References

Abramowitz, Alan I. 1983. “Partisan Redistricting and the 1982 Congressional Elections.” Journal of Politics 45:776–70.

Abramowitz, Alan I., Brad Alexander, and Matthew Gunning. 2006. “Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections.” Journal of Politics 68:75–88.

Aldrich, John. 1995. Why Parties? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Altman, Micah. 1998. “Traditional Districting Principles: Judicial Myths vs. Reality.” Social Science History 22:159–200.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, and James M. Snyder. 2008. The End of Inequality: One Person, One Vote and the Transformation of American Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Alan Gerber, and James Snyder. 2002. “Equal Votes, Equal Money: Court-Ordered Redistricting and Public Expenditures in the American States.” American Political Science Review 96:767–78.

Ansolabehere, Stephen, James Snyder, and Charles Stewart. 2000. “Old Voters, New Voters, and the Personal Vote: Using Redistricting to Measure the Incumbency Advantage.” American Journal of Political Science 44:17–34.

Argersinger, Peter. 1992. Structure, Process, and Party: Essays in American Political History. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.

Argersinger, Peter H. 1985–86. “New Perspectives on Election Fraud in the Gilded Age.” Political Science Quarterly 110:669–87.

Balinski, Michael L., and H. Peyton Young. 1982. Fair Representation. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962).

Barone, Michael, and Richard E. Cohen. 2003. The Almanac of American Politics, 2004. Washington, DC: National Journal Group.

Bawn, Kathleen. 1993. “The Logic of Institutional Preferences: German Electoral Law as a Social Choice Outcome.” American Journal of Political Science 37:965–89.

Beck, Nathaniel, Jonathan N. Katz, and Richard Tucker. 1998. “Taking Time Seriously: Time-Series Cross-Section Analysis with a Binary Dependent Variable.” American Journal of Political Science 42:1260–88.

Bensel, Richard Franklin. 2004. The American Ballot Box in the Mid-Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Berman, Mitchell. 2004. “Putting Fairness on the Map: The High Court Has a Chance to Ease Flagrant Partisan Gerrymandering.” Los Angeles Times, May 28.

Binder, Sarah A. 1997. Majority Rights, Minority Rule: Partisanship and the Development of Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Book of the States. 1942–2010. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments.

Born, Richard. 1985. “Partisan Intentions and Election Day Realities in the Congressional Districting Process.” American Political Science Review 79:305–19.

Brady, David. 1988. Critical Elections and Congressional Policymaking. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Brady, David. 1985. “A Reevaluation of Realignments in American Politics: Evidence from the House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 79:28–49.

Brady, David, and Bernard Grofman. 1991. “Sectional Differences in Partisan Bias and Electoral Responsiveness in U.S. House Elections, 1850–1980.” British Journal of Political Science 21:247–56.

Brady, David, Kara Buckley, and Douglas Rivers. 1999. “The Roots of Careerism in the U.S. House of Representatives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 24:489–510.

Burnham, Walter Dean. 1970. Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics. New York: W.W. Norton.

Burnham, Walter Dean. 1974. “Rejoinder to “Comments' by Philip Converse and Jerrold Rusk.” American Political Science Review 68:1050–57.

Burnham, Walter Dean. 1982. “The Appearance and Disappearance of the American Voter.” In The Current Crisis in American Politics, edited by Walter Dean Burnham. New York: Oxford University Press.

Burnham, Walter Dean. 1985. Partisan Division of American State Governments, 1834–1985. [Computer File] Conducted by Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ICPSR, ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

Butler, David, and Bruce Cain. 1992. Congressional Redistricting. New York: Macmillan.

Cain, Bruce. 1984. The Reapportionment Puzzle. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Cain, Bruce E. 1985. “Assessing the Partisan Effects of Redistricting.” American Political Science Review 79:320–33.

Cain, Bruce E., and David Butler. 1991. “Redistricting Myths Are at Odds with Evidence.” Public Affairs Report, Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, Berkeley 32, no. 5.

Calabrese, Stephen. 2000. “Multimember District Congressional Elections.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 25:611–43.

Calabrese, Stephen. 2006. “An Explanation of the Continuing Federal Government Mandate of Single-Member Congressional Districts.” Public Choice 130:23–40.

Campagna, Janet, and Bernard Grofman. 1990. “Party Control and Partisan Bias in the 1980's Congressional Redistricting.” Journal of Politics 52:1242–57.

Canon, David T. 1999. Race, Redistricting, and Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Carson, Jamie L., and Michael Crespin. 2004. “The Effect of State Redistricting Methods on Electoral Competition in the United States House of Representatives.” State Politics and Policy Quarterly 21:455–69.

