NOTES

CHAPTER 1: THE CHIEF SETS THE TONE

1. Daniels diary, Oct. 6, 1943, Box 14.

2. Ward, “House at Hyde Park,” 41–50.

3. Ward, Before the Trumpovet; Freidel, Rendezous with Destiny, 3–118.

4. Davis, The Beckoning, 15–167; Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 47–50; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 19 and 54–59; Ward, First Class Temperament.

5. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 1–220.

6. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 3–380 and 454.

7. Freidel, The Apprenticeship, 139–333 and The Ordeal, 135–241.

8. Shoumatoff, Unfinished Portrait, 84; Ward, First Class Temperament, 29.

9. Gallagher, Splendid Deception, xiii–xiv and 16–154; Mark Renovitch, principal audiovisual archivist at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, to author, Dec. 30, 1994, Gellman Papers.

10. Freidel, The Triumph, 3–371; Farley, Behind the Ballots, 58–154.

11. For a few of those who find consistency in Roosevelt’s diplomatic efforts for different reasons, see Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt; Kimball, The Juggler; Heinrichs, Threshold of War; Marks, Wind over Sand.

12. King diary, Nov. 8 and 9, 1935; Welles, Seven Decisions, 43; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 59; Davis, New Deal Years, 201–13; Farley, James Farley Story, 103; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1057; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 76–77 and 106–12; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 136.

13. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 220–27; Shoumatoff, Unfinished Portrait, 72–79; MacMillan to Pearson, Aug. 16, 1968, Pearson Papers, G 242, 2 of 3.

14. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1:20.

15. Moffat to White, Apr. 7, and Moffat to Wilson, Apr. 22, 1933, Moffat Papers.

16. Roosevelt, “Our Foreign Policy”, 573–86; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 3–6; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 23–24.

17. Stimson diary, Jan. 9, 1933, vol 25; Culbertson to Davis, Jan. 9, 1933, Davis Papers, Box 9; Carr diary, Feb. 21, 1933, Box 4; Feis, 1933, 80.

CHAPTER 2: ENTER HULL

1. Stuart, Department of State, 315–16.

2. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 2:435–37; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 355–57; Weil, Pretty Good Club, 24–25; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 28–29.

3. Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 137–47; Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1:17.

4. Castle to Wilson, Feb. 10, 1933, Wilson Papers, Box 1.

5. Wehle, Hidden Threads, 129–31; Freedman, Roosevelt and Frankfurter, 108–9; Farley, Behind the Ballots, 75–128 and 204–6, and James Farley Story, 18, 25, and 37.

6. Memorandum on Hull, Oct. 15, 1933, Farley Papers, Box 37.

7. Stimson diary, Feb. 25 and 26 and Oct. 18 and 19, 1933, Vol. 26.

8. Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 5, Jan. 21 and Feb. 26, 1933.

9. Lipscomb to his brother, Nov. 27, 1933, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2.

10. Hull, Memoirs, 1:3–163; Hinton, Cordell Hull, 1–217.

11. Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 98–99.

12. Grollman diss., “Cordell Hull,” 4–27; Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 123, 195–99, 205, and 315–16.

13. Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 266.

14. Staunton Daily News Leader, Apr. 16, 1940, and Mar. 26, 1954, Gellman Papers; telephone interview with Edward and Tae Bonfoey (Francis Hull’s niece), Aug. 1, 1990; MacMaster, Augusta County History, 44, 57, 71–73, 76, and 78.

15. Watters, History of Mary Baldwin College, 559; William Pollard, College Librarian, Mary Baldwin College, to author, Aug. 9, 1990, Gellman Papers.

16. New York Herald Tribune, Mar. 24, 1954; New York Times, July 24, 1955; Hull, Memoirs, 1:93 and 178; Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 267–69.

17. Memorandum on Hull, Mar. 24, 1936, Farley Papers, Box 39; Moore autobiography, 129, Gellman Papers; Phillips Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection); Spaulding, Ambassadors, 252; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 35; Graebner, Uncertain Tradition, 184–209; Clausen and Lee, Pearl Harbor, 198.

18. Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 305–7, 363–71, 380, 400–4, 425, 447–48, 453–54, and 460–62; Cook, Eleanor Roosevelt, 1:346.

19. Grollman diss., “Cordell Hull,” 21–81; Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 221, 228, 313, 318, 330, 336, 340–41, 344, and 370–71.

20. Moore autobiography, 125–26, Gellman Papers.

21. Hull, Memoirs, 1:105–54; Milner diss., “Cordell Hull,” 464–68; Krock, Memoirs, 160–61; Roper, Fifty Years of Public Life, 290–91; Milton to Hull, Jan. 24, and Milton to Rogers, Feb. 6, 1933, Milton Papers, Box 12; Dodd to Hull, Feb. 11, 1933, Dodd Papers, Box 41; Castle diary, July 30, 1934; 1934 and 1935 Calendars, Reel 37, and 1936 Calandar, Reel 38, Hull Papers.

22. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1255; King diary, Nov. 8, 1935; Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers.

23. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; Caldwell, Last Crusade, 5–9.

24. General Service Administration, Executive Office Building, 1–91; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 13, 1937; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 137.

25. 1933 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 37; memorandum from Gosnell, Jan. 23, 1947, Welles file; Ellis, Republican Foreign Policy, 39–52.

26. Green to Moffat, Oct. 12, 1935, Moffat Papers; memorandum on Hull, no date, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2.

27. Hull, Memoirs, 1:90, 168, 177, and 179.

28. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 113.

29. Moore autobiography, 130–31, Gellman Papers; Welles, Seven Decisions, 61.

30. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 108.

31. Carr diary, Mar. 20, Box 5, and Oct. 9, 1933, Box 4; Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 311–14; memorandum by Pearson, 1933?, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2.

32. Hull, Memoirs, 1:160–61.

33. Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 3–187; Phillips Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection); Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 190–91; Overaker, “Campaign Funds.”

34. Memorandum on Phillips, Dec. 20, 1934, Farley Papers, Box 37.

35. Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 28, 29, 34, and 37; Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 309–10 and 326; Stuart, Department of State, 312.

36. Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 310–17; Stuart, Department of State, 311–14 and 326–27.

37. Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 28, 30, 32, 33, 36, and 37.

38. Ibid., 12–17 and 35–37.

39. Clapper diary, 1933, Box 8; Stimson to Hoover, July 31, 1933, Stimson Papers, Reel 85; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 454–69; Israel, Nevada’s Key Pittman, 131–32; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 100.

40. Hull, Memoirs, 1:255.

41. Bullitt, For the President, 35.

42. Fecher, Diary of H. L. Mencken, 60.

43. Daniels diary, June 15, 1933, Box 6, and Bingham to Daniels, Aug. 25, 1933, Daniels Papers, Box 698; Stimson to Hoover, July 31, 1933, Stimson Papers, Reel 85; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 51–64; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 363–65 and 470–95; Hull, Memoirs, 1:256–68; Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 321–22.

44. Hull to Phillips, July 11, 1933, Hull Papers, Folder 62.

45. Memorandum on Hull, July 23, 1939, Farley Papers, Box 44; Carr diary, Aug. 27, 1933, Box 4.

46. Hull, Memoirs, 1:301–2.

47. Moffat to Montgomery, Sept. 30, 1933, Moffat Papers.

48. Moore autobiography, 1–86, Gellman Papers.

49. Ibid., 87.

50. Ibid., 89–110.

51. Moore to Walton, May 4, 1933, Gellman Papers.

52. Ibid.; Moore to Hull, Nov. 27, 1933, Hull Papers, Box 35.

53. Moore to Walton, Nov. 14, 1933, Gellman Papers.

54. Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 89–115; Orville Bullitt to author, July 9, 1976, Gellman Papers.

55. Carr diary, Nov. 17, 1933, Box 4; memorandum on Bullitt, May 1, 1933, Farley Papers, Box 37; Bullitt, For the President, 158–59; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, xxxvi–xvi and 4–88; Freidel, Launching the New Deal, 106–8; Overaker, “Campaign Funds”; Hull, Memoirs, 1:296; Martin, Cissy, 9–371; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 170.

56. Hull, Memoirs, 1:317.

57. Gruening, Many Battles, 159.

58. Memorandum by Pearson, 1933?, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2, and memorandum on Montevideo, 1934?, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #1; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 21–27.

59. Memorandum on Hull, Apr. 12, 1934, Milton Papers, Box 15.

60. Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 322.

61. Hull to Daniels, Dec. 19, 1933, 710.11/1900, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

62. Hull to Gibson, Feb. 9, 1934, Hull Papers, Box 36.

63. Frances Hull to Inman, Feb. 18, 1934, Inman Papers, Box 14; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Jan. 30, 1934.

64. Moffat to White, Feb. 6, 1934, Moffat Papers; Hull to Gruening, Feb. 7, 1934, Hull Papers, Box 36; Hull to Daniels, Oct. 2, 1934, Daniels Papers, Box 750.

65. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 2:545.

66. Phillips diary, Dec. 28, 1933, 117.

CHAPTER 3: WELLES IN CUBA

1. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 27–29; memorandum on Welles, May 1, 1933, Farley Papers; Carr diary, Jan. 9, 1933, Box 4.

2. Carr diary, Apr. 21, Box 4; White to Dodd, June 16, 1933, F. White Papers; Moffat diary, June 22, 1933, Stimson to Frankfurter, Apr. 21, 1933, Frankfurter to Stimson, Apr. 18, 1933, Stimson to White, Nov. 14, 1933, Stimson Papers, Reel 85; Mishler diss., “Francis White,” 3–338.

3. Welles to Pearson, June 7, 1933, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

4. For complete citations for this chapter, see Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 17–21, and Roosevelt and Batista, 9–74.

5. Welles, Time for Decision, 109–10; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 571; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Oct. 14, 1939; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 1–3; Alsop and Kinter, American White Paper, 3; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:91; Baltimore Sun, Nov. 9, 1941; New York Times, Jan. 9, 1952, 24; Time, Aug. 11, 1941, 11; Hanson diss., “Sumner Welles,” 30–39.

6. Welles to Peabody, Jan. 4, Peabody Papers.

7. Time, Aug. 11, 1941, 11.

8. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 2–4; Roosevelt and Brough, Rendezvous with Destiny, 57; Hanson diss., “Sumner Welles,” 39–46.

9. Welles to FDR, Mar., and FDR to Welles, Mar. 15, 1915, FDR Group 10, Box 81, File: Patronage-General, 1913–1920, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York.

10. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 4; Mishler diss., “Francis White,” 34 and 36; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 20.

11. Welles to Peabody, Dec. 7, 1915?, Peabody Papers; Hanson diss., “Sumner Welles,” 51–64.

12. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 5–20; Welles to Davis, Aug. 6 and 29, 1921, and Davis to Welles, Aug, 19, 1921, Davis Papers, Box 63; Welles to Peabody, Nov. 19, 1925?, Peabody Papers; Hanson diss., “Sumner Welles,” 65–208.

13. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 19–21; Moore autobiography, 119, Gellman Papers; Baltimore Sun, Apr. 4, 1933, and Aug. 9, 1949; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 23–24.

14. Castle diary, July 14, 1925.

15. Washington Star, Feb. 18, 1940, and Aug. 8, 1949, Gellman Papers.

16. The Cosmos Club, pamphlet, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

17. Oxon Hill Manor Foundation, Oxon Hill Manor (PS Enterprises, Inc., 1979), 1–13, Gellman Papers.

18. Davis to Welles, Sept. 2, 1925, and Apr. 22 and 28, 1926, and Welles to Davis, Nov. 9, 1925, and Apr. 25 and 29, and May 24, 1926, Davis Papers, Box 63.

19. Welles, Seven Decisions, 20–21; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 65–66.

20. Welles to Davis, Apr. 29, 1926, Davis Papers, Box 63.

21. Davis to Welles, Apr. 30 and May 7, 1926, and Welles to Davis, May 4, 1926, Davis Papers, Box 63.

22. Welles, Naboth’s Vineyard, 2:900–37.

23. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 24; Welles to Robbins, Feb. 10, 1953, President’s Personal File 2961; Welles to FDR, Feb. 17, 1931, Box 177, FDR: Papers as governor, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, New York; Welles to Davis, Feb. 14, 17, and 21, and Apr. 6, 1931, and Davis to Welles, Feb. 19, 24, and 25, and Apr. 3, 1931, Davis Papers, Box 63.

24. Welles’s draft of article, Apr. 6 and June 26, 1931, Davis Papers.

25. Welles to Davis, Oct. 22, 1933, Davis Papers; Overaker, “Campaign Funds,” 782; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 71.

26. FDR to Welles, Nov. 19, 1932, President’s Personal File 2961.

27. Welles to Davis, Nov. 19, 1932, and Mar. 20, 1933, Davis Papers, Box 63; Welles to FDR, Dec. 19, 1932, Official File 470; Welles to FDR, Jan. 23, 1933, President’s Personal File 2961.

28. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1:18–19.

29. FDR to Machado, May 11, 1933, Official File 470.

30. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 1:134–42; Welles to Pearson, May 17, 1933, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

31. Roosevelt, F.D.R., 1:350 and 354; Welles to Pearson, June 7, 1933, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

32. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1933, 5:358–59.

33. Wilson to White, Aug. 18, 1933, F. White Papers.

34. U.S. Depatment of State, Foreign Relations, 1933, 5:367–69.

35. Welles to Inman, Oct. 30, 1933, Inman Papers, Box 13.

36. U.S. Depatment of State, Foreign Relations, 1933, 5:379.

37. Ibid., 5:385–86.

38. Ibid., 5:386–87.

39. Ibid., 5:396–98.

40. Schwarz, Liberal, 122.

41. Welles to Gibson, Oct. 10, 1933, Gibson Papers.

42. Welles to Inman, Oct. 30, 1933, Inman Papers, Box 13.

43. Ibid.

44. Phillips diary, Nov. 6, 1933, 18.

45. Ibid., 80.

46. White to Stimson, Nov. 26, 1933, Stimson Papers, Reel 85.

47. Wright to White, Jan. 9, 1934, and Cintas to White, Dec. 7, 1934, F. White Papers; Castle diary, Apr. 17, 1935.

48. Castle to White, May 23, 1934, F. White Papers; Castle diary, May 22 and July 8, 1934; This information was confirmed by the author through two separate interviews.

