Objektifikasi seksual

Penampilan para gadis balap berbikini di 24 Hours of Le Mans. Memamerkan kemolekan tubuh perempuan untuk promosi sering kali dianggap sebagai Objektifikasi seksual terhadap perempuan.

Objektifikasi seksual adalah tindakan memperlakukan seseorang sebagai alat pemuas hasrat seksual. Objektifikasi secara luas, bermakna tindakan memperlakukan seseorang sebagai sebuah benda atau komoditas, tanpa memperhatikan kepribadian dan harga dirinya. Objektifikasi seksual secara umum dicermati dalam tataran sosial kemasyarakatan, akan tetapi dapat juga merujuk kepada perilaku pribadi.

Konsep mengenai objektifikasi seksual, atau secara khusus, objektifikasi terhadap perempuan, adalah gagasan penting dalam teori feminis.^[1]^[2] Kebanyakan kaum feminis memandang objektifikasi seksual sebagai hal yang tercela, dan merupakan faktor yang memainkan peran penting dalam ketidaksetaraan jender.^[3]

Beberapa komentator sosial berpendapat, bahwa sebagian perempuan modern justru menjadikan diri mereka sendiri sebagai objek seks, sebagai bentuk ekspresi pemberdayaan diri mereka atas laki-laki, sebagai pernyataan kebebasan mengekspresikan seksualitas mereka. Sementara pihak berpendapat bahwa, pada zaman modern ini, dengan semakin kuatnya kemerdekaan seksual kaum perempuan, gay, dan biseksual, maka objektifikasi seksual pun kini dapat menimpa kaum laki-laki.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Lihat juga

Referensi

^ Barry, Kathleen, Female Sexual Slavery (NYU Press, 1994), ISBN 978-0-8147-1069-2, p.247
^ Goldenberg, Jamie L., and Tomi-Ann Roberts, 'The Beast within the Beauty: An Existential Perspective on the Objectification and Condemnation of Women' in Jeff Greenberg, Sander Leon Koole, Thomas A. Pyszczynski and Tom Pyszczynski (eds) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Guilford Press, 2004), ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1
^ Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). Femininity and domination: studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York: Routledge. hlm. 26. ISBN 9780415901864. The identification of a person with her sexuality becomes oppressive, one might venture, when such an identification becomes habitually extended into every area of her experience.
^ "Men As Sex Objects (turnin' the tables)". Yoyo.cc.monash.edu.au. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-09. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-01.
^ Study: For Israeli women, going on vacation means more sex Irit Rosenblum, Haaretz, 26/02/2008.
^ Botting, Kate and Botting, Douglas. "Men Can Be Sex Objects Too". Cosmopolitan. August 1996.
^ No more faking: "Sex isn't over until we've had an orgasm...," say Melinda Gallagher and Emily Kramer, founders of the outrageous Cake sex empire for women. But is their love of porn and lapdancing breaking new ground, or is so-called 'raunch feminism' setting the cause back? Sharon Krum The Guardian, Monday May 15, 2006.
^ Simpson, Mark. "Speedophobia: America's Fear and Loathing of Budgie Smuggling". Marksimpson.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-21. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-14.

Daftar pustaka

Bartky, Sandra Lee. 1990. Femininity and Domination: Studies in the Phenomenology of Oppression. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90185-5 (hc), ISBN 0-415-90186-3 (pb).
Berger, John. 1972. Ways of Seeing. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books. ISBN 0-563-12244-7 (BBC), ISBN 0-14-021631-6, ISBN 0-14-013515-4 (pbk).
Brooks, Gary R. 1995. The Centerfold Syndrome: How Men Can Overcome Objectification and Achieve Intimacy with Women. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. ISBN 0-7879-0104-0.
Eames, Elizabeth. 1976. Sexism and woman as sex object. Journal of Thought 11(2):140–143.
Holroyd, Julia. 2005. Sexual objectification: The unlikely alliance of feminism and Kant (conference paper). Society for Applied Philosophy International Congress 2005, Oxford, UK.
LeMoncheck, Linda. 1985. Dehumanizing Women: Treating Persons as Sex Objects. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-8476-7331-6 (hc).
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1995. Objectification. Philosophy and Public Affairs 24(4): 249–291. doi:10.1111/j.1088-4963.1995.tb00032.x. (JSTOR link.)
Papadaki, Evangelia. 2007. Sexual objectification: From Kant to contemporary feminism. Diarsipkan 2012-07-10 di Wayback Machine. Contemporary Political Theory 6(3):330–348. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cpt.9300282. (PDF Diarsipkan 2012-07-18 di Wayback Machine.)
Shrage, Laurie. 2005. Exposing the fallacies of anti-porn feminism. Feminist Theory 6:45–65. doi:10.1177/1464700105050226.
Soble, Alan. 2002. Pornography, Sex, and Feminism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-944-1 (pb).
Paul, Pamela. 2005. Pornified: How Pornography Is Damaging Our Lives, Our Relationships, and Our Families. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 0-8050-7745-6 (hc).