Carson, Jamie L., Erik J. Engstrom, and Jason M. Roberts. 2006. “Redistricting, Candidate Entry, and the Politics of Nineteenth-Century House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 50:283–93.

Carson, Jamie L., Erik J. Engstrom, and Jason Roberts. 2007. “Candidate Quality, the Personal Vote, and the Incumbency Advantage in Congress.” American Political Science Review 101:289–302.

Carson, Jamie L., Jeffery A. Jenkins, David W. Rohde, and Mark A. Souva. 2001. “The Impact of National Tides and District-Level Effects on Electoral Outcomes: The U.S. Congressional Elections of 1862–63.” American Journal of Political Science 45:887–98.

Carson, Jamie L., and Jason M. Roberts. 2005. “Strategic Politicians and U.S. House Elections, 1874–1914.” Journal of Politics 67:474–96.

Clubb, Jerome, William Flanigan, and Nancy Zingale. 1987. Electoral Data for Counties in the United States: Presidential and Congressional Races, 1840–1972. Computer File, ICPSR # 8611.

Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549 (1946).

Cooter, Robert D. 2000. The Strategic Constitution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Cox, Adam. 2004. “Partisan Fairness and Redistricting Politics.” New York University Law Review 79:751–802.

Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cox, Gary W., and Jonathan N. Katz. 1999. “The Reapportionment Revolution and Bias in U.S. Congressional Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 43:812–40.

Cox, Gary W., and Jonathan Katz. 2002. Elbridge Gerry's Salamander. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cox, Gary W., and J. Morgan Kousser. 1981. “Turnout and Rural Corruption: New York as a Test Case.” American Journal of Political Science 25:646–63.

Cunningham, Noble E., Jr. 1963. The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations, 1801–1809. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U.S. 109 (1986).

DeBats, Donald. 1974. Elites and Masses: Political Structure, Communication and Behavior in Ante-Bellum Georgia. PhD diss, University of Wisconsin.

DeConde, Alexander. 1976. This Affair of Louisiana. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.

Dubin, Michael J. 2007. Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796–2006. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Company.

Eagles, Charles W. 1990. Democracy Delayed: Congressional Reapportionment and Urban-Rural Conflict in the 1920's. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Engstrom, Erik J., and Samuel Kernell. 2005. “Manufactured Responsiveness: The Impact of State Electoral Laws on Unified Party Control of the Presidency and the House of Representatives, 1840–1940.” American Journal of Political Science 49:531–49.

Erikson, Robert S. 1972. “Malapportionment, Gerrymandering, and Party Fortunes in Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 66:1234–45.

Feller, Daniel. 2004. “The Bank War.” In The American Congress: The Building of Democracy, edited by Julian E. Zelizer. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Fenno, Richard. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.

Ferejohn, John. 1977. “On the Decline of Competitive Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 71:166–76.

Fiorina, Morris, David Rohde, and Peter Wissel. 1975. “Historical Change in House Turnover.” In Congress in Change, edited by Norman Ornstein. New York: Praeger.

Fredman, Lionel E. 1968. The Australian Ballot: The Story of an American Reform. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.

Friedman, John N., and Richard T. Holden. 2009. “The Rising Incumbent Reelection Rate: What's Gerrymandering Got to Do With It?” Journal of Politics 71 (April):593–611.

Garand, James and Donald Gross. 1984. “Changes in the Vote Margins for Congressional Candidates: A Specification of Historical Trends.” American Political Science Review 78:17–30.

Gelman, Andrew, and Gary King. 1994. “Enhancing Democracy Through Legislative Redistricting.” American Political Science Review 88:541–59.

Gerken, Heather. 2010. “Getting from Here to There in Redistricting Reform.” Duke Journal of Constitutional Law and Public Policy 5:1–15.

Gienapp, William E. 1987. The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856. New York: Oxford University Press.

Glad, Paul W. 1964. McKinley, Bryan, and the People. Philadelphia and New York: J.B. Lippincott.

Glazer, Amahai, Bernard Grofman, and Marc Roberts. 1987. “Partisan and Incumbency Effects of 1970's Redistricting.” American Journal of Political Science 31:680–707.

Griffith, Elmer C. 1907. The Rise and Development of the Gerrymander. Chicago: Scott, Foresman.

Grofman, Bernard. 1983. “Measures of Bias and Proportionality in Seats-Votes Relationships.” Political Methodology 9:278–95.