49. Welles to Pearson, Dec. 31, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Shapiro, Neurotic Styles, 23–53.

50. Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:1445–46.

51. Memo from E. Wilder Spaulding, Aug. 28, 1941, Folder 146, Box 49, Hull Papers; Hull, Memoirs, 1:313.

CHAPTER 4: THE BALANCE OF THE FIRST TERM

1. Memorandum on FDR, Dec. 20, 1934, Farley Papers, Box 37.

2. Castle diary, Jan. 10, 1934.

3. King diary, Nov. 8, 1935.

4. Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 18, 27, 48, and 223; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 111–12.

5. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 70–72, 75–77, 85–86, 101–10, and 117–21.

6. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 38.

7. Presidential Press Conference, Mar. 20, 1935, Reel 3.

8. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 5:412.

9. Phillips diary, Mar. 20, 1935; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 1:487; Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3:152–56 and 372; Ickes, Secret Diary, 1:312, 479, 494, and 514.

10. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3:379.

11. Ibid., 3:577–78; Frances Hull to Milton, May 14, 1937, Milton Papers, Box 20.

12. Memorandums on Hull, Dec. 20, 1934, Box 37, May 15 and July 3, 1935, Box 38, and Mar. 24, 1936, Box 39, Farley Papers; Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 90.

13. Castle diary, Mar. 29, 1934; Stimson to Hoover, June 26, 1934, Stimson Papers, Reel 87; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 6, Feb. 10, 1935.

14. Stuart, Department of State, 318; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 6, Feb. 25, 1934.

15. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 25, 45–48, 93, and 161; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Mar. 6 and Apr. 4, 1935.

16. Thomson “Role of Department of State,” 82–91.

17. Yahil, Holocaust, 15–122.

18. Wise to Hull, Dec. 11, 1922, Wise Papers, Box 78–14.

19. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 3:352–54, 359, and 369–70; Feingold, Time for Searching, 198 and 212; Hull to Wise, Sept. 2, 1936, Box 122–3, and memorandum of Wise’s visit to the secretary of state, July 11, 1937, Wise Papers.

20. Visit to Staunton, Virginia, by author, Aug. 1, 1990; Young to author, May 9, 1991, Gellman Papers.

21. Telehone interview with Philip Heller Sachs, attorney for the Henry Witz estate, Baltimore, Maryland, July 25, 1994, Gellman Papers; Castle diary, Apr. 8, 1938.

22. “The Jew Deal,” Aug. 15, 1936, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #1.

23. American Bulletin, Aug. 11, 1936, 4; Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #1; Feingold, Time for Searching, 190–91.

24. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Aug. 16, 1936.

25. Hull to Gardenhire, Sept. 18, 1935, Hull Papers, Folder 85.

26. Memorandum on Hull, Mar. 24, 1936, Farley Papers, Box 36.

27. Bowers to Daniels, Mar. 22, 1937, Daniels Papers, Box 790.

28. Phillips diary, Jan. 3, 1935; Castle diary, Jan. 31, 1937; Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 324.

29. Castle diary, July 30, 1935.

30. Moore to Bullitt, Mar. 31, 1936, Moore Papers, Box 3.

31. Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 325.

32. Frances Hull to Breckinridge, Apr. 28, 1934, Breckinridge Papers, Box 18.

33. Carr diary, Oct. 22, 1936, Box 5; Gardenhire to Hull, Aug. 28 and 30, 1935, and Jan. 3, 1936, Hull to Gardenhire, Aug. 21 and 31, Sept. 4 and 10, Oct. 7, and Dec. 30, 1935, and Hull to Daniels, Sept. 28, 1935, Hull Papers, Box 36; Hull, Memoirs, 1:855; Castle diary, Oct. 3, 1935; Farley, Behind the Ballots, 221.

34. Memorandum by Hull, Jan. 21, 1936, Carr Papers, Box 5; Daniels to Dodd, Sept. 19, 1935, Daniels Papers, Box 712; House to Dodd, July 21, 1936, Dodd Papers, Box 49; Hull to Milton, Sept. 13, 1935, Milton Papers, Box 18; Bullitt, For the President, 180; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:3; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 9–10.

35. Phillips to Hull, June 30 and July 7, 1933, Hull Papers, Reel 34.

36. Memorandum on Phillips, May 15, 1935, Farley Papers, Box 38; Davis to Moffat, July 29, 1936, Moffat Papers.

37. Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 19–27; Chernow, Warburgs, 365–457.

38. Gellman, Roosevelt and Batista, 178–79; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 40–50.

39. Moore to Hull, Nov. 27, 1933, Hull Papers, Box 35.

40. Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 90; Green to Moffat, Apr. 22, 1936, Moffat Papers; Moore to Hull, Dec. 29, 1933, Hull Papers, Box 35; memorandum on Moore, July 22, 1935, Farley Papers, Box 38; Moore to Mary McCanlish, May 4, 1933, Gellman Papers.

41. Welles to Hull, Jan. 25, 1935, Hull Papers, Box 37.

42. Welles to Hull, Sept. 7, 1937, Hull Papers, Folder 100.

43. Castle diary, Aug. 31, 1934; Welles to Berle, Aug. 12, 1934, Berle Papers, Box 12; Welles to Hull, Oct. 31, 1934, Hull Papers; Phillips Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection).

44. Castle diary, July 28, 1934; memorandum on Welles, July 22, 1935, Farley Papers, Box 38; Barnett to Hull, Jan. 18, 1934, Hull Papers, Box 35; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 12.

45. Moore to Hull, Nov. 27, 1933, Hull Papers, Box 35; Moore autobiography, 118, Gellman Papers; Castle diary, May 21, 1934.

46. Mrs. Arthur H. Vandenberg diary, Feb. 17, 1934, Vol. 4.

47. Carr diary, Dec. 31, 1934, Box 5.

48. Ibid., June 9, 1934, June 6, 1936, and June 12, 1937.

49. Mrs. Arthur H. Vandenberg diary, June 2, 1940, Vol. 8.

50. Rockefeller interview, Aug. 11 and 12, 1976, Gellman Papers.

51. Phillips diary, Jan. 14, 1935, 611–12.

52. Flexer to Lane, Mar. 24, 1935, Lane Papers, Box 10.

53. Green to Moffat, Oct. 12, 1935, and Sept. 12, 1936, Moffat Papers.

54. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 29–40; Welles to Pearson, Dec. 31, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

55. Welles, Seven Decisions, 11.

56. Green to Moffat, Apr. 22, 1936, Moffat Papers; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 128–29.

57. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 15; Welles et al., Laurence Duggan, vi-vii and 3–4.

58. Green to Moffat, Nov. 25, 1935, Moffat Papers.

59. Duggan, The Americas, 60.

60. For details of the conference, see Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 61–67; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Dec. 3, 1936.

61. Roosevelt, F.D.R., 1:625.

62. Berle to Taussig, Dec. 1, 1936, Taussig Papers, Box 21.

63. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 5:604–10.

64. FDR to Sweetser, Dec. 9, 1936, Sweetser Papers, Box 4.

65. Weddell to Hull, Oct. 12, 1935, 710.Peace/10 Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

66. Inman to his wife, Dec. 15, 1936, Inman Papers, Box 14.

67. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 67.

68. Ibid., 67–68.

69. Welles to Hull, Jan. 19, 1937, Hull Papers, Box 40.

CHAPTER 5: THE BLOODIEST BUREAUCRATIC BATTLE

1. Moore to Daniels, Nov. 14, 1935, Daniels Papers, Box 787; Castle diary, Oct. 25, 1935; Carr diary, Feb. 28, June 6, and July 6, 1934, and Jan. 10 and July 24, 1935, Box 5; Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 318.

2. Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 327; Castle diary, Sept. 4, 1934, Jan. 1, 1935, and May 2, 1936.

3. Hickerson to Moffat, Aug. 25, 1936, and Green to Moffat, Sept. 12, 1936, Moffat Papers; Moore to Bullitt, Oct. 3, 1936, Moore Papers, Box 3; Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 88; Castle diary, Dec. 29, 1936.

4. Green to Moffat, Sept. 12, 1936, Moffat Papers.

5. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 110.

6. Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 432–49.

7. Shirer, Twentieth Century Journey, 446–47.

8. Davis to Hull, Apr. 13, 1937, Hull Papers, Folder 98A.

9. Castle diary, July 30, 1935, and Oct. 5, 1938; memorandum on Bullitt, Sept. 1, 1936, Farley Papers, Box 40; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” July 10, 1936; Carr diary, July 3, 1936, Box 5; Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 28, 29, and 32–33; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 155–69.

10. Bullitt, For the President, 87 and 106, also see 82–85, 88, 95–97, 103–5, 111–13, 115–17, 121–26, 130–31, and 144–46.

11. Castle diary, Dec. 3, 1934; memorandum on Bullitt, Dec. 19, 1935, Farley Papers, Box 28; Orville Bullitt to author, July 9, 1976, Gellman Papers; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 116–54; Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 158–66.

12. Bullitt, For the President, 98 and 152, also see 77–81, 86, 102, 105–8, 134–35, 141, 146, 161, and 163.

13. Various conversations between author and James Roosevelt, 1978–89; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 170.

14. Bullitt, For the President, 157–58, 163, and 167–69; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 154.

15. Bullitt, For the President, 176.

16. Moore autobiography, 115, Gellman Papers.

17. Farley, James Farley Story, 62 and 64–65; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 124–32.

18. Memorandum on Hull, Apr. 29, 1936, Box 39, and Aug. 19 and Sept. 25, 1936, Box 40, Farley Papers; Hull, Memoirs, 1:485–87.

19. Welles to Lane, Aug. 11, 1936, Lane Papers, Box 13; Davis diary, Dec. 15, 1936, Box 3; Castle diary, Sept. 14, 1935, and July 23, 1936; memorandums on Welles, Mar. 7 and May 7, 1936, Farley Papers, Box 39.

20. Moore autobiography, 115 and 120, Gellman Papers; Castle diary, Nov. 6, 1936.

21. Moore to Lane, Dec. 12, 1936, Lane Papers, Box 14.

22. Moore to Dodd, Aug. 31, 1936, Dodd Papers, Box 49; Moore to Davis, Nov. 20, 1936, Davis Papers, Box 40; Moore to Bullitt, Jan. 22, 1937, Moore Papers, Box 3.

23. Moore to Daniels, Nov. 13, 1936, Daniels Papers, Box 752.

24. Moore to Dodd, Nov. 19, 1936, Dodd Papers, Box 49.

25. Welles to Peabody, Feb. 8, 1937, Peabody Papers; Welles to Corrigan, Feb. 10, 1937, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Castle diary, Mar. 21, 1937; Moore autobiography, 121–22, Gellman Papers; Dunn to Moffat, Dec. 19, 1936, Moffat Papers; Welles, Seven Decisions, 8.

26. Moore to Lane, Feb. 26, 1937, Lane Papers, Box 14; memorandum on FDR, Mar. 7, 1937, Farley Papers; Farley, James Farley Story, 72–81; Welles, Seven Decisions, 7–8; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 221–57.

27. Memorandum on undersecretary position, Mar. 10, 1937, Farley Papers, Box 41.

28. Castle diary, Feb. 20, 1937; Wright to Lane, Apr. 19, 1937, Lane Papers, Box 15.

29. Kiley to Lane, Mar. 19, 1937, Lane Papers, Box 14; Moore autobiography, 121, 122, and 133, Gellman Papers; Bullitt, For the President, 195, 208–9, 211, and 214–15.

30. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, xii-xiii; Moore autobiography, 120, Gellman Papers; Pilat, Drew Pearson, 76–136; Klurfeld, Behind the Lines, 3–68; Martin, Cissy, 207, 227–30, 239, 248–49, 295–97, 312–13, 362, and 425–27.

31. Welles to Davis, Apr. 5, 1935, Davis Papers, Box 63.

32. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Mar. 3, 17, and 26, 1937; also see Castle diary, Dec. 11, 1936.

33. Moore to Dodd, Mar. 20 and 29, 1937, Dodd Papers, Box 51.

34. Moore autobiography, 122–24, Gellman Papers.

35. Ibid., 122; Berle to Welles, Apr. 21, 1937, Berle Papers, Box 26.

36. Moore autobiography, 124, Gellman Papers; Moore to Lane, May 22, 1937, Lane Papers, Box 15.

37. Bullitt, For the President, 214; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 6, July 8, 1936, and Vol. 7, Sept. 30, 1939.

38. Bullitt, For the President, 211.

39. Moore autobiography, 117, Gellman Papers.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid., 113, 122, and 126.

42. Ibid., 122, 125, and 127.

43. Carr diary, Aug. 19, 1937, Box 5.

44. Moore autobiography, 120, Gellman Papers.

45. Hull, Memoirs, 1:viii.

46. Ibid., 509–10.

CHAPTER 6: REORGANIZING THE DEPARTMENT

1. Crane, Mr. Carr of State, 328–29.

2. Ibid., 329; Carr diary, May 24, 1937, Box 5.

3. Stuart, Department of State, 329; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 103–5.

4. Hornbeck to Stimson, Mar. 7 and 8, 1939; Stimson Papers, Reel 97.

5. King diary, Nov. 17, 1938; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 34–95, 123, 124, and 132; Wyman, Paper Walls, 221.

6. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 13, 1937; Bullitt, For the President, 212.

7. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 13, 1937; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 144–45.

8. Hooker, Moffat Papers, v-vi and 1–4.

9. Schoenfeld to Steinhardt, Dec. 15, 1937, Box 19, and Duggan to Steinhardt, Apr. 14, 1938, Steinhardt Papers; memorandum by Gosnell, Feb. 2, 1948, Welles file.

