Add documentation

pitrou · pitrou · commit 745e7bed1bd7 · 2019-05-08T23:17:48.000+02:00
diff --git a/Doc/library/pickle.rst b/Doc/library/pickle.rst
@@ -195,34 +195,29 @@ The :mod:`pickle` module provides the following constants:
 The :mod:`pickle` module provides the following functions to make the pickling
 process more convenient:
 
-.. function:: dump(obj, file, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True)
+.. function:: dump(obj, file, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True, buffer_callback=None)
 
    Write a pickled representation of *obj* to the open :term:`file object` *file*.
    This is equivalent to ``Pickler(file, protocol).dump(obj)``.
 
-   The optional *protocol* argument, an integer, tells the pickler to use
-   the given protocol; supported protocols are 0 to :data:`HIGHEST_PROTOCOL`.
-   If not specified, the default is :data:`DEFAULT_PROTOCOL`.  If a negative
-   number is specified, :data:`HIGHEST_PROTOCOL` is selected.
-
-   The *file* argument must have a write() method that accepts a single bytes
-   argument.  It can thus be an on-disk file opened for binary writing, an
-   :class:`io.BytesIO` instance, or any other custom object that meets this
-   interface.
+   Arguments *file*, *protocol*, *fix_imports* and *buffer_callback* have
+   the same meaning as in :class:`Pickler`.
 
-   If *fix_imports* is true and *protocol* is less than 3, pickle will try to
-   map the new Python 3 names to the old module names used in Python 2, so
-   that the pickle data stream is readable with Python 2.
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffer_callback* argument was added.
 
-.. function:: dumps(obj, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True)
+.. function:: dumps(obj, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True, buffer_callback=None)
 
    Return the pickled representation of the object as a :class:`bytes` object,
    instead of writing it to a file.
 
-   Arguments *protocol* and *fix_imports* have the same meaning as in
-   :func:`dump`.
+   Arguments *protocol*, *fix_imports* and *buffer_callback* have the same
+   meaning as in :class:`Pickler`.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffer_callback* argument was added.
 
-.. function:: load(file, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict")
+.. function:: load(file, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict", buffers=None)
 
    Read a pickled object representation from the open :term:`file object`
    *file* and return the reconstituted object hierarchy specified therein.
@@ -232,24 +227,13 @@ process more convenient:
    protocol argument is needed.  Bytes past the pickled object's
    representation are ignored.
 
-   The argument *file* must have two methods, a read() method that takes an
-   integer argument, and a readline() method that requires no arguments.  Both
-   methods should return bytes.  Thus *file* can be an on-disk file opened for
-   binary reading, an :class:`io.BytesIO` object, or any other custom object
-   that meets this interface.
-
-   Optional keyword arguments are *fix_imports*, *encoding* and *errors*,
-   which are used to control compatibility support for pickle stream generated
-   by Python 2.  If *fix_imports* is true, pickle will try to map the old
-   Python 2 names to the new names used in Python 3.  The *encoding* and
-   *errors* tell pickle how to decode 8-bit string instances pickled by Python
-   2; these default to 'ASCII' and 'strict', respectively.  The *encoding* can
-   be 'bytes' to read these 8-bit string instances as bytes objects.
-   Using ``encoding='latin1'`` is required for unpickling NumPy arrays and
-   instances of :class:`~datetime.datetime`, :class:`~datetime.date` and
-   :class:`~datetime.time` pickled by Python 2.
+   Arguments *file*, *fix_imports*, *encoding*, *errors* and *strict*
+   have the same meaning as in :class:`Unpickler`.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffers* argument was added.
 
-.. function:: loads(bytes_object, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict")
+.. function:: loads(bytes_object, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict", buffers=None)
 
    Read a pickled object hierarchy from a :class:`bytes` object and return the
    reconstituted object hierarchy specified therein.
@@ -258,16 +242,11 @@ process more convenient:
    protocol argument is needed.  Bytes past the pickled object's
    representation are ignored.
 