Grofman, Bernard, William Koetzle, and Thomas Brunell. 1997. “An Integrated Perspective on the Three Potential Sources of Partisan Bias: Malapportionment, Turnout Differences, and the Geographic Distribution of the Party Vote.” Electoral Studies 16:454–70.

Hirsch, Sam. 2003. “The United States House of Unrepresentatives: What Went Wrong in the Latest Round of Congressional Redistricting.” Election Law Journal 2 (2):179–216.

Hoadley, John F. 1986. Origins of American Political Parties, 1789–1803. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.

Holt, Michael F. 1983. The Political Crisis of the 1850's. New York: W. W. Norton.

Holt, Michael F. 1984. “The Election of 1840, Voter Mobilization, and the Emergence of the Second American Party System: A Reappraisal of Jacksonian Voting Behavior.” In A Master's Due, edited by William Cooper, Michael Holt, and John McCardell. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Holt, Michael F. 1999. The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press.

Hunter, Thomas Rogers. 2011. “The First Gerrymander? Patrick Henry, James Madison, James Monroe, and Virginia's 1788 Congressional Districting.” Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 9:781–820.

Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, and Carroll McKibbin. 1997. Roster of United States Congressional Officeholders and Biographical Characteristics of Members of the United States Congress, 1789–1996: Merged Data [Computer file]. 10th ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

Issacharoff, Samuel. 2002. “Gerrymandering and Political Cartels.” Harvard Law Review 116:593–648.

Jacobson, Gary C. 2009. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 7th Edition. New York: Pearson/Longman.

Jenkins, Jeffrey, and Charles Stewart III. 2001. “Sophisticated Behavior and Speakership Elections: The Elections of 1849 and 1855–56.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwestern Political Science Association.

Katz, Jonathan, and Brian Sala. 1996. “Careerism, Committee Assignments, and the Electoral Connection.” American Political Science Review 90:21–33.

Katznelson, Ira, and Quinn Mulroy. 2012. “Was the South Pivotal? Situated Partisanship and Policy Coalitions During the New Deal and Fair Deal.” Journal of Politics 74 (April): 604–20.

Kernell, Samuel. 1977. “Toward Understanding 19th Century Congressional Careers: Ambition, Competition, and Rotation.” American Journal of Political Science 21:669–93.

Kernell, Samuel. 1986. “The Early Nationalization of Political News in America.” Studies in American Political Development 1 (1):255–78.

Kernell, Samuel. 2003. “To Stay, To Quit or To Move Up: Explaining the Growth of Careerism in the House of Representatives, 1878–1940.” Presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Political Science Association, Philadelphia, August 28–31.

Kernell, Samuel, and Michael P. McDonald. 1999. “Congress and America's Political Development: The Transformation of the Post Office from Patronage to Service.” American Journal of Political Science 43:792–811.

Ketcham, Ralph. 1971. James Madison: A Biography. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.

Key, V. O. 1955. “A Theory of Critical Elections.” Journal of Politics 17:3–18.

Key, V. O. 1956. American State Politics. New York: Knopf.

Kiewiet, D. Roderick, and Langche Zeng. 1993. “An Analysis of Congressional Career Decisions, 1947–1986.” The American Political Science Review 87 (4):928–41.

King, Gary. 1989. “Representation through Legislative Redistricting: A Stochastic Model.” American Journal of Political Science 33:787–824.

King, Gary. 1998. Unifying Political Methodology: The Likelihood Theory of Statistical Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

King, Gary, and Robert X. Browning. 1987. “Democratic Representation and Partisan Bias in Congressional Elections.” American Political Science Review 81:125–73.

Kousser, J. Morgan. 1974. The Shaping of Southern Politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Kousser, J. Morgan. 1992. “The Voting Rights Act and the Two Reconstructions.” In Controversies in Minority Voting, edited by Bernard Grofman and Chandler Davidson. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Kousser, J. Morgan. 1996. “Estimating the Partisan Consequences of Redistricting Plans—Simply.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 21 (November):521–41.

Kromkowski, Charles A. 2002. Recreating the American Republic: Rules of Apportionment, Constitutional Change, and American Political Development, 1700–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kruman, Marc W. 1983. Parties and Politics in North Carolina, 1836–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Lax, Jeffrey R., and Mathew D. McCubbins. 2006. “Courts, Congress, and Public Policy, Part II: The Impact of the Reapportionment Revolution on Congress and State Legislatures.” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues 15:199–218.

Lee, Francis E., and Bruce I. Oppenheimer. 1999. Sizing up the Senate: The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Levine, Peter D. 1977. The Behavior of State Legislative Parties in the Jacksonian Era: New Jersey, 1829–1844. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.

League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 548 U. S. 399 (2006).

