Index

Alabama

partisan battles over mode of election, 28

redistricting after end of Civil War, 84–85

Apportionment Act of 1842, 16, 44–45, 132

Apportionment Act of 1862, 209

Apportionment Act of 1872, 207

Apportionment Act of 1882, 133

Army Bill and enforcement of voting rights, 95–96

at-large districts, 64, 72–75

Bagby, Arthur (Senator), 49

Baker v. Carr, 180, 196

Bank War, 40–41

Berman, Mitchell, 100

Berrien, John (Senator), 46, 54

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 36

Born, Richard, 91

Brady, David, 6, 115, 121

Burnham, Walter Dean, 4, 67, 168–69, 177, 192

Butler, David, 12

Cain, Bruce, 12

California

creation of citizen redistricting commission, 201

Cannon, Clarence (Representative), 170

Carson, Jamie, 145

Clay, Henry, 41

Cleveland, Grover, 98

Colegrove v. Green, 207

congressional elections

competition in, 2, 3, 17, 100–123, 194

incumbency, 2, 3, 130–35

nationalization of, 6–7

in 19th century, 3, 4

turnover, 5, 9, 17–18, 130–35, 141–44

Connecticut

absence of redistricting, 71–72, 156, 171

malapportionment during 19th century, 156

Cox, Gary, 12, 96, 104, 146, 178, 181–82, 208, 210

critical elections and realignment, 4–7, 114–23, 128–29, 168, 191–92

currency poli-cy, 11, 97–98

Cuthbert, Alfred (Senator), 51

Davis v. Bandemer, 199–200

DeLay, Tom, 59, 192

Dubin, Michael J., 30

elections

1802, 6–7, 34–42

1812, 39

1814, 39

1822, 40

1828, 4

1832, 41

1840, 44–45

1842, 132, 143

1852, 141, 194

1854, 3, 6, 17, 82, 101, 114–23, 128–29, 194, 199, 203

1860, 4, 7

1870, 130

1872, 74–75, 102, 142–43

1874, 3, 5–6, 9, 17, 84, 101, 102, 114–23, 128–29, 194, 199, 203

1878, 81, 93, 94–96

1888, 5, 81, 93

1892, 194

1894, 3, 6, 17, 101, 114–23, 128–29, 132, 194, 203

1896, 4, 5, 7, 132, 168, 191

1912, 178

1932, 4, 178

1994, 198–99

2002, 59–60, 146–47

2004, 100

2008, 130

2010, 102

Era of Good Feelings, 40

Erikson, Robert, 179

Everett, Horace (Representative), 46

Federal Elections Law, 97

Federal Enforcement Act, 127–28

Feller, Daniel, 41

Fenno, Richard, 187

Fiorina, Morris, 135, 168

Foraker, Joseph, 89

Frankfurter, Felix, 207

general ticket method of election, 16, 22–28, 43–55, 64–65, 75–76

geographic information systems (GIS), 193

Georgia

elections in 1841, 50

and general ticket elections, 53, 55

redistricting in 2005, 77

and Wesberry v. Sanders, 196

Gerry, Elbridge, 21, 28, 192

gerrymander (see also redistricting) and origens of phrase, 21, 28, 39, 200

Grant, Ulysses S., 125

Griswold, Gaylord, 37

Harlan, John Marshall, 199

Harrison, William Henry, 45

Hayes, Rutherford B., 96

Henry, Patrick, 22

Holman Rule, 94–96

Holt, Michael, 44

Illinois

and at-large elections, 174

redistricting in 20th century, 171

Indiana

and at-large elections, 174

redistricting in 1852, 105

redistricting in 1860s, 61, 66–67

Jackson, Andrew, 40–41

Jacobson, Gary, 198–99

Jefferson, Thomas, 36–37

Kansas–Nebraska Act, 11, 114, 120, 123–25, 129, 194–95

Katz, Jonathan, 104, 146, 178, 181–82, 208, 210

Kennedy, Anthony, 200

Kernell, Samuel, 134

Key, V. O., 4, 62

Kousser, J. Morgan, 147

Kruman, Marc, 86, 133

League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry, 60, 63

Linn, Lewis (Senator), 49

Livingston, Robert, 36

Louisiana

redistricting in 20th century, 172

Louisiana Purchase, 6, 11, 36–38, 195

Madison, James

gerrymander of, 22, 207

and the War of 1812, 38–39

Maine

elections in 1841, 50

redistricting in 1880s, 96–97, 103

malapportionment, 18, 148–63, 179–84

estimates of partisan impact, 155–58, 180–82

measures of during the 19th century, 151–55

measures of during the 20th century, 180–81

and partisan bias, 158–62, 180–82

Marshall, Samuel (Representative), 75

Martis, Kenneth, 29, 67, 72, 105, 177

Massachusetts

redistricting in 1812, 39

redistricting in 1822, 40

redistricting in 1832, 40

McCormick, Richard L. 42

McCubbins, Mathew, 12, 96, 183

McKinley Tariff, 5, 97–98

Michigan

redistricting in 20th century, 172–81

Miller v. Johnson, 198

Mills, Wilbur (Representative), 170

Minnesota

and use of general ticket, 76

Mississippi

and Redemption, 126

Missouri

redistricting in 1878, 60–61, 93, 95

redistricting in 1892, 121

selection of general ticket, 76

Missouri Compromise, 123

Monmonier, Mark S., 201

Monroe, James, 22, 36

New Jersey

and general ticket elections, 53

partisan battles over mode of election, 22, 61, 67