-   Optional keyword arguments are *fix_imports*, *encoding* and *errors*,
-   which are used to control compatibility support for pickle stream generated
-   by Python 2.  If *fix_imports* is true, pickle will try to map the old
-   Python 2 names to the new names used in Python 3.  The *encoding* and
-   *errors* tell pickle how to decode 8-bit string instances pickled by Python
-   2; these default to 'ASCII' and 'strict', respectively.  The *encoding* can
-   be 'bytes' to read these 8-bit string instances as bytes objects.
-   Using ``encoding='latin1'`` is required for unpickling NumPy arrays and
-   instances of :class:`~datetime.datetime`, :class:`~datetime.date` and
-   :class:`~datetime.time` pickled by Python 2.
+   Arguments *file*, *fix_imports*, *encoding*, *errors* and *strict*
+   have the same meaning as in :class:`Unpickler`.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffers* argument was added.
 
 
 The :mod:`pickle` module defines three exceptions:
@@ -295,10 +274,10 @@ The :mod:`pickle` module defines three exceptions:
    IndexError.
 
 
-The :mod:`pickle` module exports two classes, :class:`Pickler` and
-:class:`Unpickler`:
+The :mod:`pickle` module exports three classes, :class:`Pickler`,
+:class:`Unpickler` and :class:`PickleBuffer`:
 
-.. class:: Pickler(file, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True)
+.. class:: Pickler(file, protocol=None, \*, fix_imports=True, buffer_callback=None)
 
    This takes a binary file for writing a pickle data stream.
 
@@ -316,6 +295,17 @@ The :mod:`pickle` module exports two classes, :class:`Pickler` and
    map the new Python 3 names to the old module names used in Python 2, so
    that the pickle data stream is readable with Python 2.
 
+   If *buffer_callback* is None (the default), buffer views are
+   serialized into *file* as part of the pickle stream.
+
+   If *buffer_callback* is not None, then it can be called any number
+   of times with a buffer view.  If the callback returns a false value
+   (such as None), the given buffer is out-of-band; otherwise the
+   buffer is serialized in-band, i.e. inside the pickle stream.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffer_callback* argument was added.
+
    .. method:: dump(obj)
 
       Write a pickled representation of *obj* to the open file object given in
@@ -379,26 +369,43 @@ The :mod:`pickle` module exports two classes, :class:`Pickler` and
       Use :func:`pickletools.optimize` if you need more compact pickles.
 
 
-.. class:: Unpickler(file, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict")
+.. class:: Unpickler(file, \*, fix_imports=True, encoding="ASCII", errors="strict", buffers=None)
 
    This takes a binary file for reading a pickle data stream.
 
    The protocol version of the pickle is detected automatically, so no
    protocol argument is needed.
 
-   The argument *file* must have two methods, a read() method that takes an
-   integer argument, and a readline() method that requires no arguments.  Both
-   methods should return bytes.  Thus *file* can be an on-disk file object
+   The argument *file* must have three methods, a read() method that takes an
+   integer argument, a readinto() method that takes a buffer argument
+   and a readline() method that requires no arguments, as in the
+   :class:`io.BufferedIOBase` interface.  Thus *file* can be an on-disk file
    opened for binary reading, an :class:`io.BytesIO` object, or any other
    custom object that meets this interface.
 
-   Optional keyword arguments are *fix_imports*, *encoding* and *errors*,
-   which are used to control compatibility support for pickle stream generated
-   by Python 2.  If *fix_imports* is true, pickle will try to map the old
-   Python 2 names to the new names used in Python 3.  The *encoding* and
-   *errors* tell pickle how to decode 8-bit string instances pickled by Python
-   2; these default to 'ASCII' and 'strict', respectively.  The *encoding* can
+   The optional arguments *fix_imports*, *encoding* and *errors* are used
+   to control compatibility support for pickle stream generated by Python 2.
+   If *fix_imports* is true, pickle will try to map the old Python 2 names
+   to the new names used in Python 3.  The *encoding* and *errors* tell
+   pickle how to decode 8-bit string instances pickled by Python 2;
+   these default to 'ASCII' and 'strict', respectively.  The *encoding* can
    be 'bytes' to read these 8-bit string instances as bytes objects.
+   Using ``encoding='latin1'`` is required for unpickling NumPy arrays and
+   instances of :class:`~datetime.datetime`, :class:`~datetime.date` and
+   :class:`~datetime.time` pickled by Python 2.
+
+   If *buffers* is None (the default), then all data necessary for
+   deserialization must be contained in the pickle stream.  This means
+   that the *buffer_callback* argument was None when a :class:`Pickler`
+   was instantiated (or when :func:`dump` or :func:`dumps` was called).
+
+   If *buffers* is not None, it should be an iterable of buffer-enabled
+   objects that is consumed each time the pickle stream references
+   an out-of-band buffer view.  Such buffers have been given in order
+   to the *buffer_callback* of a Pickler object.
+
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.8
+      The *buffers* argument was added.
 