Martis, Kenneth. 1982. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, 1789–1983. New York: Free Press.

Martis, Kenneth. 2008. “The Original Gerrymander.” Political Geography 27:833–39.

Mayer, George H. 1951. The Political Career of Floyd B. Olson. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Mayhew, David R. 1974a. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Mayhew, David R. 1974b. “Congressional Elections: The Case of the Vanishing Marginals.” Polity 6:295–317.

Mayhew, David R. 2002. Electoral Realignments: A Critique of an American Genre. New Haven: Yale University Press.

McCarty, Nolan, Keith T. Poole, and Howard Rosenthal. 2009. “Does Gerrymandering Cause Polarization?” American Journal of Political Science 53:666–80.

McCormick, Richard P. 1953. The History of Voting in New Jersey. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

McCormick, Richard P. 1966. The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

McCormick, Richard P. 1975. “Political Development and the Second Party System.” In The American Party System, edited by William Nesbit Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham. New York: Oxford University Press.

McCubbins, Mathew D., and Thomas Schwartz. 1988. “Congress, the Courts, and Public Policy: Consequences of the One Man, One Vote Rule.” American Journal of Political Science 32:388–415.

McDonald, Michael P. 2006. “Drawing the Line on District Competition.” PS: Political Science and Politics 39:91–94.

McMillan, Malcolm Cook. 1978. Constitutional Development in Alabama, 1798–1901. Spartanburg, SC: The Reprint Company.

McSeveney, Samuel T. 1972. The Politics of Depression: Political Behavior in the Northeast, 1893–1896. New York: Oxford University Press.

Miller, John C. 1960. The Federalist Era, 1789–1801. New York: Harper and Row.

Mitchell, Franklin D. 1968. Embattled Democracy: Missouri Democratic Politics, 1919–1932. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.

Monmonier, Mark S. 2001. Bushmanders and Bullwinkles: How Politicians Manipulate Electronic Maps and Census Data to Win Elections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Nevins, Allan. 1924. The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775–1789. New York: Macmillan.

Niemi, Richard G., and Alan I. Abramowitz. 1994. “Partisan Redistricting and the 1992 Congressional Elections.” Journal of Politics 56 (3):811–17.

Niemi, Richard, and Laura Winsky. 1992. “The Persistence of Partisan Redistricting Effects in Congressional Elections in the 1970's and 1980's.” Journal of Politics 54:565–72.

Oppenheimer, Bruce I. 2005. “Deep Red and Blue Congressional Districts: The Causes and Consequences of Declining Party Competitiveness.” In Congress Reconsidered, edited by Lawrence C. Dodd and Bruce I. Oppenheimer, 135–58. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

Oppenheimer, Bruce, James Stimson, and Richard Waterman. 1986. “Interpreting U.S. Congressional Elections: The Exposure Thesis.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. 11:227–47.

Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael J. Malbin. 2008. Vital Statistics on Congress, 2008. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

Owen, Guillermo, and Bernard Grofman. 1988. “Optimal Partisan Gerrymandering.” Political Geography Quarterly 7 (January):5–22.

Parsons, Stanley B., William W. Beach, and Michael J. Dubin. 1986. United States Congressional Districts and Data, 1843–1883. New York: Greenwood Press.

Parsons, Stanley B., Michael J. Dubin, and Karen Toombs Parsons. 1990. United States Congressional Districts, 1883–1913. New York: Greenwood Press.

Perman, Michael. 1984. The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Polsby, Nelson. 1968. “The Institutionalization of the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 68:144–68.

Polsby, Nelson, Miriam Gallaher, and Barry Rundquist. 1969. “The Growth of the Seniority System in the U.S. House of Representatives.” American Political Science Review 63:787–807.

Price, H. Douglas. 1975. “Congress and the Evolution of Legislative ‘Professionalism.’” In Congress in Change: Evolution and Reform, edited by Norman J. Ornstein. New York: Praeger.

Price, H. Douglas. 1998. Explorations in the Evolution of Congress. Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press.

Rae, Douglas. 1967. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Remini, Robert V. 1967. Andrew Jackson and the Bank War. New York: W. W. Norton.

Remington, Thomas F., and Steven S. Smith. 1996. “Political Goals, Institutional Context, and the Choice of an Electoral System: The Russian Parliamentary Election Law.” American Journal of Political Science 40:1253–79.

Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U.S. 533 (1964).

Riker, William H. 1955. “The Senate and American Federalism.” American Political Science Review 49:452–69.