Pranala luar

"Feminist Perspectives on Objectification" by Evangelia Papadaki, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, March 10, 2010.
"Feminist Perspectives on Sex Markets: 1.3 Sexual Objectification" by Laurie Shrage, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, July 13, 2007.
"FAQ: What is sexual objectification?" by Tigtog, Finally, A Feminism 101 Blog, March 23, 2007.
"Comes Naturally #5: On Sexual Objectification" by David Steinberg, Spectator Magazine, March 5, 1993. – Sex-positive feminist perspective on sexual objectification.
"Women Like Seeing Men as Sex Objects" Diarsipkan 2008-05-30 di Wayback Machine.. Interview with Janet Anderson by Petronella Wyatt, Daily Telegraph, October 5, 1996.
John Berger's Ways of Seeing, Episode 2: The Female Nude. Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4. (Archived on YouTube.)
"Sexual Suggestiveness in Online Ads: Effects of Objectification on Opposite Genders" by Sriram Kalyanaraman, Michael Redding, and Jason Steele, Media Effects Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, 2000.
"Bikini-Clad Women Make Men Impatient" Diarsipkan 2015-05-23 di Wayback Machine. by Bram Van den Bergh, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Marketing & Consumer Science Blog, June 11, 2008.
Needs More Gaze: A Critical Analysis Of Hot Babes Diarsipkan 2015-05-23 di Wayback Machine.

[Barry-1] Barry, Kathleen, Female Sexual Slavery (NYU Press, 1994), ISBN 978-0-8147-1069-2, p.247

[Goldenberg-2] Goldenberg, Jamie L., and Tomi-Ann Roberts, 'The Beast within the Beauty: An Existential Perspective on the Objectification and Condemnation of Women' in Jeff Greenberg, Sander Leon Koole, Thomas A. Pyszczynski and Tom Pyszczynski (eds) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology (Guilford Press, 2004), ISBN 978-1-59385-040-1

[Bartky-3] Bartky, Sandra Lee (1990). Femininity and domination: studies in the phenomenology of oppression. New York: Routledge. hlm. 26. ISBN 9780415901864. The identification of a person with her sexuality becomes oppressive, one might venture, when such an identification becomes habitually extended into every area of her experience.

[4] "Men As Sex Objects (turnin' the tables)". Yoyo.cc.monash.edu.au. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-08-09. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-01.

[5] Study: For Israeli women, going on vacation means more sex Irit Rosenblum, Haaretz, 26/02/2008.

[6] Botting, Kate and Botting, Douglas. "Men Can Be Sex Objects Too". Cosmopolitan. August 1996.

[7] No more faking: "Sex isn't over until we've had an orgasm...," say Melinda Gallagher and Emily Kramer, founders of the outrageous Cake sex empire for women. But is their love of porn and lapdancing breaking new ground, or is so-called 'raunch feminism' setting the cause back? Sharon Krum The Guardian, Monday May 15, 2006.

[8] Simpson, Mark. "Speedophobia: America's Fear and Loathing of Budgie Smuggling". Marksimpson.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2012-07-21. Diakses tanggal 2012-08-14.

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Lihat juga

Referensi

Daftar pustaka

Pranala luar

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