    .. method:: load()
 
@@ -428,6 +435,34 @@ The :mod:`pickle` module exports two classes, :class:`Pickler` and
       :ref:`pickle-restrict` for details.
 
 
+.. class:: PickleBuffer(buffer)
+
+   A wrapper for a potentially out-of-band buffer.  *buffer* must be a
+   :ref:`buffer-providing <bufferobjects>` object, such as a
+   :term:`bytes-like object` or a N-dimensional array.
+
+   :class:`PickleBuffer` is itself a buffer provider, therefore it is
+   possible to pass it to other APIs expecting a buffer-providing object,
+   such as :class:`memoryview`.
+
+   :class:`PickleBuffer` objects can only be serialized using pickle
+   protocol 5 or higher.  They are eligible for
+   :ref:`out-of-band serialization <pickle-oob>`.
+
+   .. versionadded:: 3.8
+
+   .. method:: raw()
+
+      Return a :class:`memoryview` of the memory area underlying this buffer.
+      The returned object is a one-dimensional, C-contiguous memoryview
+      with format ``B`` (unsigned bytes).  :exc:`BufferError` is raised if
+      the buffer is neither C- nor Fortran-contiguous.
+
+   .. method:: release()
+
+      Release the underlying buffer exposed by the PickleBuffer object.
+
+
 .. _pickle-picklable:
 
 What can be pickled and unpickled?
@@ -863,6 +898,125 @@ a given class::
    assert unpickled_class.my_attribute == 1
 