10. Welles to Corrigan, May 29, 1937, Corrigan Papers, Box 10.

11. Bullitt, For the President, 203, 209, 212, 214–17, 223–29, 232–33, 240, 244–54, 256–64, 267–71, 278–83, 302–3, 305–17, 323–26, 332–36, and 338.

12. Shirer, Twentieth Century Journey, 444.

13. Bullitt to Loy Henderson, Nov. 1, 1939, Henderson Papers, Box 6.

14. Memorandum on Hull, Jan. 25, 1938, Hull Papers, Box 42; memorandum on Berle, Mar. 22, 1938, Farley Papers, Box 43; Moore autobiography, 135, Gellman Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 129, 135, and 148–49; Ickes, Secret Diary, 1:693; Schwarz, Liberal, 16–113; Hull, Memoirs, 1:495.

15. Long diary, Nov. 8, 1939, Box 5; Wallace diary, Feb. 6, 1940, Box 4; Moore to Borchard, Nov. 3, 1942, John Moore Papers, Box 82; Burlingham to Davis, Feb. 8, 1942, Davis Papers, Box 3.

16. Richard Harrison, “Roosevelt vs. Hull: Conflicts of Personality and Substance in Making American Foreign Policy in the 1930s,” 30–31, Gellman Papers; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 27 and 73–74.

17. Block, Current Biography 1943, 181–82.

18. Utley, Going to War, 3–22 and 47–48; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 10 and 27, 1937.

19. Moore autobiography, 134, Gellman Papers.

20. Ibid., 126; Moore to Dodd, Nov. 12, 1937, Dodd Papers, Box 51.

21. Moore autobiography, 113 and 124, Gellman Papers.

22. Bullitt, For the President, 229.

23. Ibid., 206, 218, 222–23, 277, and 285–86.

24. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 151; Castle diary, June 18, 1938; Davis to Gibson, Jan. 8, 1938, Davis Papers, Box 26; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 63.

25. Berle diary, June 18, 1937; Moffat to Doyle, Apr. 25, 1938, Moffat Papers; Schoenfeld to Steinhardt, Aug. 2, 1937, and Steinhardt to Schoenfeld, Aug. 4, 1937, Steinhardt Papers.

26. Moffat to Doyle, Apr. 25, 1938, Moffat Papers.

27. Davies, Mission to Moscow, 373; Davies to Welles, Mar. 22, 1939, Davies Papers, Box 9; Bowers diary, Mar. 10, 1939.

28. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 13, 1937, and Oct. 14, 1939.

29. Memorandums on Welles, July 30, 1937, Box 41, and June 8, 1938, and Jan. 10, 1939, Farley Papers, Box 43.

30. Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:351.

31. Daniels to Bowers, Sept. 6, 1938, and Bowers to Daniels, Aug. 16, 1938, Box 732, and Bowers to Daniels, Oct. 25, 1938, Box 791, Daniels Papers; Bowers to Dodd, Nov. 3, 1938, Dodd Papers, Box 56.

32. Pittman to Hull, July 7, 1936, Box 39, Welles to Hull, Aug. 17, 1938, Folder 107, and Guffey to Hull, Apr 4, 1939, Folder 115, Hull Papers.

33. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 146, 151, and 153–54; Welles to Rosenman, June 17, 1949, Rosenman Papers.

34. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 6:406–11; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 148–49; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 153.

35. Welles to Rosenman, June 17, 1949, Rosenman Papers; Welles to Lazaron, June 14, 1940, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; Welles, Seven Decisions, 13; Utley, Going to War, 24–48; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 6, Feb. 19, 1938.

36. King diary, Mar. 5 and 6, 1937; Harrison, “United States and Britain,” 25–33, Gellman Papers; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 1–50.

37. Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 189–98; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 51–77.

38. Offner, “Roosevelt, Hitler, and the Search,” 611.

39. Schwarz, New Dealers, 128–31; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, 315–17; see Herzstein, Roosevelt and Hitler; Hand, Counsel and Advise, 140–41 and 233; Stephen Schuker to author, Dec. 11, 1990, Gellman Papers.

40. Dawidowicz, War against Jews, 100–2.

41. King diary, Nov. 17, 1938; Wyman, Paper Walls, 43–63.

42. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1938, 5:38–9; King diary, Aug. 18 and Nov. 17, 1938.

43. Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:221–22; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 151; memorandum on Hull, Dec. 11, 1937, Farley Papers, Box 42; memorandum by Pearson, June 15, 1939, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Apr. 21, 1938; Hull, Memoirs, 1:598.

44. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 196–98.

45. Castle diary, May 25 and 27, 1938, and July 28, 1939; Buell to Milton, Mar. 29, 1939, Milton Papers, Box 26; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:419 and 558; Israel, War Diary, 1–2; Fecher, Diary of H. L. Mencken, 127; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 6, Feb. 19, 1938.

46. Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:388; Bullitt, For the President, 267–71.

47. Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, 215–75.

48. Memorandum by Gosnell, Feb. 2, 1948, Welles file; Morgenthau to FDR, Oct. 17, 1938, Morgenthau Papers, Box 1, presidential diaries; White to Morgenthau, Mar. 31, 1937, H. White Papers, Box 6; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, 1:452 and 485 and 2:58.

49. White to Morgenthau, Mar. 30, 1939, H. White Papers, Box 6.

50. Morgenthau diary, June 1, 1938, Box 127; memorandum on Hull, Jan. 3, 1938, Farley Papers, Box 42.

51. Hull, Messersmith Papers, 2:22, Box 9; Knox to Hull, Oct. 12, 1937, Hull Papers, Box 42; White to Milton, Aug. 16, 1939, Milton Papers, Box 85; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 242.

52. 1937 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 38; Hull to Inman, Dec. 14 and 21, 1937, Inman Papers, Box 14.

53. Frances Hull to Milton, Apr. 14 and May 11, 1938, Milton Papers, Box 25; 1938 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 38; Hull, Memoirs, 1:581–82 and 615.

54. Stimson diary, Mar. 24, 1938, Vol. 28; Castle diary, June 18 and July 15, 1938, and Apr. 13, 1939; memorandum by Pearson, no date, Pearson Papers, G 236, 1 of 3.

55. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” May 5, 1938; New York Herald Tribune, May 7, 1938.

56. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” May 8, 1938; Pearson to Carlin, May 19, 1938, various newspaper clippings, G 210, 2 of 5, G 136, 3 of 3, and memorandum by Pearson, Nov. 7, 1939, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #2; Lerner, “Behind Hull’s Embargo,” 607–10.

57. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 74–79.

58. Memorandum, Cordell Hull, Inman Papers, Box 36.

59. Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 3–285.

60. Dodd and Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 94; Dodd to Hull, Feb. 15, 1937, Hull Papers, Folder 97.

61. Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 286–317; Dodd and Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 421, 434, and 443.

62. Dodd and Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 421–22 and 427.

63. Ibid., 445; Dodd to FDR, Dec. 23, 1937, Dodd Papers, Box 51.

64. Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 318–31; Bullitt, For the President, 232–33.

65. Moore autobiography, 144–44 1/2, Gellman Papers.

66. Dallek, Democrat and Diplomat, 332.

67. Clifford, “Note on the Break.”

68. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 198–240; Boswell diss., “Buddha Bill,” 51–148; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 100–63.

69. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 21, 1944, Gellman Papers; memorandum on Pasvolsky, Apr. 8, 1953, Feis Papers, Box 17; Frances Hull to Steinhardt, Feb. 27, 1939, Steinhardt Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 197–98; Buell to Milton, Mar. 29, 1939, and Milton to Buell, Mar. 30, 1939, Milton Papers, Box 26.

70. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 235; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Mar. 24, 1939.

71. 1939 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 38; Hull, Memoirs, 1:615 and 654.

72. Orange County Register, Mar. 16, 1994, 1 and 10.

73. Castle diary, Oct. 31, 1937, and Sept. 19, 1939; memorandum on Hull and Welles, Jan. 10, 1939, Farley Papers, Box 43.

74. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 205–6.

75. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Oct. 14, 1939.

76. Moffat diary, Aug. 18, 1939; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 245–50, 252–56; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 254–58.

77. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 242.

78. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 259–62; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 82–83.

79. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 38.

CHAPTER 7: THE WELLES MISSION

1. Link, Wilson the Diplomatist, 22 and 27.

2. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 245.

3. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1939, 5:35; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 199–205.

4. Israel, War Diary, 1–2.

5. Duggan to Daniels, Nov. 25, 1939, Daniels Papers, Box 736.

6. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 186 and 270.

7. Ibid., 278 and 285–87; Israel, War Diary, 36; Welles to Lazaron, Dec. 7, 1939, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 7, Jan. 26, 1940.

8. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 83–85; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Oct. 14, 1939.

9. Hull, Memoirs, 1:690.

10. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 263.

11. Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 1:209–46; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 26–27.

12. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 88–91.

13. Moffat diary, Oct. 5 and 9, 1939; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 272; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 331–45.

14. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 284; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 206–8 and 216.

15. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 540; Welles, Time for Decision, 73–74; Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 69–72; Israel, War Diary, 64.

16. Trip to Europe, July-Sept. 1939, Farley Papers, Box 44; Farley, James Farley Story, 192–95.

17. Bullitt, For the President, 402.

18. Reston, Deadline, 68–70.

19. Welles to Pearson, Feb. 25, 1948, Pearson Papers, G 87, 3 of 3; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 1:165.

20. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 1:165; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:4; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 101–2; U.S. Congress, Hearings, pt. 1:547; Wallace diary, Feb. 9, 1940, Box 4.

21. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 140 and 186; New York Times, Feb. 10, 1940; Welles, Time for Decision, 122, and Seven Decisions, 13; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 232.

22. Welles to Peabody, July 9, 1937, Peabody Papers.

23. Pearson to Welles, Feb. 15, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:138; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 280; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 264–65; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 48, Gellman Papers.

24. Castle diary, Feb. 18, 1940; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 276–78; Beschloss, Kennedy and Roosevelt, 191–98 and 204–5; Welles, Time for Decision, 74–77; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 44–45 and 49–50, Gellman Papers; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 275–76; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 280–81; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 94; Moore to Sayre, Feb. 28, 1940, Moore Papers, Box 25.

25. Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 7, Sept. 30, 1939, and Jan. 26 and Feb. 10, 1940.

26. Castle diary, Feb. 13 and 21, 1940; Wallace diary, Mar. 1940, Box 7; Bullitt, For the President, 398, 402–3, and 406; Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 35–36.

27. Chicago Tribune, Feb. 16, 1940; Israel, War Diary, 58.

28. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:8.

29. Joe Gascorgne to Jock, Mar. 12, 1940, Gellman Papers; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 276.

30. Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 105–6, Gellman Papers; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 146 and 292; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 105–6.

31. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:7; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 279–82; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 97; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 292–93.

32. Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 57, Gellman Papers.

33. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:5 and 21–27; Welles, Time for Decision, 78–82; Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 212.

34. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:27–33; memorandums on mission, Mar. 12 and Apr. 22, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles, Time for Decision, 83–88.

35. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:12–13; Phillips, Ventures in Diplomacy, 150–51; Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 212; Muggeridge, Diplomatic Papers, 337–38; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 88, 91–92, 103–6, and 171, Gellman Papers.

36. Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 57, Gellman Papers; Welles, Time for Decision, 89.

37. Shirer, Twentieth Century Journey, 475.

38. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:8 and 10; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 98–99.

39. Welles, Time for Decision, 109; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 58–60, Gellman Papers; Bullitt, For the President, 406–7.

40. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:33–41; memorandums on mission, Mar. 12 and Apr. 22, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles, Time for Decision, 90–98; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 282; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 11, Gellman Papers; Weitz, Hitler’s Diplomat, 3–234.

41. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:42–43; Welles, Time for Decision, 99–100.

42. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:43–50; memorandums on mission, Mar. 12, Apr. 22, and June 25, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles, Time for Decision, 101–9; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 62 and 74, Gellman Papers.

43. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:50–51; Welles, Time for Decision, 110–11.

44. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:51–56; Welles, Time for Decision, 112–20.

45. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:56–58; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 108–26, Gellman Papers.

46. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 294; Nicolson, Harold Nicolson, 2:63.

47. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:56; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 96–97; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 296.

48. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:58–59; Welles, Time for Decision, 121.

49. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:59–67; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 134–35, 152, and 154, Gellman Papers.

50. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:61–71; memorandums on mission, Mar. 12, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Reuth, Goebbels, 266; Welles, Time for Decision, 26–130; Webster, Pétain’s Crime.

51. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 297; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:1–4 and 14–15; Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 80–88; Welles, Time for Decision, 180; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 264–79.

52. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:72–74; Welles to Pearson, Feb. 12, 1945, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles, Time for Decision, 130; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 298.

53. Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 270–72.

54. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:74–80; Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 286–88; Welles, Time for Decision, 130–32.

55. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:80–83; Newsweek, Mar. 15, 1940, 28.

56. Eden, The Reckoning, 48.

57. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:83.

58. Ibid., 1:84–85; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 272–73.

59. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:85–86.

60. Ibid., 87–90; Reynolds, Anglo-American Alliance, 82–83.

61. Welles, Time for Decision, 134; Rock, Chamberlain and Roosevelt, 273–74.

62. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:91–92; Welles, Time for Decision, 134–35; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 164, Gellman Papers.

63. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:89 and 95–100; Welles, Time for Decision, 135–36; Weitz, Hitler’s Diplomat, 234–36.

64. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:92–96.

65. Ibid., 1:17–18 and 96–99; Muggeridge, Diplomatic Papers, 359–60; Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 222.

66. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:100–6; Hull, Memoirs, 1:739; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 161–65, Gellman Papers; Gibson, Ciano Diaries, 222.

67. Gibson, Ciano, 224; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 101–2, Gellman Papers; Welles, Time for Decision, 137–41.

68. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:106–9; Welles, Time for Decision, 142.

69. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:18–19; New York Times, Mar. 19, 1940; Hull, Memoirs, 1:739.

70. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:110–13; Welles, Time for Decision, 143–47.