Rush, Mark E. 1993. Does Redistricting Make a Difference? Partisan Representation and Electoral Behavior. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Rusk, Jerrold. 1970. “The Effect of the Australian Ballot Reform on Split-Ticket Voting: 1876–1908.” American Political Science Review 64:1220–38.

Rusk, Jerrold. 2001. A Statistical History of the American Electorate. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.

Scarrow, Harold. 1999. “The Impact of At-Large Elections: Vote Dilution or Choice Dilution?” Electoral Studies 18:557–68.

Schattschneider, E. E. 1960. The Semisovereign People. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden Press.

Schickler, Eric. 2001. Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Schmeckebier, Laurence F. 1941. Congressional Apportionment. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Seabrook, Nicholas R. 2010. “The Limits of Partisan Gerrymandering: Looking Ahead to the 2010 Congressional Redistricting Cycle.” The Forum 8 (2).

Shepsle, Kenneth A. 2001. “A Comment on Institutional Change.” Journal of Theoretical Politics 13:321–25.

Shields, Johanna Nicol. 1985. “Whigs Reform the ‘Bear Garden’: Representation and the Apportionment Act of 1842.” Journal of the Early Republic 5:355–82.

Shotts, Kenneth W. 2001. “The Effect of Majority-Minority Mandates on Partisan Gerrymandering.” American Journal of Political Science 45:120–35.

Sickels, Robert J. 1966. “Dragons, Bacon Strips and Dumbbells—Who's Afraid of Reapportionment?” Yale Law Journal 75:1300–1308.

Silbey, Joel A. 1977. A Respectable Minority: The Democratic Party in the Civil War Era. New York: W.W. Norton.

Silbey, Joel A. 1991. The American Political Nation, 1838–1893. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Smiley v. Holm, 285 U.S. 355 (1932).

Stampp, Kenneth M. 1965. The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Stewart, Charles III. 1991. “Lessons from the Post-Civil War Era.” In The Politics of Divided Government, edited by Gary W. Cox and Samuel Kernell. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Stewart, Charles III, and Barry R. Weingast. 1992. “Stacking the Senate, Changing the Nation: Republican Rotten Boroughs, Statehood Politics, and American Political Development.” Studies in American Political Development 6:223–71.

Strahan, Randall. 2007. Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Summers, Mark Wahlgren. 2004. Party Games: Getting, Keeping, and Using Power in Gilded Age Politics. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Sundquist, James L. 1983. Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.

Swain, John W., Stephen A. Borrelli, and Brian C. Reed. 1998. “Partisan Consequences of the Post-1990 Redistricting for the U.S. House of Representatives.” Political Research Quarterly 51:945–67.

Taussig, F.W. 1931. The Tariff History of the United States. New York & London: G. P. Putnam and Sons.

Theriault, Sean M. 2006. “Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase.” Social Science History 2:293–304.

Theriault, Sean M. 2008. Party Polarization in Congress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Thornton, J. Mills. 1978. Power and Politics in a Slave Society. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University.

Tinkcom, Harry Marlin. 1950. The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission.

Tomz, Michael, Jason Wittenberg, and Gary King. 2000. CLARIFY: Software for Interpreting and Presenting Statistical Results. Version 1.2.2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, March 3. .

Toobin, Jeffrey. 2003. “The Great Election Grab.” New Yorker, December 8.

Tufte, Edward R. 1973. “The Relationship between Votes and Seats in Two-Party Systems.” American Political Science Review 67:540–54.

Tyler, Gus. 1962. “Court Versus Legislature: The Socio-Politics of Malapportionment.” Law and Contemporary Problems 27:390–407.

Valelly, Richard M. 2009. “The Reed Rules and Republican Party Building: A New Look.” Studies in American Political Development 23:115–42.

Vieth v. Jubelirer, 541 U.S. 267 (2004).

Walsh, Justin. 1987. The Centennial History of the Indiana General Assembly, 1816–1978. Indianapolis: The Select Committee on the Centennial History of the Indiana General Assembly.

Wang, Xi. 1997. The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910. Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Wesberry v. Sanders, 376 U.S. 1 (1964).

Wood v. Broom, 287 U.S. 1 (1932).

Yearley, C. K. 1970. The Money Machines: The Breakdown and Reform of Governmental and Party Finance in the North, 1860–1920. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Yoshinaka, Antoine, and Chad Murphy. 2009. “Are Mapmakers Able to Target and Protect Congressional Incumbents? The Institutional Dynamics of Electoral Competition.” American Politics Research 37:955–82.

Zagarri, Rosemarie. 1987. The Politics of Size: Representation in the United States, 1776–1850. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Previous Chapter

Notes

Next Chapter

Index

Share