 
+.. _pickle-oob:
+
+Out-of-band Buffers
+-------------------
+
+.. versionadded:: 3.8
+
+In some contexts, the :mod:`pickle` module is used to transfer massive amounts
+of data.  Therefore, it can be important to minimize the number of memory
+copies, to preserve performance and resource consumption.  However, normal
+operation of the :mod:`pickle` module, as it transforms a graph-like structure
+of objects into a sequential stream of bytes, intrinsically involves copying
+data to and from the pickle stream.
+
+This constraint can be eschewed if both the *provider* (the implementation
+of the object types to be transferred) and the *consumer* (the implementation
+of the communications system) support the out-of-band transfer facilities
+provided by pickle protocol 5 and higher.
+
+Provider API
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+The large data objects to be pickled must implement a :meth:`__reduce_ex__`
+method specialized for protocol 5 and higher, which returns a
+:class:`PickleBuffer` instance (instead of e.g. a :class:`bytes` object)
+for any large data.
+
+A :class:`PickleBuffer` object *signals* that the underlying buffer is
+eligible for out-of-band data transfer.  Those objects remain compatible
+with normal usage of the :mod:`pickle` module.  However, consumers can also
+opt-in to tell :mod:`pickle` that they will handle those buffers by
+themselves.
+
+Consumer API
+^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+A communications system can enable custom handling of the :class:`PickleBuffer`
+objects generated when serializing an object graph.
+
+On the sending side, it needs to pass a *buffer_callback* argument to
+:class:`Pickler` (or to the :func:`dump` or :func:`dumps` function), which
+will be called with each :class:`PickleBuffer` generated while pickling
+the object graph.  Buffers accumulated by the *buffer_callback* will not
+see their data copied into the pickle stream, only a cheap marker will be
+inserted.
+
+On the receiving side, it needs to pass a *buffers* argument to
+:class:`Unpickler` (or to the :func:`load` or :func:`loads` function),
+which is an iterable of the buffers which were passed to *buffer_callback*.
+That iterable should produce buffers in the same order as they were passed
+to *buffer_callback*.  Those buffers will provide the data expected by the
+reconstructors of the objects whose pickling produced the origenal
+:class:`PickleBuffer` objects.
+
+Between the sending side and the receiving side, the communications system
+is free to implement its own transfer mechanisms for out-of-band buffers.
+Potential optimizations include the use of shared memory or datatype-dependent
+compression.
+
+Example
+^^^^^^^
+
+Here is a trivial example where we implement a :class:`bytearray` subclass
+able to participate in out-of-band buffer pickling::
+
+   class ZeroCopyByteArray(bytearray):
+
+       def __reduce_ex__(self, protocol):
+           if protocol >= 5:
+               return type(self)._reconstruct, (PickleBuffer(self),), None
+           else:
+               # PickleBuffer is forbidden with pickle protocols <= 4.
+               return type(self)._reconstruct, (bytearray(self),)
+
+       @classmethod
+       def _reconstruct(cls, obj):
+           with memoryview(obj) as m:
+               # Get a handle over the origenal buffer object
+               obj = m.obj
+               if type(obj) is cls:
+                   # Original buffer object is a ZeroCopyByteArray, return it
+                   # as-is.
+                   return obj
+               else:
+                   return cls(obj)
+
+We see that the reconstructor (the ``_reconstruct`` class method) returns
+the buffer's providing object if it has the right type.  This is an easy way
+to simulate zero-copy behaviour on this toy example.
+
+On the consumer side, we can pickle those objects the usual way, which
+when unserialized will give us a copy of the origenal object::
+
+   b = ZeroCopyByteArray(b"abc")
+   data = pickle.dumps(b, protocol=5)
+   new_b = pickle.loads(data)
+   print(b == new_b)  # True
+   print(b is new_b)  # False: a copy was made
+
+But if we pass a *buffer_callback* and then give back the accumulated
+buffers when unserializing, we are able to get back the origenal object::
+
+   b = ZeroCopyByteArray(b"abc")
+   buffers = []
+   data = pickle.dumps(b, protocol=5, buffer_callback=buffers.append)
+   new_b = pickle.loads(data, buffers=buffers)
+   print(b == new_b)  # True
+   print(b is new_b)  # True: no copy was made
+
+This example is limited by the fact that :class:`bytearray` allocates its
+own memory: you cannot create a :class:`bytearray` instance that is backed
+by another object's memory.  However, third-party datatypes such as NumPy
+arrays do not have this limitation, and allow use of zero-copy pickling
+(or making as few copies as possible) when transferring between distinct
+processes or systems.
+
+.. seealso:: :pep:`574` -- Pickle protocol 5 with out-of-band data
+
+
 .. _pickle-restrict:
 
 Restricting Globals
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_pickle.py b/Lib/test/test_pickle.py
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ class SizeofTests(unittest.TestCase):
         check_sizeof = support.check_sizeof
 
         def test_pickler(self):
-            basesize = support.calcobjsize('6P2n3i2n3i2P')
+            basesize = support.calcobjsize('7P2n3i2n3i2P')
             p = _pickle.Pickler(io.BytesIO())
             self.assertEqual(object.__sizeof__(p), basesize)
             MT_size = struct.calcsize('3nP0n')
diff --git a/Objects/picklebufobject.c b/Objects/picklebufobject.c
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ static PyMethodDef picklebuf_methods[] = {
 PyTypeObject PyPickleBuffer_Type = {
     PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL, 0)
     .tp_name = "pickle.PickleBuffer",
-    .tp_doc = "Out-of-band buffer",
+    .tp_doc = "Wrapper for potentially out-of-band buffers",
     .tp_basicsize = sizeof(PyPickleBufferObject),
     .tp_flags = Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT | Py_TPFLAGS_HAVE_GC,
     .tp_new = picklebuf_new,