71. Memorandum on mission, Apr. 22, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:113–17.

72. Ibid., 1:20; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 1:171.

73. King diary, Apr. 23 and 24, 1940.

74. Hull, Memoirs, 1:740 and 2:1628.

75. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 1:19–20; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 166–69, Gellman Papers.

76. Bullitt, For the President, 404–5.

77. Wallace diary, Mar. 1940, Box 7.

78. Bullitt, For the President, 409–10.

79. Bullitt to Moore, Apr. 18, 1940, Moore Papers, Box 3.

80. Bullitt, For the President, 441 and 448.

81. Ibid., 445–46.

82. Ibid., 415–31, 462–63, 466, 469, 474, and 476–80.

83. Hull, Memoirs, 1:791.

84. Bullitt, For the President, 439–93.

85. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 311; Berle to Stimson, Mar. 20, 1940, Stimson Papers, Reel 100.

86. Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:273.

87. Ibid., 3:464.

88. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 301, 322, and 325; Wallace diary, Apr. 3, 1940, Box 7; Welles to Bowers, May 10, 1940, Bowers Papers; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 314–17.

89. Schwarz, Liberal, 133–34; Farley diary, Apr. 9, 1940, Box 45.

90. Farley diary, Mar. 8, 1940, Box 44; Berle diary, Feb. 17, 1940, Box 211; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:138; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 293; Baltimore Sun, Feb. 19, 1940.

91. Israel, War Diary, 67.

92. Stimson diary, May 8, 1940, Vol. 29.

93. Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:216–19.

94. Farley, James Farley Story, 232–33; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 323–24.

95. Offner, “Appeasement Revisited”; Hilton, “Welles Mission,” 94 and 120; Wiebel thesis, “Strange Odyssey,” 181 and 184, Gellman Papers; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 305–6.

CHAPTER 8: THE SPHINX, HULL, AND THE OTHERS

1. Farley diary, Mar. 5, 1937, and Nov. 17, 1938, memorandum on election of 1940, July 23, 1939, Farley Papers, Box 44; memorandum on the election of 1940, Byrnes Papers.

2. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 3–124; Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 677; Lash, Dealers and Dreamers, 352–54 and 364–65.

3. Memorandums on Garner, Farley Papers, Nov. 22, 1937, Box 42, Dec. 7 and 12, 1938, Box 43, and July 6, Oct. 20, Nov. 30, and Dec. 22, 1939, and Jan. 7, 1940, Box 44; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 304; Farley, James Farley Story, 205–8 and 217–22; Timmons, Garner of Texas, 1–271; Hardeman and Baem, Rayburn, 229–39.

4. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 676; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:95.

5. Memorandum on 1940 election, Farley Papers, Dec. 7, 1939, Box 42, Mar. 21 and Aug. 25, 1938, Box 43, July 7, 12, and 25, Oct. 20 and 27, and Nov. 30, 1939, and Jan. 2, 11, and 31, and Mar. 8, 1940, Box 44; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 274; Farley, James Farley Story, 153, 173–77, 184–88, 223–29, 238–39, 244, and 248–56; Farley, Behind the Ballots, 1–369; Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 677.

6. Hull, Memoirs, 1:855–56; King diary, Mar. 5, 1937; Richard Harrison, “Roosevelt vs. Hull”, 30–32, Gellman Papers.

7. Speech by Hull, May 28, 1939, Davis Papers, Box 27; Moore to Sayre, Dec. 8, 1939, Moore Papers, Box 25.

8. Bowers diary, July 14, 1939; Landon to Inman, Aug. 26, 1939, Inman Papers, Box 14; Messersmith to Burlingham, July 13, 1939, Messersmith Papers, No. 1259; King diary, Nov. 17, 1938; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:555; Bowers, My Life, 295–96; memorandum on Welles, Farley Papers, Jan. 11, Box 43, and Nov. 29, 1939, Box 44; Farley, James Farley Story, 164–65; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 194, 195, 197, 206, 216, 224, 227–28, 234, and 270.

9. Moore autobiography, 128, Gellman Papers; Moore to Sayre, Feb. 28, 1940, Moore Papers, Box 25.

10. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 235.

11. Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 677.

12. Memorandum on Hull, Dec. 8, 1939, Farley Papers, Box 44.

13. Memorandum on Mrs. Hull, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #3.

14. Memorandum on election of 1940, Mar. 7, 1937, Farley Papers, Box 41; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:972–73.

15. Hull, Memoirs, 1:855–57; Farley, James Farley Story, 230; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 213; King diary, Nov. 17, 1938; memorandum on election of 1940, Mar. 7, 1937, Box 41, Jan. 10, Box 43, and May 30, 1939, Box 44, Farley Papers; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:555 and 3:68; Farley, James Farley Story, 113; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 7, Apr. 6, 1940.

16. Memorandums on 1940 election, Jan. 2, 3, 7, 11, and 31 and Mar. 8, 1940, Box 44, and June 21, 1940, Box 45, Farley Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 304; Farley, James Farley Story, 225–29.

17. Memorandums on election of 1940, Apr. 30, May 6, 17, and 28, and June 14, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Farley, James Farley Story, 223–24, 236–38, and 244; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 294.

18. Memorandum on election of 1940, June 21, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Moore to Sayre, Apr. 16, Box 19, and Moore to Bullitt, Apr. 26, 1940, Box 3, Moore Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 288; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Jan. 2, 1940; Hull, Memoirs, 1:856–57.

19. Memorandums on Hull, May 9, 1940, Apr. 5, 1941, May 8, 1943, and Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; Sayre to Hull, Apr. 10, 1940, Hull Papers, Box 46; Farley to Sayre, Feb. 8, 1940, Sayre Papers, Box 4; Farley to Bowers, May 15, 1940, Bower Papers; Farley, James Farley Story, 232–33 and 244; Hull, Memoirs, 1:746–50 and 855–58; Alsop and Kinter, American White Paper, 83; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 7, Apr. 6, 1940.

20. Sayre to Farley, Apr. 8, 1940, Sayre Papers, Box 4.

21. Memorandum by Pasvolsky, Apr. 8, 1953, Feis Papers, Box 17; memorandums on FDR, July 23 and Dec. 8, 1939, Jan. 3 and Mar. 7 and 9, 1940, Box 49, and May 17, 1940, Box 45, Farley Papers; Wallace diary, Mar. 1940, Box 7; Farley, James Farley Story, 208–9; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 225–26, 291, 307, and 314–15; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:109; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 217; Watkins, Righteous Pilgrim, 676.

22. Moore to Sayre, Dec. 8, 1939, Moore Papers, Box 25; Moffat diary, Apr. 26, 1940; Stimson diary, May 8, 1940, Vol. 29; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 323–24; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:216–19; Farley, James Farley Story, 233; memorandum by Pearson, 1940, Pearson Papers, G 236, 1 of 3.

23. Stimson diary, Vol. 29, May 8, 1940.

24. Memorandums on Welles, Jan. 11, 1937, Box 43, Nov. 29, 1939, Box 44, and May 9, 1940, Box 45, Farley Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 199, 206, 224, 227–28, 270, 306, and 311; Farley, James Farley Story, 164–65.

25. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 325.

26. Welles to Lazaron, Oct. 1, 1940, Lazaron Papers, Box 13.

27. Hull, Memoirs, 1:856; Staunton Daily News Leader, Apr. 16, 1940, Gellman Papers.

28. Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:108, 111, and 113.

29. Hull, Memoirs, 1:858.

30. Ibid., 1:855–56; memorandums on Hull, June 21 and 28, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 616; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 288; Welles, Time for Decision, 61.

31. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 225–26; Farley, James Farley Story, 208–9; memorandum on election of 1940, Jan. 3 and Mar. 7, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 44; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 217; Burke, Diary Letters of Hiram Johnson, Vol. 7, May 27, 1939.

32. Memorandums on election of 1940, Mar. 9, 1940, Box 44, and May 17, 1940, Box 45, Farley Papers; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 291, 307, and 314–15; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:108–9.

33. Timmons, Garner, 272; Farley, James Farley Story, 212; Clifford and Spencer, First Peacetime Draft, 63 and 66–67; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 232; Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 399.

34. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 342–43.

35. Memorandum by Hull, July 3, 1940, Hull Papers, Folder 135; Hull, Memoirs, 1:858–59.

36. Farley, James Farley Story, 248–56.

37. Ibid., 240, 259–64, and 271–82; memorandum on Bankhead, June 19–20, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Hull, Memoirs, 1:861–62; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 129–31.

38. Farley, James Farley Story, 279–80.

39. Ibid., 293–95, 299–303, and 331; memorandum on Bankhead, Aug. 16, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Pittman to Bowers, July 8, 1940, Bowers Papers; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:286; Hull, Memoirs, 1:860–61; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 117–18, 120, and 124.

40. Memorandum on the election of 1940, Aug. 1, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 45; Timmons, Garner of Texas, 272–77.

41. Hull, Memoirs, 1:822 and 861; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 93–104.

42. 1940 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Hull, Memoirs, 1:829, 834, and 862; Farley, James Farley Story, 330–31.

43. Bullitt, For the President, 267–71, 384–85, 454, 490–98, and 503; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:388.

44. Bullitt, For the President, 502–3 and 505–6; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 828.

45. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 270–72.

46. Davis, New Deal Years, 537; Israel, Miss Tallulah Bankhead, 201–4; Bankhead, Tallulah, 247–48; Hardeman and Baem, Rayburn, 226 and 242–45.

47. New York Times, Sept. 15–18, 1940.

48. News release, Apr. 8, 1983, Southern Railway System, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; White, American Railroad Car, 370–71.

49. Official File 200, President’s Trips (1940–45) 200, TTTT, Jasper, Alabama, Sept. 16, 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt Library; Montgomery Advertiser, Sept. 18, 1940; Birmingham News, Sept. 16–18, 1940; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:326–27; Gallagher, FDR, 97 and 173–74.

50. Wallace diary, Mar. 30, 1942, Box 13; Wallace Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection).

51. Welles to Daniels, Nov. 11, 1940, Farley Papers, Box 752.

52. Hull, Memoirs, 1:863–68; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 344, 347, 351, and 387; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 185.

53. Divine, Foreign Policy, 3–89; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 395–405.

CHAPTER 9: AN INCREDIBLE SET OF CIRCUMSTANCES

1. Presidential Press Conference, Aug. 16, 1940, Reel 8; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 9:460–67; Conn and Fairchild, Framework, 51–62.

2. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 358–63.

3. Ibid., 373–76; conversation with Welles, Oct. 6, 1944, Fisher Papers; Biddle diary, Sept. 27, 1941.

4. Wilson, First Summit, 8–238.

5. Memorandum on State Department, Apr. 5, 1941, Farley Papers, Box 45; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 354; Israel, War Diary, 175–76.

6. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 504–6; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 129–92.

7. Abramson, Spanning the Century, 269–95.

8. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 332–33.

9. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, 2:261; memorandum on Hull, May 10, 1941, Farley Papers, Box 45.

10. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” May 28, 1941.

11. Memorandums on Hull, Apr. 5 and May 10, 1941, Farley Papers, Box 45; memorandum of conversation, June 4, 1941, presidential diaries, Morgenthau Papers; Castle diary, Feb. 28, Mar. 5, and Oct. 18, 1941; Farley, James Farley Story, 340–43; Israel, War Diary, 175–76.

12. Castle diary, Oct. 18, 1940.

13. Welles file, memorandum by Gosnell, Feb. 2, 1948; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 15.

14. Reston, Deadline, 101–2; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 138; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 20.

15. Stimson diary, Nov. 25, 1940 and Jan. 4, 1941, Vol. 31, and May 27, 1941, Vol. 34; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 363; Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 431.

16. Stimson diary, Jan 7, 1941, Vol. 31.

17. Moffat diary, Jan. 31, Apr. 3, and July 10–12, 1941; conversation with Welles, Mar. 26, 1941, Fisher Papers; Israel, War Diary, 179; Farley, James Farley Story, 343.

18. Conversations with Welles, Feb. 11, Mar. 26, Apr. 29, and May 19, 1941, Fisher Papers; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 367–72; Hull, Memoirs, 1:812 and 2:967.

19. Feingold, Time for Searching, 212; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 230–38; Lash, Eleanor and Franklin, 575–78 and 636–37.

20. Moore to Dodd, Mar. 25, 1937, Dodd Papers, Box 51.

21. Castle diary, June 4 and July 3, 1938; Moore to Dodd, Sept. 1, 1938, Box 55, Nov. 8, 1938, Box 56, and Feb. 27 and Mar. 23, 1939, Box 57, Dodd Papers; Borchard to Moore, Feb. 7, 1939, J. Moore Papers, Box 76.

22. Livingston to Gellman, Oct 18, 1987, Gellman Papers; Moore autobiography, 151–55, Gellman Papers.

23. Moore autobiography, 155–57 and 165, Gellman Papers; Moore to Sayre, Dec. 8, 1939, Moore Papers, Box 25.

24. Moore to Sayre, Oct. 1, 1940, Moore Papers; Mary Livingston to author, Oct. 18, 1987, Gellman Papers.

25. Moore to Sayre, Nov. 18, 1940, Moore Papers, Box 19.

26. Bullitt, For the President, 502–12.

27. Welles file, memorandum by Gosnell, Jan. 23, 1947; Schwarz, Liberal, 114–75.

28. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 12.

29. Ibid., 13; Israel, War Diary, xi–xxiv, 1–49 and 179; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 237–39; Wyman, Paper Walls, 172–81, 184–91, and 192–205.

30. New York Times, Nov. 13, 1940, Folder 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #3, New York Times, Dec. 7, 1940, and NY Times Herald, Dec. 12, 1940, G 236, 1 of 3, Pearson Papers; for the diplomatic discussion of the proposed credit, see U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 2:839–53.

31. Pearson to Welles, Dec. 26, 1940, and Pearson to Frantz, Jan. 8, 1941, G 210, 2 of 5, and Pearson to Green, Jan. 3, 1941, G 236, 1 of 3, Pearson Papers; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Dec. 20, 1940; Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, xiii; Pilat, Drew Pearson, 161; Klurfeld, Behind the Lines, 59.