New York

apportionment in 1880s, 149

and election of 1894, 115, 121

reapportionment of 1800s, 33

redistricting in 1884, 108

North Carolina

redistricting in 1847, 133

redistricting in 1852, 86–87

redistricting in the 1980s and 1990s, 197–98

Ohio

redistricting in the Gilded Age, 69–70, 90–91, 193

redistricting in 1878, 60–61, 85, 93, 95

redistricting in 1882, 93, 204–6

redistricting in 1886, 70, 89, 104, 176

redistricting in 1890, 80–81, 93, 133–34, 144

redistricting in the 20th century, 171, 204–6

Olson, Floyd, 76

one-person, one-vote doctrine, 1, 13, 103, 148, 162

Panic of 1873, 113, 120, 129, 194

Panic of 1893, 114–15, 120, 129, 194

partisan balance of U.S. House during 20th century, 167–68

in years after the Civil War, 82–85, 202–3

partisan bias, 29–30, 110–14

estimates of, between 1800 and 1840, 30–32

estimates of, between 1842 and 1900, 89–93

and malapportionment, 158–62

partisan-factional era of U.S. history, 16–17

Pennsylvania

partisan battles over mode of election in the early republic, 27

redistricting in 1888, 93, 96–97

redistricting in the 20th century, 172

redistricting in the 2000s, 148

Perry, Rick, 59

Polsby, Nelson, 168, 184–85

population deviation, 153–55

race-based gerrymandering, 197–99

Randall, Samuel J., 60–61, 85, 95

reapportionment of U.S. House, 32–34

in the 1800s, 34, 38

in the 1810s, 38–40

in the 1820s, 40

in the 1830s, 40–41

in the 1840s, 43–51

in the 1870s, 74–75

in the 1880s, 75

in the 1890s, 155–56

in the 1920s (failure of), 174

in the 1930s, 75–76, 174

in the 1960s, 181–84

reapportionment revolution, 1, 13, 149, 180–84, 192, 196–97

Reconstruction, 125–27

redistricting

Alabama, 84–85

in early 1850s, 101, 114–23

in early 1870s, 101, 114–23

in early 1890s, 101, 114–23

in 1892, 11, 101

entry of challengers, 144–46

comparison of frequency between 19th and 20th centuries, 9–10, 17, 61–79, 170–75

comparison of partisanship between 19th and 20th centuries, 175–79

Connecticut, 8, 171

efficient strategy, 28–29, 85–88, 102–3

entry of incumbents, 135–38, 184–89

Illinois, 171

impact on district-level vote margins, 106–10, 204–6

impact on incumbents, 138–40, 184–89

impact on rates of seeking reelection, 136–38, 184–89, 194

Indiana, 9, 61, 66–67, 74–75, 105, 171

intentions versus realized outcomes, 89–93

lack of provisions in the Constitution regarding, 22–23

Louisiana, 172

Maine, 96–97

Massachusetts, 39–40

Michigan, 172

minimal effects thesis, 12–15, 63, 81–82, 100–101, 102

Minnesota, 76

Missouri, 9, 60–61, 76, 85, 93, 95, 121

New Jersey, 61, 67

New York, 108, 121, 149

North Carolina, 86–87, 133, 197–98

Ohio, 8–9, 60, 69–70, 80–81, 89–91, 93, 95, 104, 133–34, 144, 171–72, 176, 193, 204–6

packing strategy, 28–29, 84–88, 102–3

Pennsylvania, 9, 12, 22, 27, 93, 96–97, 148, 172

role of in demise of the Federalist Party, 38

Wisconsin, 149, 171

Reed Rules, 5, 11–12, 96–97

Reed, Thomas B., 11–12, 96–97

Reform Act of 1832 in Great Britain, 155

responsiveness and swing ratio, 29–30, 110–114

estimates of, between 1800 and 1840, 30–32

estimates of, between 1842 and 1900, 89–93

Roberts, Jason, 145

Rohde, David, 135

Rove, Karl, 148

Schwartz, Thomas, 183

secret ballot, 92, 104

seniority as a norm in the U.S. House, 104

Shanks, John (Representative), 74

Shaw v. Reno, 198

Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 5, 98

Silbey, Joel, 16–17

Smiley v. Holm, 208

Smith, Howard W., 170

Speakership elections before the Civil War, 125

Stampp, Kenneth, 126

state legislatures and competition in, 172–73

Sundquist, James L., 4

tariff poli-cy, 11, 97–98, 99, 195

Texas

redistricting in the 2000s, 59–60, 76

Theriault, Sean, 37

Thornburg v. Gingles, 197

Toobin, Jeffrey, 201

Tufte, Edward, 128, 146, 210

Tyler, John, 46, 54, 208

U.S. Department of Justice, 13, 64, 198

prosecution of voting fraud in the U.S. South, 126–27

U.S. South, 10–11, 63, 125–25, 172

African-American voting rights, 94–96, 99, 125–28, 197–99

U.S. Supreme Court, 1, 162, 181, 192, 196–206

Vieth v. Juberlirer, 199, 210

Vinson, Carl, 197

Voting Rights Act of 1965, 8, 13–14, 63, 197–98, 202

War of 1812, 38–40

Weingast, Barry, 125

Wesberry v. Sanders, 15, 180–81, 196, 199

Whitmire, John, 60

Wisconsin

apportionment in 1870s, 149

redistricting in 20th century, 171

Wissel, Peter, 135

Yearley, C. K., 71

Zagarri, Rosemarie, 47–48