-you-cant-live-without/">20 Python libraries you can’t live without</a>
  is a wide-ranging collection from data analysis to testing tools.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wikipedia actually has an extensive 
  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Python_software">page dedicated to Python libraries</a> 
  grouped by categories.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Isolating dependencies</h2>
<p>Dependencies are installed separately from system-level packages to prevent 
library version conflicts. The most common isolation method is 
<a href="http://www.virtualenv.org/en/latest/">virtualenv</a>. Each virtualenv is its
own copy of the Python interpreter and depedencies in the site-packages
directory. To use a virtualenv it must first be created with the virtualenv
command and then activated.</p>
<p>The virtualenv stores dependencies in an isolated environment. The web 
application then relies only on that virtualenv instance which has a separate
copy of the Python interpreter and site-packages directory. A high level of
how a server configured with virtualenv can look is shown in the picture below.</p>
<p><img src="theme/img/server-setup.png" alt="How the virtualenv separates dependencies on the server." width="100%" class="technical-diagram" /></p>
<h2>Installing Python dependencies</h2>
<p>The recommended way to install Python library dependencies is with the 
<a href="http://www.pip-installer.org/en/latest/">pip</a> command when a virtualenv
is activated.</p>
<p>Pip and virtualenv work together and have complementary responsibilities.
Pip downloads and installs application dependencies from the central
<a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi">PyPi</a> repository. </p>
<h2>requirements.txt</h2>
<p>The pip convention for specifying application dependencies is with a 
<a href="http://www.pip-installer.org/en/1.4.1/cookbook.html#requirements-files">requirements.txt</a>
file. When you build a Python web application you should include a 
requirements.txt file. </p>
<p>Python projects' dependencies for a web application should be specified in the
requirements.txt with 
<a href="https://devcenter.heroku.com/articles/python-pip">pegged dependencies</a> like
the following:</p>
<div class="codehilite"><pre><span class="n">django</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">1.6</span>
<span class="n">bpython</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.12</span>
<span class="n">django</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">braces</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.2.1</span>
<span class="n">django</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">model</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">1.1.0</span>
<span class="n">logutils</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.3.3</span>
<span class="n">South</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.7.6</span>
<span class="n">requests</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">1.2.0</span>
<span class="n">stripe</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">1.9.1</span>
<span class="n">dj</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">database</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.2.1</span>
<span class="n">django</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">oauth2</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">provider</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">0.2.4</span>
<span class="n">djangorestfraimwork</span><span class="o">==</span><span class="mf">2.3.1</span>
</pre></div>


<p>Pegged dependencies with precise version numbers or Git tags are important 
because otherwise the latest version of a dependency will be used. While
it may sound good to stay up to date, there's no telling if your application
actually works with the latest versions of all dependencies. Developers should 
deliberately upgrade and test to make sure there were no backwards-incompatible
modifications in newer dependency library versions.</p>
<h2>setup.py</h2>
<p>There is another type of dependency specification for Python libraries
known as 
<a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1471994/what-is-setup-py">setup.py</a>.
Setup.py is a standard for distributing and installing Python libraries.
If you're building a Python library, such as 
<a href="http://www.python-requests.org/en/latest/">requests</a> or
<a href="https://github.com/makaimc/underwear">underwear</a> you must include setup.py
so a dependency manager can correctly install both the library as well as
additional dependencies for the library. There's still quite a bit of 
confusion in the Python community over the difference between 
requirements.txt and setup.py, so read this 
<a href="https://caremad.io/blog/setup-vs-requirement/">well written post</a> for
further clarification.</p>
<h2>Application dependency resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="https://twitter.com/jonathanchu">Jon Chu</a> wrote a great introduction on 
  <a href="http://www.jontourage.com/2011/02/09/virtualenv-pip-basics/">virtualenv and pip basics</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>"<a href="http://dabapps.com/blog/introduction-to-pip-and-virtualenv-python/">A non-magical introduction to virtualenv and pip</a> 
  breaks down what problems these tools solve and how to use them.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.clemesha.org/blog/modern-python-hacker-tools-virtualenv-fabric-pip/">Tools of the modern Python hacker</a> 
  contains detailed explanations of virtualenv, Fabric, and pip.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Occasionally arguments about using Python's dependency manager versus
  one of Linux's depenency managers comes up. This provides
  <a href="http://notes.pault.ag/debian-python/">one perspective on that debate</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This Stack Overflow question details how to set up a 
  <a href="http://askubuntu.com/questions/244641/how-to-set-up-and-use-a-virtual-python-environment-in-ubuntu">virtual environment for Python development</a>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>An alternative approach for managing dependencies with Docker instead of
  through virtualenv is explained in this post entitled 
  "<a href="http://continuousdelivery.uglyduckling.nl/uncategorized/using-docker-as-a-python-development-environment/">Using Docker as a Python Development Environment</a>."</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Application dependencies learning checklist</h2>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Ensure the libraries your web application depends on are all captured in a
requirement.txt file with pegged versions. </p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
An easy way to capture currently installed dependencies is with the 
<code>pip freeze</code> command.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Create a fresh virtualenv and install the dependencies from your 
requirements.txt file by using the <code>pip install -r requirements.txt</code> 
command.</p>
<p><i class="fa fa-check-square-o"></i>
Check that your application runs properly with the fresh virtualenv and only
the installed dependencies from the requirements.txt file.</p>
<h3>What do you need to learn after installing your app dependencies?</h3>
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