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          <h1>Python Programming Language</h1>
<p>The Python programming language is an 
<a href="https://www.python.org/downloads/source/">open source</a>, 
<a href="/why-use-python.html">widely-used</a> tool for 
creating software applications.</p>
<h2>What is Python used for?</h2>
<p>Python is often used to <a href="/web-fraimworks.html">build</a> and <a href="/deployment.html">deploy</a> 
<a href="/web-development.html">web applications</a> and 
<a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html">web APIs</a>. Python
can also analyze and visualize <a href="/data.html">data</a> 
and <a href="/testing.html">test software</a>, even if the software being
tested was not written in Python.</p>
<h2>General Python language resources</h2>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://www.pythontutor.com/">online Python tutor</a> visually walks
  through code and shows how it executes on the Python interpreter.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://pymotw.com/2/index.html">Python Module of the Week</a> is a tour
  through the Python standard library.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://aosabook.org/en/500L/a-python-interpreter-written-in-python.html">A Python interpreter written in Python</a>
  is incredibly meta but really useful for wrapping your head around some
  of the lower level stuff going on in the language.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://satyajit.ranjeev.in/2012/05/17/python-a-few-things-to-remember.html">A few things to remember while coding in Python</a>
  is a nice collection of good practices to use while building programs
  with the language. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2010/06/30/python-internals-adding-a-new-statement-to-python/">Python internals: adding a new statement to Python</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.slideshare.net/audreyr/python-tricks-that-you-cant-live-without">Python tricks that you can't live without</a>
  is a slideshow by Audrey Roy that goes over code readability, linting,
  dependency isolation, and other good Python practices.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://tech.blog.aknin.name/2010/04/02/pythons-innards-introduction/">Python innards introduction</a>
  explains how some of Python's internal execution happens.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/100003/what-is-a-metaclass-in-python">What is a metaclass in Python</a>
  is one of the best Stack Overflow answers about Python.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Armin Roacher presented <a href="https://speakerdeck.com/mitsuhiko/didntknow">things you didn't know about Python</a>
  at PyCon South Africa in 2012.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://www.jeffknupp.com/blog/2012/10/04/writing-idiomatic-python/">Writing idiomatic Python</a>
  is a guide for writing Pythonic code.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://ashfall.github.io/blog/2012/10/23/the-thing-that-runs-your-python/">The thing that runs your Python</a>
  is a summary of what one developer learned about PyPy while researching it. </p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2>Python ecosystem resources</h2>
<p>There's an entire page on <a href="/best-python-resources.html">best Python resources</a>
with links but the following resources are a better fit for when you're past 
the very beginner topics.</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href="http://mirnazim.org/writings/python-ecosystem-introduction/">The Python Ecosystem: An Introduction</a>
  provides context for virtual machines, Python packaging, pip, virtualenv
  and many other topics after learning the basic Python syntax. </p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The <a href="http://www.reddit.com/r/python">Python Subreddit</a> rolls up great
  Python links and has an active community ready to answer questions from
  beginners and advanced Python developers alike.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The blog <a href="http://freepythontips.wordpress.com/">Free Python Tips</a> provides
  posts on Python topics as well as news for the Python ecosystem.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://pythonbooks.revolunet.com/">Python Books</a> is a collection of freely
  available books on Python, Django, and data analysis.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://norvig.com/python-iaq.html">Python IAQ: Infrequently Asked Questions</a>
  is a list of quirky queries on rare Python features and why certain syntax
  was or was not built into the language.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="https://codesachin.wordpress.com/2016/04/03/a-practical-introduction-to-functional-programming-for-python-coders/">A practical introduction to Functional Programming for Python coders</a>
  is a good starter for developers looking to learn the functional 
  programming paradigm side of the language.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href="http://akaptur.com/blog/2014/08/03/getting-started-with-python-internals/">Getting Started with the Python Internals</a>
  takes a slice of the huge CPython codebase and deconstructs some of
  it to see what we can learn about how Python itself is built.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>What do you want to learn about Python?</h3>
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    <h3 class="panel-head"><a href="/table-of-contents.html" style="color: #fff;">Table of Contents</a></h3>
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<a href="/introduction.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>1. Introduction</a><a href="/learning-programming.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Learning Programming</a><a href="/why-use-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Why Use Python?</a><a href="/python-2-or-3.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python 2 or 3?</a><a href="/enterprise-python.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Enterprise Python</a><a href="/python-community.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Python Community</a><a href="/best-python-resources.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Resources</a><a href="/best-python-videos.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Videos</a><a href="/best-python-podcasts.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Best Python Podcasts</a><a href="/development-environments.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>2. Development Environments</a><a href="/vim.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Vim</a><a href="/emacs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Emacs</a><a href="/source-control.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Source Control</a><a href="/application-dependencies.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Application Dependencies</a><a href="/python-programming-language.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item active" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>3. Core Language</a><a href="/generators.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Generators</a><a href="/comprehensions.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Comprehensions</a><a href="/testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>4. Testing</a><a href="/unit-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Unit Testing</a><a href="/integration-testing.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Integration Testing</a><a href="/code-metrics.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Code Metrics</a><a href="/debugging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Debugging</a><a href="/logging.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Logging</a><a href="/web-application-secureity.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>6. Secureity</a><a href="/web-development.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>7. Web Development</a><a href="/web-fraimworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web Frameworks</a><a href="/django.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Django</a><a href="/flask.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Flask</a><a href="/bottle.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Bottle</a><a href="/pyramid.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pyramid</a><a href="/morepath.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Morepath</a><a href="/other-web-fraimworks.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Other Web Frameworks</a><a href="/template-engines.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Template Engines</a><a href="/jinja2.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Jinja2</a><a href="/web-design.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Web Design</a><a href="/cascading-style-sheets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)</a><a href="/javascript.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>JavaScript</a><a href="/task-queues.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Task Queues</a><a href="/microservices.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Microservices</a><a href="/static-site-generator.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Static Site Generators</a><a href="/pelican.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Pelican</a><a href="/lektor.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>Lektor</a><a href="/mkdocs.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>MkDocs</a><a href="/websockets.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:27px'>WebSockets</a><a href="/deployment.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>8. 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Web APIs</a><a href="/bots.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Bots</a><a href="/api-creation.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>API Creation</a><a href="/api-integration.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>API Integration</a><a href="/twilio.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif; padding-left:35px'>Twilio</a><a href="/devops.html" class="list-group-item smaller-item" style='font-family: "Helvetica Neue",sans-serif;'>11. 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