32. Pearson to Frantz, Jan. 8, 1941, Pearson Papers, G 210, 2 of 5.

33. Hull to United Features Syndicate, Inc., Dec. 21, 1940, G 210, 3 of 5, and Carlin to Godbey and Carlin to Hull, Dec. 31, 1940, G 236, 1 of 3, Pearson Papers.

34. Welles to Pearson, Dec. 22, 1940, Pearson Papers, G 210, 2 of 5.

35. Pearson to Welles, Dec. 26, 1940, Pearson Papers, G 210, 2 of 5.

36. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Dec 28, 1940; Castle diary, Jan. 1, 1941.

37. Welles press conference, Dec. 28, 1940, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #3.

38. Hinton, Cordell Hull, 363.

39. Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:401; Castle diary, Jan. 1, 1941; Chapman to Pearson, Jan. 3, 1941, Pearson Papers, G 236, 1 of 3.

40. Pearson to Carlin, Jan. 3, 1941, Pearson Papers, G 210, 2 of 5.

41. Memorandum by Hoover, Jan. 3, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

42. Morgan, FDR, 234–45; Rollins, Roosevelt and Howe, 177–79.

43. Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 46 and 308–9.

44. Wallace diary, Mar. 30, 1942, Box 13, Wallace Papers and Wallace (Columbia Oral History Collection); memorandum by Hoover, Jan. 30, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 288.

45. Memorandums for Hoover, Jan. 23 and 30, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; Hassett, Off the Record, 16; Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 309.

46. Memorandum for Hoover, Jan. 29, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 17–19.

47. Memorandum by Hoover, Jan. 30, 1941, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

48. Orville Bullitt to author, July 9, 1976, Gellman Papers; author’s telephone conversation with Marquis Child, June 17, 1976; Richard Harris, Public Relations Department of Norfolk Southern, to author, June 8, 1987, Gellman Papers.

49. Moore to Bullitt, Jan. 9, 1941, Moore Papers, Box 3.

50. Ibid. and Moore to FDR, Jan. 27, 1941, Moore Papers.

51. Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1941; Evening Star (Washington), Feb. 11, 1941, Gellman Papers.

52. Washington Post, Feb. 11, 1941.

53. Hugh Wilson to Hull, Feb. 10, 1941, Gellman Papers.

54. Evening Star, Feb. 11, 1941, Gellman Papers.

55. Historic American Building Survey Inventory, Apr. 11, 1957, “McCandlish House Gift,” Nov. 11, 1972, Northern Virginia Sun, Mar. 26, 1969, City of Fairfax, Virginia, Office of Planning, Special Report, (July 1982), “G. Mason Bank May Purchase Historic House,” Feb. 11, 1983, and “Fairfax City Gives Up Historic House,” Sept. 29, 1983, Gellman Papers.

56. Memorandum, Mar. 6, 1941, presidential diaries, Morgenthau Papers, Box 4.

57. Bullitt, For the President, xi–xiii and 512–14.

58. Ibid., 587–18; memorandum on LeHand, July 9, 1941, Farley Papers, Box 45; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 22; Roosevelt, This I Remember, 170; many conversations between author and James Roosevelt (1978–89), who believed that Bullitt had seduced LeHand.

59. H. Vandenberg diary, Dec. 1940–June 1942, Vol. 9.

60. Hull, Memoirs, 2:967; Biddle diary, Oct. 10, 1941; Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; 1941 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 481; Moffat diary, June 26 and July 10–12, 1941; Time, Aug. 11, 1941, 10.

61. Frances Hull to Davis, July 17, 1941, Davis Papers, Box 27.

62. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 349–50; Farley, James Farley Story, 341 and 343; Morgenthau diary, June 4, 1941, Box 4, presidential diaries.

63. King diary, Apr. 17, 1941.

64. Israel, War Diary, 212.

65. Ibid., 210 and 214–15; Stimson diary, Aug. 19, 1941, Vol. 35.

66. Confidential source; Ickes diary, Nov. 23–30 and Dec. 1941, Box 8; A. Philip Randolph to author, July 18, 1976, Gellman Papers; Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 308; Bullitt, For the President, 528–45.

67. Castle diary, Jan. 7, 1941.

68. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 149, 169, 176, 178, 182, 196, 211, 235, 261, 273, 286, 288, and 297–98; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 288–95.

CHAPTER 10: PROVOKING WAR

1. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 366–68.

2. Some of these ideas were developed earlier in Gellman, “New Deal’s Use.”

3. Presidential Press Conference, Feb. 19 and June 5, 1940, Reel 8; FDR to Bowers, July 12, 1940, Official File 303; FDR to Bowers, May 24, 1940, Bowers Papers; Stimson to FDR, May 18, 1940, Stimson Papers, Reel 101; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 9:184–87; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 305.

4. King diary, Apr. 23 and 24, 1940; FDR to Bowers, May 24, 1940, and Welles to Bowers, May 29, 1940, Bowers Papers.

5. “Fortune Survey.”

6. Stimson diary, Apr. 15, 1939, and Stimson to Eden, July 17, 1939, Reel 98, Stimson to Salter, May 18, 1940, Knox to Stimson, May 22, 1940, and Stimson to Knox, May 25, 1940, Reel 101, Stimson Papers; Knox to White, May 28, 1940, W. White Papers, Series C, Box 344; Knox to Ebert, Nov. 29, 1940, Knox Papers, Box 1.

7. Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:936–37 and 952–53; U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1939, 5:40.

8. Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 2:390 and 403–4; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 1:607–8 and 2:871–72, 909, 1022–23, and 1162; Ickes, Secret Diary, 2:704–5; Logan, No Transfer, 309–13.

9. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations, 1940, 5:252–56; Israel, War Diary, 107; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 330.

10. Presidential Press Conferences, Apr. 11, 12, and 15, 1940, Reel 8; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 305–6 and 356–57; Israel, War Diary, 78–79; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:1040 and 1142–43; King diary, Apr. 23 and 24, and May 24, 1940; memorandum by Berle, July 12, 1940, 710.11/2551, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Logan, No Transfer, 307–9.

11. Presidential Press Conferences, Jan. 12, Feb. 9, Apr. 18, May 30, and June 14, 21, and 28, 1940, Reel 8; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 9:158–62 and 273–74; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:204.

12. “Americas Faces the War,” Dec. 30, 1940, 740.0011 EW 1939/8035, and Rockefeller to Hull, Mar. 12, 1941, 710.11/2686 Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

13. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 9:1–10.

14. Ibid., 10:40–42.

15. Casey to Hornbeck, Apr. 17, 1941, 740.0011 EW 1939/10488, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

16. King diary, Apr. 16 and 20, 1941; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:166; Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, 2:252; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:1148–50.

17. Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 368–69; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:195–96; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:491–92.

18. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 10:133; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:503.

19. Presidential Press Conference, Apr. 15, 1941, Reel 9; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 356–57; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 10:110; Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:1142–43.

20. Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:503.

21. FDR to Churchill, May 14, 1941, 740.0011 EW 1939/10944 1/2, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; conversation with Welles, May 19, 1941, Fisher Papers.

22. Leahy diary, June 14 and 21, 1941, Box 10, pp. 69 and 71; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 372.

23. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 370; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 294–96; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 371.

24. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 296–97.

25. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 10:181.

26. Leahy diary, May 28, 1941, Box 10, p. 63; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 298; Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:526–27.

27. Stimson to FDR, June 23, 1941, Stimson Papers, Reel 104.

28. Welles statement, June 23, 1941, 740.0011 EW 1939/12385a, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Welles, Time for Decision, 171.

29. Conversation with Welles, June 28, 1941, Fisher Papers.

30. Davies, Mission to Moscow, 488; MacLean, Joseph E. Davies, 7–79.

31. Conversation with Welles, June 28, 1941, Fisher Papers; Stimson to FDR, June 23, 1941, Stimson Papers, Reel 104.

32. Memorandum by Berle, July 12, 1940, 710.11/2551 and memorandum by Welles, Feb. 19, 1941, 710.11/2679, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 373; Gannon, Operation Drumbeat, xvii and 84.

33. Presidential Press Conference, July 8, 1941, Reel 9.

34. Lindbergh, Wartime Journals, 515–16.

35. Keegan, Second World War, 106–7 and 538–39; Gannon, Operation Drumbeat, 82–96; Shirer, Third Reich, 1149–53.

36. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 10:272–77.

37. Wilson, First Summit, 94–238; Welles, Time for Decision, 174–77.

38. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 392–93.

39. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 10:384–92.

40. Ibid., 10:438–44; Presidential Press Conference, Oct. 28, 1941, Reel 9; Leahy diary, Oct. 29, 1941, Box 10, pp. 132–36.

41. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 393–95.

CHAPTER 11: HULL LOSES CONTROL

1. Jonathan Utley, “The United States Entry into the Pacific War,” 1–2, Gellman Papers.

2. Orange County Register, Aug. 4, 1994, 22, Gellman Papers; Rusbridger and Nave, Betrayal at Pearl Harbor, 154, 159–60, and 177–80.

3. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 377–78.

4. Utley, Going to War, 64–81; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 236; Hull, Memoirs, 1:717–24; Cole, Roosevelt and Isolationists, 488–92.

5. Moffat diary, Oct. 6–10, 1940; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 330–32; “America Faces the War,” Dec. 30, 1940, 740.0011 EW 1939/8035, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Utley, Going to War, 83–137; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 236–43; Hull, Memoirs, 1:724–30 and 888–916; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 380.

6. King diary, Apr. 17, 1941.

7. Stimson diary, May 27, 1941, Vol. 34; Walker diary, Oct. 14, 1944.

8. Conversations with Welles, Feb. 11, Apr. 29, and June 28, 1941, Fisher Papers.

9. Utley, Going to War, 138–56; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 271–75 and 300–2; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:190; Moffat diary, July 10–12, 1941.

10. Moffat diary, Sept. 19–23, 1941.

11. Ibid., Dec. 1–4, 1941; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 2:170–75.

12. Clausen and Lee, Pearl Harbor, 169.

13. Biddle diary, Dec. 7, 1941; memorandum by Hull, June 9, 1942, Farley Papers, Box 45; 1941 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Utley, Going to War, 157–75; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 302–10.

14. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 35.

15. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 317–23; Burns, Roosevelt, 163–201; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 162–72; Toland, Adolf Hitler, 691–97.

16. Cordell Hull medical records, July 6, 1945, Gellman Papers; Hull to Messersmith, Aug. 11, 1945, Hull Papers, Folder 146; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1724.

17. Pearl Harbor Committee Report, 457, 541, 551, and 560; New York Times, Nov. 24, 1945, 1; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1724; Prange, At Dawn We Slept, 682–84; Clausen and Lee, Pearl Harbor, 249–50.

18. Hinton, Cordell Hull, viii.

19. Wallace statement, Dec. 27, 1941, Wallace Papers, Reel 23.

20. Ickes, Secret Diary, 3:339.

21. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 14–15; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, xxxii–xxxiii and 377.

22. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 134–35.

23. Leahy diary, Dec. 14, 1941, Box 10, pp. 169–71; Anglin, St. Pierre, 3–129; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 358–62; Aglion, Roosevelt and de Gaulle, 54 and 59–61.

24. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 317–23; Churchill, Second World War, 558–70.

25. Ickes diary, Dec. 21–23, 1941, Box 8; Anglin, St. Pierre, 82–126; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 362–70; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:318 and 320–22; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 388–91; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1127–37; Welles, Seven Decisions, 61–64 and 162–63; Aglion, Roosevelt and de Gaulle, 61–67.

26. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 483 and 488.

27. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 393 and 395; Israel, War Diary, 239–41 and 247; Krock, Memoirs, 203–5; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 1:.326.

28. King diary, Dec. 27, 1941, and Dec. 4, 1942.

29. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 30, 1944, Gellman Papers; 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 35.

30. Israel, War Diary, 242–43.

31. Hull to FDR, Jan. 16, 1942, Hull Papers, Folder 148.

32. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1137–38; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 378–79.

33. Welles to McGurk, Dec. 17, 1941, 710, consultation 3/55, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 120–22.

34. Welles to Bowers, Jan. 7, 1942, Bowers Papers.

35. Israel, War Diary, 237.

36. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 122–24.

37. Welles to Hull, Jan. 13, 1942, Hull Papers, Box 50.

38. Hull to Welles, Jan 15, 1942, Hull Papers, Box 50.

39. Welles, Seven Decisions, 105–6.

40. Radio broadcast, Jan. 21, 1942, Sevareid Papers, Box D-1; New York Times, July 29, 1945, part IV, 3:7.

41. Stimson diary, Jan. 25, 1942, Vol. 37; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Aug. 29, 1944; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 398; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1146–50; Welles, Seven Decisions, xii–xv and 115–17; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 124–25.

42. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 399.

43. Welles to Pearson, Apr. 10, 1944, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 125–26.

44. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 379–80.

45. Ibid., 378–79; 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1149–50; radio memorandum, Feb. 1942, Pearson Papers, F 155, 3 of 3, Hull, Cordell #3.

46. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 400.

CHAPTER 12: WORKING FOR VICTORY

1. Gannon, Operation Drumbeat, xvi, 71, 96–99, and 388–90; Keegan, Second World War, 107–10.

2. King diary, Dec. 5, 1942; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 388; Larrabee, Commander in Chief, 644.

3. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 210–57; Langer diss., “Formation of American Aid Policy,” 1–114; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 11–100.

4. Schuker to author, Dec. 11, 1990, Gellman Papers; Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 300–7; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 244–45; Breitman, Architect of Genocide; Gilbert, Holocaust, 19–823; Wyman, Abandonment of Jews, 311–13; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:293; Yahil, Holocaust, 451–56; Dawidowicz, War against Jews, 349; Laquer, Terrible Secret, 196–204.

5. Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 11:193–95 and 250; Presidential Press Conference, July 17, 1942, Reel 10; Hassett, Off the Record, 132–33.

6. Berle diary, Feb. 1, 1942, Box 213.

7. 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Welles, Seven Decisions, 120.

8. Stuart, Department of State, 371–73.

9. Biddle diary, Mar. 6, 1942.

10. Ibid., Feb. 6, 1942; Ickes diary, Feb. 1–7, 1942, Box 8; Corrigan to Welles, Feb. 19, 1942, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 55–65; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 172–73.

11. Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 88–94.

12. Bowers diary, Oct. 9, 10, and 11, and Duggan to Bowers, Oct. 14, 1942, Bowers Papers; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Oct. 21, 1942; Israel, War Diary, 286.

13. Memorandums on Welles, Aug. 26 and Sept. 25, 1942, Fisher Papers; memorandum, Nov. 17, 1943, Pearson Papers, G 242, 2 of 3; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 379–80.

14. Hurstfield, America and French Nation, 156–61; Bullitt, For the President, 505–6; Aglion, Roosevelt and de Gaulle, 112–15; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 363–66.

15. Wyman, Paper Walls, 209–13; Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 295–300; Dawidowicz, War against Jews, 345–47; Welles to Lazaron, July 2, 1940, Lazaron Papers, Box 13; Wise to Welles, Jan. 14, 1941, Wise Papers; Wyman, Abandonment of Jews, 84; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 146–66.

16. Welles to Lazaron, Mar. 31, 1942, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 4:344–59; Welles, We Need Not Fail, 17–27; Yahil, Holocaust, 607.

17. Wyman, Abandonment of Jews, 42–51; Yahil, Holocaust, 606–8; Urofsky, Voice That Spoke, 3–254; Voss, Rabbi and Minister, 313.

18. Voss, Rabbi and Minister, 314.

19. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 280; Stuart, Department of State, 378–79; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 382–84; Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 11–15.

20. Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 28–33; memorandum by Gosnell, Feb. 2, 1948, Welles file; Stuart, Department of State, 379–81; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 385–95.

21. Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 66–82.

22. Welles to MacLeish, Aug. 13, 1942, MacLeish Papers, Box 20.

23. Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 95–108.

24. Sweetser to Grady, Aug. 7, 1941, and memorandum by Sweetser, Aug. 6, 1942, Box 32, and Sweetser to Welles, Aug. 5, Welles to Sweetser, Aug. 7, 1941, and interview with Welles, Nov. 27, 1942, Box 40, Sweetser Papers; memorandum by Gosnell, Feb. 2, 1948, Welles file.

25. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 388; Welles to Pearson, Feb. 25, 1948, Pearson Papers, G 87, 3 of 3; Welles, Seven Decisions, 172–81.

26. Biddle diary, Nov. 20, 1942.

27. Davis to Burlingham, Feb. 11, 1942, Davis Papers, Box 3.

28. Davies diary, Apr. 9, 1942, Box 11.

29. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 836; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 310–11, Gellman Papers; memorandum, July 27, 1942, Pearson Papers, G 247, 1 of 2.

30. Presidential Press Conference, Feb. 24, 1942, Reel 10.

31. Berle diary, Mar. 28, 1942, Box 213; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 406.

32. King diary, Dec. 4, 1942.

33. Gray to Davis, Feb. 26, 1942, Davis Papers, Box 27.

34. Frances Hull to Davis, late Feb. 1942, Davis Papers, Box 27.

35. Davis to Burlingham, Feb. 11, 1942, Davis Papers, Box 3; memorandum on Hull, Feb. 13, 1942, Farley Papers, Box 45; Wallace to Hull, Mar. 30, 1942, Wallace Papers, Reel 23.

36. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 62–63; Alsop, “I’ve Seen the Best of It,” 144–45.

37. 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1181–82; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 410; Israel, War Diary, 258–59; Biddle diary, Apr. 24, 1942; Hassett, Off the Record, 42; Wallace to FDR, Mar. 26, 1942, Wallace Papers, Reel 23; Blum, Price of Vision, 58.

38. Biddle diary, May 14 and 15, 1942; Berle diary, Apr. 14 and May 14, 1942, Box 214; Presidential Press Conference, May 1, 1942, Reel 10; Blum, Price of Vision, 67–68 and 79; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1154–57.

39. Farley, James Farley Story, 349.

40. New York Times, Dec. 27, 1942; Welles to Wallace, Dec. 30, 1942, Wallace Papers, Reel 24.

41. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1379.

42. Memorandum by Hull, May 14, 1942, Hull Papers, Box 50; memorandum of conversation, May 14, 1942, Morgenthau Papers, Box 5, presidential diaries.

43. Memorandum of conversation, May 15, 1942, Morgenthau Papers, Box 5, presidential diaries; Blum, Price of Vision, 80; Stimson diary, May 21, 1942, Vol. 39.

44. Berle diary, June 27, 1942, Box 214; Farley, James Farley Story, 349.

45. Berle diary, July 25, 1942, Box 214; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1177–79; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 62–63.

46. Ferrell, Dear Bess, 481.

47. Grollman diss., “Cordell Hull,” 186.

48. Memorandum by Sweetser, Aug. 6, 1942, Sweetser Papers, Box 32.

49. Hooker, Moffat Papers, 388.

50. Memorandum on Hull, Aug. 27, 1942, Fisher Papers; King diary, Dec. 4, 1942; Biddle diary, Dec. 31, 1942.

51. Burns, Roosevelt, 315–16; Hurstfield, America and French Nation, 185–93; Aglion, Roosevelt and De Gaulle, 150–55.

52. King diary, Dec. 5, 1943; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 373–75.

53. Hassett, Off the Record, 166–67; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:178; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 5:34–35; Davis, “Roosevelt’s World Blueprint.”

54. Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 247–49 and 256–58.

55. Welles, World of Four Freedoms, 109–21; Welles to Inman, Mar. 1 and 18, 1943, Inman Papers, Box 15; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 158 and 165.

56. Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 5:39–41; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:223–26; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 201–2; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 397–400; Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 248.

57. Memorandum on Welles, early 1943, Fisher Papers.

58. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 163–64; Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 249; memorandum of conversation, May 7, 1943, 711.61/891 1/2, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.

59. Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 231–49.

60. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 191.

61. Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 167–239.

62. Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 248 and 253–54.

CHAPTER 13: RUINING WELLES

1. Israel, War Diary, 262.

2. Ibid., 273; Stimson diary, June 2, 1942, Vol. 39; memorandum on Hull, June 11, 1942, Farley Papers, Box 45; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1229.

3. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 415.

4. Israel, War Diary, 277; also see Stimson diary, July 7, 1942, Vol. 39.

5. Ickes diary, Feb. 1–7 and 8–15, and Mar. 30, 1942, Box 8; Biddle diary, Feb. 6 and 7, and May 22, 1942.

6. Wallace diary, Mar. 31, 1942, Box 13.

7. Bullitt, For the President, 551–53.

8. Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 232; Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 27.

9. Wallace diary, May 20, 1942, Box 14.

10. Bullitt, For the President, 555.

11. Ibid., 557–62; Castle diary, Aug. 30 and Sept. 2, 1942; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 233; Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 286–89.

12. Israel, War Diary, 281; Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover, 287; Wallace Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 2656; Biddle diary, May 22, 1942; Morgan, FDR, 684.

13. Israel, War Diary, 281 and 324–25.

14. Ibid., 286; 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39.

15. Memorandum by Hoover, Oct. 29, 1942, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

16. Reston, Deadline, 103; confirmed by author in telephone conversation with James Reston, Dec. 13, 1991, Gellman Papers.

17. Robert Ferrell to author, Sept. 6, 1979, Gellman Papers.

18. Rockefeller interview, Gellman Papers; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 354–59, Gellman Papers.

19. Memorandum for Hoover, Nov. 13, 1942, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; Billings to Pearson, Feb. 21, 1967, Pearson Papers, G 247, 1 of 2; Daniels, White House Witness, 174–75.

20. Berle diary, Oct. 27, 1942, Box 214; King diary, Dec. 4, 1942; Ickes diary, Dec. 27, 1942, Box 9; Sulzberger, Low Row of Candles, 200; Hooker, Moffat Papers, 387.

21. Welles to Sweetser, Dec. 9, 1942, Sweetser Papers, Box 35.

22. Blum, Price of Vision, 91 and 136; Reston, Deadline, 112; Johnson, Selected Letters, 439–40.

23. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 431.

24. Leahy diary, Mar. 4, 1943, Box 11; memorandum by Davies, Mar. 12, 1943, Davies Papers, Box 12; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 5:31–32; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 163–64 and 172; Lash, Diaries of Felix Frankfurter, 246–47; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” June 16, 1943; Stimson diary, June 16, 1943, Vol. 43.

25. Stimson diary, June 18, 1943, Vol. 43.

26. Memorandum on Hull, early 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; Loewenheim et al., Roosevelt and Churchill, 60; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1367 and 1570.

27. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 434; Blum, Price of Vision, 172; Bullitt, For the President, 589–90.

28. Bullitt, For the President, 589.

29. Ickes diary, Feb. 14, 1943, Box 10.

30. Ibid., Mar. 6, 1943; memorandum on Hull, early 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; 1942 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1213 and 1493; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 434.

31. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1213.

32. Eden, The Reckoning, 436.

33. Ibid., 440–41.

34. Ickes diary, Mar. 6 and Apr. 6, 1943, Box 10; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 406 and 434; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1213; Berle diary, Mar. 28, 1942, Box 213; Lash, Diaries of Felix Frankfurter, 204–5.

35. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Apr. 8, 1943.

36. Lash, Diaries of Felix Frankfurter, 204–5 and 250.

37. Ickes diary, Apr. 25, 1943, Box 10; Biddle, In Brief Authority, 179–80.

38. Wallace diary, Sept. 30, Box 23, and Oct. 12, 1943, Box 24; Biddle diary, Dec. 12, 1941; Blum, Price of Vision, 28, 78, 96–97, and 226; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 220, 248, and 255; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 152.

39. Biddle, In Brief Authority, 247.

40. Memorandum on Welles, 1943, and draft of All in One Life Time, Byrnes Papers.

41. Wallace Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection); New York Times, Dec. 26, 1961; Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 33; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, x and xii.

42. Memorandum by Hoover, May 3, 1943, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers; Wallace diary, May 23 and Sept. 30, 1943, Box 23.

43. Ickes diary, May 9, 1943, Box 10.

44. Bullitt, For the President, 514–16; Childs, Witness to Power, 15–17; Martin, Cissy, 446–47.

45. Biddle diary, May 6, 1943.

46. Memorandum on Hull, May 8, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; Wallace diary, Aug. 21, 1943, Box 23.

47. Castle diary, May 2, 1943; Israel, War Diary, 311; Graff, Strategy of Involvement, 401.

48. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 438; memorandum on Welles, June 24, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; Farley, James Farley Story, 361.

49. Morgenthau diary, July 9, 1943, Vol. 647.

50. 1943 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Welles to Early, July 12, 1943, Early Papers, Box 21; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 215–17; Israel, War Diary, 324.

51. Castle diary, July 19 and Aug. 1 and 5, 1943; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 440; Hassett, Off the Record, 191.

52. Memorandum on Hull, Dec. 21, 1943, Krock Papers, Box 29; Wallace diary, Aug. 21, 1943, Box 23; presidential diary, Aug. 26, 1943, Morgenthau Papers, Box 5; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 231–32; Krock, Memoirs, 26, 35, and 63; Pearson to Welles, Feb. 15, 1945, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Krock, Consent of the Governed, 108–9.

53. Ickes diary, Aug. 15, 1943, Box 10; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:543; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:387–88.

54. Israel, War Diary, 322–23; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1230; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:429.

55. Memorandum, Folder: Hull, Cordell, Dec. 21, 1943, Krock Papers, Box 29; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1231; Krock, Memoirs, 205–7.

56. Memorandum on Hull, Aug. 16, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45.

57. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1226; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 443.

CHAPTER 14: RESIGNATION

1. Welles to FDR, Aug. 16, 1943, President’s Secretary File, Box 96; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 836.

2. Wallace diary, Aug. 21, 1943, Box 23, and Aug. 21 and 23, 1943; Wallace Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection); Blum, Price of Vision, 237–41.

3. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 443 and 445; Israel, War Diary, 323; Welles to Corrigan, Aug. 22, 1943, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Welles to Lane, Aug. 22, 1943, Lane Papers, Box 21.

4. Wallace diary, Oct. 12, 1943, Box 24; Pearson to Welles, Aug. 24, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

5. Maine Coast Sampler, 13 and 19, Gellman Papers; Bar Harbor, 1, Gellman Papers; Street, Mount Desert, 164.

6. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 444; Washington Herald, Aug. 24, 1943; Washington Post, Aug. 26, 1943; New York Times, Aug. 27, 1943; Time, Aug. 23, 1943, 17–18.

7. Wallace diary, Aug. 24, 1943, Box 23; Castle diary, Aug. 24, 1943; Pearson to Welles, Aug. 25, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

8. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 444; Israel, War Diary, 323, 327; New York Herald Tribune, Aug. 26, 1943; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1242; New York Times, Aug. 29, 1943.

9. Ickes diary, May 24, 1942, Box 8, and Aug. 29, 1943, Box 10; Wallace diary, Aug. 24, 1943, Box 23; Castle diary, Aug. 27, 1943.

10. Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 186–87.

11. Hull to McLaughlin, Sept. 17, 1942, Hull Papers, Box 50.

12. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Aug. 26, 1943.

13. Ibid., Aug. 31, 1943.

14. Ickes diary, Sept. 5, 1943, Box 11; Pearson to Blagden, Sept. 9, 1943, Pearson Papers, G 210, 2 of 5.

15. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 444; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:430–31; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:557.

16. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1254–55.

17. Editor and Publisher, Aug. 30, 1943, Pearson Papers, G 236, 1 of 3.

18. Presidential Press Conference, Aug. 31, 1943, Reel 11.

19. Pearson to Blagden, Sept. 9, 1943, G 210, 2 of 5, and Pearson to Filler, Sept. 13, 1943, F 104, 3 of 3, Pearson Papers; Klurfeld, Behind the Lines, 68–79; Pilat, Drew Pearson, 175–79.

