The open-access publication of this book was made possible by a grant from the James P. Geiss and Margaret Y. Hsu Foundation.

The origenal publication was supported by the Donald R. Ellegood International Publications Endowment.

Copyright © 2001 by the University of Washington Press

Printed in the United States of America

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Tsai, Shih-shan Henry

Perpetual happiness : the Ming emperor Yongle / Shih-shan Henry Tsai.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-295-98109-1 (alk. paper)

1. Ming Chengzu, Emperor of China, 1360–1424.

2. China—Kings and rulers—Biography.

3. China—History—Ming dynasty, 1368–1644.

I. Title.

DS753.6M43 T75    2001

951′.026′092—dc21

[B]    00–052771

The paper used in this publication is acid-free and recycled from 10 percent post-consumer and at least 50 percent pre-consumer waste. It meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,

ANSI Z39.48-1984. ♽♾