20. Pearson to Welles, Aug. 30, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

21. Ibid.; memorandum for the president, Sept. 3, 1943, and Hull to Byrnes, Sept. 14 and Oct. 4, 1943, Byrnes Papers; memorandum, Folder: Hull, Cordell, Dec. 21, 1943, Krock Papers, Box 29.

22. Telemeter to Hoover, Sept. 2, and Hoover to Watson, and memorandum for the attorney general, Sept. 14, 1943, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. File, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

23. Memorandum for attorney general, Sept. 14, 1943, Sumner Welles Federal Bureau of Investigation O.C. file, Washington, D.C., Gellman Papers.

24. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 10, 1943.

25. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 5, 1943; Time, Sept. 6, 1943, 6.

26. Stimson diary, Sept. 7, 1943, Vol. 44; New York Times, Sept. 27, 1943, 18.

27. Blum, Price of Vision, 248.

28. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 446; Israel, War Diary, 330.

29. Daniels to Robins, Sept. 9, 1943, Daniel Papers, Box 821.

30. Welles, Seven Decisions, 150; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 836; Hassett, Off the Record, 150–204; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:454.

31. Welles to Hull, Sept. 21, 1943, President’s Secretary File, Box 96; Wallace diary, Oct. 12, 1943, Box 24.

32. Welles to FDR, Sept. 21, 1943, President’s Secretary File, Box 96.

33. Draft and Executive Order 9380, Sept. 25, 1943, Byrnes Papers.

34. Blum, Price of Vision, 260.

35. Bullitt, For the President, 517.

36. Welles to MacLeish, Oct. 2, 1943, MacLeish Papers, Box 20; Taussig to Welles, Oct. 3, 1943, Taussig Papers, Box 35; Morgenthau to Welles, Oct. 6, 1943, Morgenthau Papers, Box 670.

37. Frankfurter to Welles, late Sept. 1943, Frankfurter Papers, Box 111.

38. Castle diary, Sept. 10, 1943.

39. Israel, War Diary, 324.

40. Boswell diss., “Buddha Bill,” 207–8.

41. Guffey to Bowers, Mar. 8, 1943, Bowers Papers.

42. Memorandum on Bullitt, Mar. 30, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45.

43. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 298–300; New York Times, Oct. 31, 1943, sec. IV, 7.

44. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 448–49.

45. Memorandum to Hull, Aug. 26, 1943, Berle Papers, Box 215.

46. Wise to Welles, Oct. 3, 1943, Wise Papers, Box 66–3.

47. Lazaron to Welles, Nov. 4, 1943, Lazaron Papers, Box 9.

48. Israel, War Diary, 325.

CHAPTER 15: HULL’S LAST YEAR

1. Israel, War Diary, 323; Stuart, Department of State, 383.

2. Memorandum for the president, Sept. 21, 1943, Byrnes Papers; Stuart, Department of State, 383.

3. Memorandum on Stettinius, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 293; Krock, Memoirs, 180.

4. Executive Order 9380, Sept. 25, 1943, Byrnes Papers.

5. Walker, “E. R. Stettinius, Jr.,” 1–10; Campbell, Masquerade Peace, 9.

6. Messersmith to Watson, Sept. 27, 1943, Watson Papers, Box 25; Stettinius to Welles, Sept. 28, 1943, Stettinius Papers, Box 716; New York Times, Sept. 26, 1943.

7. Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 53–54.

8. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1256.

9. Campbell, Masquerade Peace, 9 and 293.

10. Bowers, My Life, 318; Duggan, The Americas, 60 and 102–3.

11. Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 457–58, Gellman Papers.

12. Pearson to Welles, Dec. 27, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

13. Campbell and Herring, Diaries, 73–75.

14. 1943 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 39; Bowers diary, Sept. 2 and Nov. 7, 1943; Bowers, My Life, 301.

15. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 313–14.

16. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1254–55; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 449; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 2:579–80; Leahy diary, Sept. 17 and 23, 1943, Box 11, 28; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 2:462–64 and 490; Sulzberger, Low Row of Candles, 221; memorandum by Corrigan, Dec. 1, 1943, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Wallace diary, Sept. 30, 1943, Box 23.

17. Farley, James Farley Story, 362.

18. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; memorandum on Hull, Dec. 10, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; Wallace diary, Oct. 12, 1943, Box 24; Leahy diary, Sept. 23, 1943, Box 11; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1253–55 and 1274–78; Sulzberger, Low Row of Candles, 221.

19. Ickes diary, Nov. 13, 1943, Box 11; New York Times, Nov. 10, 1943; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Nov. 12, 1943.

20. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1277–1313; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 2:581–94; James, Anthony Eden, 276–77; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 102–3.

21. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1279–1318; James, Anthony Eden, 276–77; Hassett, Off the Record, 216 and 218–19; Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; memorandum by Corrigan, Dec. 1, 1943, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Farley, James Farley Story, 362.

22. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 475–76; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 419–20.

23. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1314–15.

24. Lash, World of Love, 90.

25. Memorandum by Corrigan, Dec. 1, 1943, Corrigan Papers, Box 10.

26. Ickes diary, Nov. 13, 1943, Box 11; Castle diary, Nov. 11, 1943; New York Times, Nov. 10, 1943; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Nov. 12, 1943; memorandum on Welles, Nov. 22, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45; memorandum, Nov. 17, 1943, Pearson Papers, G 242, 2 of 4; Divine, Second Chance, 154–55.

27. Welles to Pearson, Feb. 17, 1948, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 477–79; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 301–4; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 425–30; Burns, Roosevelt, 402–5.

28. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 430–40; Burns, Roosevelt, 406–14; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 479–90.

29. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 492–93; Pearson to Welles, Dec. 14, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Biddle diary, Dec. 17, 1943.

30. King diary, Dec. 6, 1943; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 1:601.

31. Memorandum on Hull and the Moscow conference, Nov. 22, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45.

32. Memorandums on Hull and Welles and Hull and the Moscow conference, Dec. 10, 1943, Farley Papers, Box 45.

33. Memorandum on Hull, Dec. 21, 1943, Krock Papers, Box 29; Krock, Memoirs, 205–7.

34. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 450; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 757; Stuart, Department of State, 389–96.

35. Park, Impact of Illness, 225–33; Gallagher, Splendid Deception, 178–91.

36. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 508–15.

37. Bullitt, For the President, 602–3.

38. Ibid., 603–4.

39. Leahy diary, Mar. 11, 1944, Box 11; Ickes diary, July 2, 1944, Box 12; Blum, Price of Vision, 383.

40. Stimson diary, May 17, 1944, Vol. 47; Ickes diary, July 2, 1944, Box 12; memorandum of conversation, May 7, 1944, Morgenthau Papers, Box 5, presidential diaries; Blum, Price of Vision, 383.

41. Bullitt, For the President, 604–5; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 176–77.

42. Memorandum on Hull, Jan. 19, 1944, Fisher Papers; 1944 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 40; Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1493 and 1554.

43. Davies diary, Mar. 5, 1944, Box 14.

44. Blum, Price of Vision, 312.

45. Memorandum on Hull, Sept. 10, 1943, Wise Papers; Schuker to author, Dec. 11, 1990, Gellman Papers; Wyman, Abandonment of Jews, 190.

46. Morgenthau diary, Dec. 18, 1943, Vol. 688; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, 324–25; Wyman, Abandonment of Jews, 184–85; Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 239–40.

47. Feingold, Politics of Rescue, 241–47; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthaus, 326–33; Breitman and Kraut, American Refugee Policy, 190–202.

48. Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 352–54, Gellman Papers.

49. Bowers to Duggan, Nov. 4, 1943, Bowers Papers.

50. Jonathan to Josephus Daniels, Dec. 4, 1943, Daniel Papers, Box 824; Wallace to Rockefeller, Dec. 15, 1943, Wallace Papers, Box 87.

51. Bowers diary, Nov. 7, 1944; Pearson to Welles, Nov. 29, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Duggan, The Americas, 103.

52. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 185–87.

53. Blum, Price of Vision, 309; Rockefeller interview, Aug. 11 and 12, 1976, Gellman Papers.

54. Morgenthau diary, Aug. 18, 1944, Box 763; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 352–54, Gellman Papers; Dilks, Diaries, 654; Woodward, British Foreign Policy, 4:73–79; Pearson to Welles, Nov. 29, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 191–95.

55. Roosevelt, F.D.R., 2:1495.

56. Ibid., 2:1511–12; Roosevelt to Bowers, Mar. 24 and Apr. 25, 1944, Bowers Papers; Long diary, Sept. 29, 1944, Box 5; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 377–79, Gellman Papers; Presidential Press Conferences, July 9 and 11, and Oct. 13, 1944, Reel 12; Rosenman, Public Papers and Addresses, 13:298–300 and 419–20.

57. Duggan to Hull, July 19, 1944, Hull Papers, Box 53; also see memorandum by Morgenthau, Sept. 6, 1944, Morgenthau Papers, Box 770; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 351 and 357–58, Gellman Papers; Duggan, The Americas, 101–7 and 199–201.

58. Divine, Second Chance, 184–85; Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, 30–66.

59 Divine, Second Chance, 190–203.

60. Wallace diary, Oct. 12, 1943, Box 24; New York Times, Oct. 16, 1943; Welles to Pearson, Nov. 23, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles to Wallace, May 15, 1944, Wallace Papers, Reel 50–1253; Welles, Seven Decisions, 154.

61. New York Herald Tribune, May 19 and 30, and June 25, 1944; Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 23; Welles, Time for Decision, 240–41 and 403–5; Welles, “Shaping of Our Future,” 41–44; Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 214–16.

62. New York Herald Tribune, Mar. 10, 1944, and also see Apr. 26 and Oct. 13, 1944.

63. Welles to Pearson, Dec. 20, 1943, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Welles to Corrigan, Dec. 6, 1943, Corrigan Papers, Box 10; Davies diary, Jan. 6, 1944, Box 14; Ickes diary, May 7, 1944, Box 11; Welles to Lazaron, Oct. 29, 1943, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; memorandum on Welles, May 16, 1944, Fisher Papers.

64. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 456; Lash, World of Love, 139; Burns, Roosevelt, 515; James and Brown, Book Review Digest 1944, 795–96.

65. Stimson diary, Sept. 12, 1944, Vol. 48.

66. Stettinius diary, July 6, 1944, Box 241; Morgenthau diary, Aug. 18, 1944, Box 763; Welles, Time for Decision, 55.

67. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 17, 1944.

68. New York Times, Oct. 16, 1943; Davies diary, Nov. 26, 1944, Box 14.

69. Reston, Deadline, 103; telephone conversation between author and James Reston, Dec. 13, 1991, Gellman Papers.

70. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 454–65 and 485–98; Burns, Roosevelt, 441–42 and 473–83.

71. 1944 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 40; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1455; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 116–17.

72. Memorandum of conversation, May 7, 1944, Morgenthau Papers, Box 5, presidential diary; Israel, War Diary, 356.

73. Welles to Wallace, July 22, 1944, Wallace Papers, L 19–241; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1714; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 525–38; Divine, Foreign Policy, 91–125, and Second Chance, 205–11; Ferrell, Choosing Truman, 1–95.

74. Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin, 259–78.

75. Ibid., 267; Hilderbrand, Dumbarton Oaks, 67–244; Divine, Second Chance, 215–28.

76. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1602–22; Farley, James Farley Story, 369; Krock, Memoirs, 208; Morgenthau, Mostly Morgenthau, 350–90; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 550–53.

77. Divine, Foreign Policy, 91–164.

78. Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 2:65 and 67.

79. Burns, Roosevelt, 503–6.

80. Park, Impact of Illness, 233–43.

81. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 562–67.

82. Hassett, Off the Record, 294.

83. 1944 Calendar, Hull Papers, Reel 40; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1455 and 1714; Blum, Price of Vision, 382.

84. Stimson diary, Sept. 25, 1944, Vol. 48; Israel, War Diary, 383.

85. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1622.

86. Pearson to Welles, Aug. 18, 1944, and Welles to Pearson, Aug. 30, 1944, and Sept. 14, 1944, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Newsweek, Aug. 21, 1944, 96, 98, 100, and 102; New York Times, Oct. 5 and 12, 1944.

87. Stimson diary, Sept. 20, 1944, Vol. 48.

88. Long diary, Sept. 29, 1944, Box 5; New York Times, Oct. 13, 1944; Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 85; Campbell and Herring, Diaries, 160.

89. Welles to Corrigan, Oct. 6, 1944, Corrigan Papers, Box 10.

90. Morgenthau diary and memorandum of conversation, Aug. 18, 1944, Box 763, and Sept. 8, 1944, Box 770; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 352–54, Gellman Papers.

91. Memorandum on Hull, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; Blum, Price of Vision, 382.

92. Memorandum on Hull, Sept. 29, 1944, Farley Papers, Box 45; Farley, James Farley Story, 368.

93. Krock, Memoirs, 208.

94. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1622; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 342–46.

95. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 20, 1944, Gellman Papers; Israel, War Diary, 386; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 208.

96. Walker diary, Oct. 14, 1944.

97. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 432.

98. Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 21, 1944, Gellman Papers; Stettinius diary, Oct. 5, 1944, Notter file, Box 158, Record Group 59, National Archives, Washington, D.C.; Israel, War Diary, 386–87; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 470; Krock, Memoirs, 209–10; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1714–19.

99. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 87; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 452 and 458; Hassett, Off the Record, 297; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1715–18.

100. Davies diary, Nov. 26, 1944, Box 15.

101. Hull to FDR, Nov. 21, 1944, Hull Papers.

102. FDR to Hull, Nov. 21, 1944, Hull Papers.

103. Presidential Press Conference, Nov. 27, 1944, Reel 12; Ickes diary, Dec. 2, 1944, Box 12; Stimson diary, Nov. 27 and Dec. 12, 1944, Vol. 49; Saavedra Lamas to Hull, Dec. 14, 1944, Hull Papers, Box 54; Sayre to Hull, Nov. 28, 1944, Sayre Papers, Box 4; memorandum on Hull, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45.

104. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 466.

105. Stuart, Department of State, 397.

106. Roosevelt, My Parents, 183–84; Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 447.

107. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 88.

108. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1109–11; Krock, Memoirs, 203.

CHAPTER 16: ROOSEVELT’S LAST MONTHS

1. Cordell Hull medical records, Dec. 22, 1944, and Jan. 8 and 31, 1945, Gellman Papers; Krock, Memoirs, 211.

2. Memorandum on Hull, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45.

3. Bowers to Daniels, Dec, 2, 1944, and Daniels to Bowers, Dec. 9, 1944, Daniel Papers, Box 829.

4. Bowers diary, Nov. 7, 1944; memorandums on Nov. 25 and 29, 1944, and Jan. 27 and Feb. 3, 1945, Fisher Papers; Welles to MacLeish, Dec. 5, 1944, and Aug. 20, 1945, MacLeish Papers, Box 20; Welles to Wallace, Jan. 19, 1945, R-27, 837, and Wallace to Welles, Feb. 8, 1945, R-30, 754, Wallace Papers; Pearson to Welles, Feb. 15, 1945, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

5. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 347–49; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 458, 464, and 469; Stuart, Department of State, 397.

6. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 468.

7. Ibid., 470; Ickes diary, Dec. 2, 1944, Box 12; presidential diary, memorandum of conversation, Nov. 27, 1944, Morgenthau Papers, Box 6.

8. Stuart, Department of State, 414–16.

9. Davies diary, Nov. 26, 1944, Box 15.

10. Schwarz, Liberal, 248; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 435–36, Gellman Papers; Hassett, Off the Record, 303–4; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 468, 475, 479, and 485; Stuart, Department of State, 397–99.

11. Heinrichs, Amercian Ambassador, 1–371.

12. Johnson, Turbulent Era, 2:1383–86.

13. Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 221, 223–34, and 238–45.

14. Ibid., 225–26; Bohlen, Transformation, 11–80; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 126–31.

15. Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 577–92; Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 507–19; Burns, Roosevelt, 573–82; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 360–69; Park, Impact of Illness, 250–82; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 132–37; Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 244–46.

16. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 371–73; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 593–98.

17. Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 435–36, Gellman Papers; Campbell and Herring, Diaries, 158–60; Schwarz, Liberal, 248.

18. Rockefeller interview, Aug. 11 and 12, 1976, Gellman Papers.

19. Memorandum on Welles, Feb. 3, 1945, Fisher Papers; New York Times, Apr. 12, 1945.

20. Gellman, Good Neighbor Diplomacy, 148–50 and 196–203.

21. Ibid., 204–9.

22. Ibid., 204; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 212–17.

23. Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt, 520–27.

24. Biddle diary, Mar. 2 and 16, 1945.

25. Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 2:325–31 and 334; Ferrell, Ill-Advised, 28–48.

26. King diary, Mar. 13, 1945.

27. Shoumatoff, Unfinished Portrait, 80–90; Burns, Roosevelt, 198–99.

28. Hassett, Off the Record, 324–25.

29. DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 138; Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny, 601–2.

30. King diary, April 23 and 24, 1940; Bishop, FDR’s Last Year, 633–720.

31. Shoumatoff, Unfinished Portrait, 98–119.

32. Ibid., 119–22; Lippman, Squire of Warm Springs, 237–40.

33. Leahy diary, Apr. 12, 1945, Box 12, 55; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 526–28; Brinkley, Washington Goes to War, 273; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 539–40.

34. FDR’s services, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45.

35. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1721.

36. New York Times, Apr. 17, 1945.

37. Davies diary, Apr. 12, 1945, Box 16.

38. Emerson to Israel, Feb. 7, 1977, Cohen Papers, Box 9.

CHAPTER 17: THOSE WHO SURVIVED

1. Memorandum on Truman, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, xiii, xiv, and xvii; Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, 3:632–33.

2. Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 546–47.

3. A. Vandenberg diary, Apr. 13, 1945, Box 6; Vandenberg, Private Papers, 167–68.

4. Stimson diary, Apr. 29, 1945, Vol. 51.

5. Rockefeller interview, Aug. 11 and 12, 1976, Gellman Papers; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 457–58, Gellman Papers.

6. Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 261–68.

7. Divine, Second Chance, 292–98; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 138–39.

8. Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, 276–87; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 142–54; McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 374–91.

9. Walker, “E. R. Stettinius, Jr.,” 77; Nicholas, Washington Dispatches, 584–85; Rockefeller Papers (Columbia Oral History Collection), 623–25, Gellman Papers.

10. McJimsey, Harry Hopkins, 392–97.

11. Time, Nov. 7, 1949, 21; Walker, “E. R. Stettinius, Jr.,” 82.

12. Memorandum on Hull, Mar. 1, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; Cordell Hull medical records, Oct. 21, 1944, Gellman Papers; Caldwell, Last Crusade, 9–13.

13. King diary, Mar. 10, 1945; Pickersgill, MacKenzie King Record, 2:330–31.

14. Memorandum on Hull, Apr. 18, 1945, Farley Papers, Box 45; Blum, Price of Vision, 456.

15. Memorandum by Savage, May 3, 1945, Pasvolsky Papers, Box 5; San Francisco conference, Messersmith Papers, Vol. III, No. 14, Box 9; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Feb. 20, 1945; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1722–23; Stiller, George S. Messersmith, 221.

16. Memorandums of conversations, May 10 and June 6, 1945, Pasvolsky Papers, Box 4; San Francisco conference, May 12, 1945, Austin Papers, Box 68; Davies diary, May 22, 1945, Box 17; Stimson diary, June 4, 1945, Vol. 51; presidential diary, memorandum of conversation, June 20, 1945, Morgenthau Papers, Box 7; memorandum of Hull, Apr. 2, 1946, Hull Papers, Box 55; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” July 31, 1945; Krock, Memoirs, 209–11.

17. Memorandum of conversation, June 6, 1945, Pasvolsky Papers, Box 4.

18. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1719–28.

19. Frances Hull to Milton, May 14, 1937, Milton Papers, Box 21.

20. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1725; Washington Star, Dec. 5, 1945.

21. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1724–27; Cordell Hull medical records, Sept. 12, 1946–Jan. 2, 1949, Gellman Papers; Washington Star, Oct. 1 and Nov. 3, 1946, Oct. 1, 1947, and Oct. 1, 1948.

22. Pearson to Welles, Jan. 31, 1948, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; Hull, Memoirs, 2:1725–26; Washington Star, Oct. 1, 1947.

23. Hull, Memoirs, 2:1721.

24. Ibid., 2:1540.

25. Acheson, Present at the Creation, 87–88.

26. Branscomb to Hull, Mar. 17, 1951, and Hull to Branscomb, Apr. 4, 1951, Austin Papers, Box 48.

27. Press release, May 9, 1951, Austin Papers; author to Cordell Hull Foundation for International Education, Oct. 6, 1989, and Brinker to author, Oct. 25, 1989, Gellman Papers; newspaper article, Mar. 8, 1954, Austin to Dustin, July 26, 1955, Austin Papers, Box 48.

28. Cordell Hull medical records, Apr. 12, 1951–Aug. 29, 1952, Gellman Papers; New York Times, July 24, 1955.

29. Staunton Daily News Leader, Apr. 16, 1940, and Mar. 26 and 27, 1954, Gellman Papers; New York Herald Tribune, Mar. 27, 1954; New York Times, July 27, 1955.

30. New York Times, July 24 and 25, 1955.

31. Ibid., July 24, 1955.

32. Ibid., July 27, 1955.

33. Welles to Lazaron, Feb. 16 and Oct. 5, 1946, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; Welles to Kohler, Dec. 26, 1945, and May 9, 1947, Virginia Quarterly Review, Box 63 (292–A).

34. Welles to Wallace, June 1, 1945, Wallace diary, Box 35; Welles to Pearson, Mar. 21, 1945, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3; memorandums on Welles, Feb. 3 and May 17, 1945, Fisher Papers; New York Times, Feb. 2, and 3, Mar. 24, and Apr. 18, 1945.

35. Washington Post, Dec. 7, 1948, 13; Vandenberg to Welles, Dec. 7, 1948, and Welles to Vandenberg, Dec. 9, 1948, A. Vandenberg Papers, Box 3; radio address by Welles, Dec. 17, 1947, Sweetser Papers, Box 40; Welles to Wise, Aug. 15, 1946, Wise Papers, Box 85–9; New York Times, June 15, 1945, and Feb. 11, 16, and 18, Apr. 15, May 25, Aug. 15 and 18, and Oct. 2 and 3, 1946; Welles to Inman, Aug. 9, 1947, Inman Papers, Box 16; Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 224–41.

36. New York Times, Oct. 7 and 9, 1945, and Feb. 17, 1947.

37. Welles, Where Are We Heading?, 370.

38. Welles to Pell, Nov. 11, 1946, Pell Papers, Box 15; New York Times, May 27 and Dec. 2, 1946, and Jan. 6, 1947; Millis and Duffield, Forrestal Diaries, 172.

39. New York Times, Feb. 4, Apr. 17, and Dec. 24, 1945; Wise to Welles, Oct. 31, 1945, and Welles to Wise, Nov. 3, 1945, Wise Papers; Voss, Rabbi and Minister, 315.

40. Welles to Wise, May 23, 1946, and Wise to Welles, May 20, 1946, Wise Papers; Welles to Lazaron, Mar. 4 and Apr. 15, 1946, and Apr. 22, 1947, and Lazaron to Welles, Apr. 19, 1946, Lazaron Papers, Box 9; New York Times, May 15, 1946.

41. Welles to Wise, Jan. 14 and May 15, 1948, Wise Papers, Box 125–7; New York Times, Nov. 18, 1948; Welles, We Need Not Fail; Cohen, Truman and Israel, 276–81.

42. New York Times, Dec. 27 and 28, 1948, and Jan. 28, 1949; Welles to Austin, Jan. 10, 1949, Austin Papers, Box 65; confidential sources.

43. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Jan. 1, 1949.

44. Clark to White, Mar. 31 and May 10, 1950, F. White Papers; D’Emilio and Freedman, Intimate Matters, 288–95; D’Emilio, Sexual Politics, 241–43.

45. Confidential sources who did not wish to be cited.

46. Welles to Inman, Feb. 21 and Apr. 8, 1949, Inman Papers, Box 16; Berle to Welles, June 24, 1949, and Welles to Berle, June 27, 1949, Berle Papers, Box 84.

47. Welles to Johnson, June 9, 1949, Johnson Papers, Box 110 (8476); Welles to Berle, June 27, 1949, Berle Papers, Box 84; Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 61; Welles to Pearson, Oct. 20, 1948, Pearson Papers, G 87, 3 of 3; Baltimore Sun, Aug. 8, 9, and 15, 1949; New York Times, Aug. 9, Sept. 21, and Nov. 29, 1949.

48. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 76 and 85; Welles to Johnson, Aug. 21, 1949, Johnson Papers, Box 110 (8476).

49. Memorandum on Jackson, Jan. 27, 1945, Fisher Papers; Millis and Duffield, Forrestal Diaries, 173 and 283; Sulzberger, Low Row of Candles, 578.

50. Welles to Pearson, Feb. 7 and 17, 1948, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

51. Welles, Seven Decisions, ix.

52. Ibid., x–xi; Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 136–37.

53. Welles to Wallace, Sept. 15, 1952, Wallace Papers, R-49, 55.

54. Welles to Rosenman, June 17, 1949, Rosenman Papers.

55. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 85.

56. Ibid., 136–37 and 180; Welles to Kohler, Sept. 5, 1950, and Sept. 3, 1951, Virginia Quarterly Review, Box 63 (292–A); Welles, Seven Decisions, 210–31.

57. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 180; New York Times, Jan. 9 and Feb. 20, 1952, and Sept. 25, 1961.

58. As quoted in Morgan, FDR, 685.

59. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 228; New York Times, July 1, 1952, and Feb. 1, 1953.

60. Abell, Drew Pearson Diary, 228, 281, and 442.

61. Capote, “Unspoiled Monsters,” 122, and Answered Prayers, 59.

62. New York Times, Sept. 26 and 30, 1961; Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 754; “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Sept. 28, 1961; Grainger to Pearson, Oct. 31, 1961, Pearson Papers, F 33, 2 of 3.

63. The Cosmos Club, Gellman Papers.

64. Oxon Hill Manor, 1–14, Gellman Papers; Washington Post, Aug. 1, 1994, D3.

65. Interview with George Olmsted, Jr., owner of the manor, Sept. 2, 1976, Gellman Papers; confidential sources.

66. Interview with John B. Cochran, May 27, 1976, Gellman Papers; confidential sources.

67. “Walter Scott’s Personality Parade.”

68. Childs, Witness to Power, 17.

69. Bullitt, For the President, xiii and 611–14.

70. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 306–10.

71. Bullitt, “How We Won the War.”

72. Brownell and Billings, So Close to Greatness, 311–14.

73. Freud and Bullitt, Thomas Woodrow Wilson; New York Times, Jan. 29, 1967, 3, 12, and 44; Gay, Freud, 553–62.

74. New York Times, Feb. 8, 16, and 21, 1967.

75. Berle and Jacobs, Navigating the Rapids, 829.

76. “Washington Merry-Go-Round,” Feb. 20, 1967.

77. Robert Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors, 35.

78. U.S. Department of the Interior, Home.

79. Orange County Register, Apr. 27, 1988, 1; Los Angeles Times, Apr. 28, 1988, pt. II, 1 and 8, and Dec. 11, 1988, pt. VI-A, 3; advertisements for the endowed chair, 1992, Gellman Papers.

80. The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Gellman Papers; Orange County Register, Dec. 28, 1994, 5, Gellman Papers.