431 1970s, 92–97 1980s, 102 1994 election, 104–5, 134n182 2004 election, 139n224 2008 election, 146n266, 147n268, 260 2012 election, 4 abortion, 192–97, 224–28; in 1868, 170; and legislatures, 214, 216; New York’s law on, 250n274; partial-birth, 242n125; and political thicket, 204–7. See also Casey; Roe v. Wade academic lawyers, 263 Academics for the Second Amendment (A2A), 103 activist: dicta, 158–68; judges, 12–13, 197, 203, 225 actors, 121n57 Adams, John, 43–44 Adams, Samuel, 302 adjudication, 89, 150–51 Advanced Corps, 356 affirmative action, 142n241, 258, 278n24 Z Z Z Z Index Z Z Z Z affray, 163–64, 182n64 Akron, 215 Alabama Supreme Court, 47 Alien and Sedition Bills, 304 Amar, Akhil Reed, 103, 388 ambiguity, 198–99, 265, 282 amendments: proposed, 64, 360– 61, 387, 397n26. See also individual amendments American Bibliography, 290 American Independent Party (AIP), 126n95 American Revolution. See War of Independence amicus briefs, 2, 10–12, 25n55, 173, 260 Anderson, Fred, 74 Anderson, Jason T., 391 antebellum cases, 49 Anti-Federalist Dissent of the Pennsylvania Minority, 11, 65–66, 73, 387, 397n26 Anti-Federalists, 54, 62–66, 298, 359, 382n289 appointments process, 269–70 Arkansas, 6, 231 432 index armies, 334, 338, 346. See also standing armies arming, 357 arms, 33, 41; access to, 55, 63; belligerent use of, 48; carrying, 39–42, 51n4, 294; definition of, 17, 26n62; in English law, 32; in particular places, 50; and religious restrictions, 56; sale of, 160, 179n32; for self-defense, 51n4. See also assault weapons; firearms; handguns; pistols; shotguns; weapons arsenals, 318–19 Article I, section 8, 12, 194, 292 Article III, 194 Articles of Confederation, 61, 361 Article V, 99 Article VII of English Bill of Rights, 56–67 assassinations, 90, 92 assault weapons, 14, 104, 135n181, 144n257, 231, 252n296 assembly, 50 Associators, 328, 338, 375n184 authority, 70, 82–89, 114, 117n22, 224–25, 229–30 Aymette v. State, 47, 180n45 Ayres, Ian, 220 background checks, 5, 104, 142n243, 220 Bacon’s Rebellion, 319–20 Bailyn, Bernard, 72 balancing, 158, 218, 258, 273, 276, 278n16, 392 Baldwin, Abraham, 358 Balkin, Jack M., 170–71, 400n67 Bankruptcy Clause, 169 Barron v. City of Baltimore, 47–48 bear arms, 289–309; in 1790s, 302; in American Bibliography, 290; and colonial laws, 293–95; common law restriction on, 87; homebound right to, 393; meaning of, 200, 291–92; in military context, 290, 305; and militia, 154, 178n19; purpose for, 155; scope of right to, 394; and state courts, 218; use of, 17, 117n22. See also civic right; collective right; individual right Bellesiles scandal, 18 Benchmark, 99 Berger, Raoul, 99 Berkeley, William, 319–20 Berkin, Carol, 75 Bickel, Alexander, 91, 196, 217, 266, 268 Bill of Rights, 11, 48, 58–60, 168, 298, 397n26. See also English Bill of Rights Bishop, Joel Prentis, 6 Blackman, Paul, 140n230 Blackmun, Harry, 196 Blackstone, William, 10, 163; and 1689 Declaration of Rights, 33; and English rights, 36, 179n26; and personal defense, 38–39; and rules of construction, 27n70; and self-defense, 45, 57–58 Blaisdell, 169 Bliss v. Commonwealth, 6, 49, 180n43 Blocher, Joseph, 391–92, 394, 399n55 Bogus, Carl T., 73, 387 Bolton, 194 Bork, Robert, 99, 103, 134n163 Boston: Massacre, 44, 343; militia in, 43–44 Boumediene v. Bush, 265 Bowie knife, 6 Brady Bill, 104, 107 Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, 221, 231 Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence, 2, 4 Brandeis, Louis D., 190, 226 Breyer, Stephen: and balancing, 258, 273; and Heller dissent, 178n22, 199, 217–18, 232, 263, 272; and Heller restrictions, 203; and judicial deferentialism, 173; and legislative judgment, 184n94; and post-Heller scholarship, 392; and Scalia, 12, 160, 218; and trigger locks, 219–20; and unenumerated rights, 185n95 briefs, 2, 10–12, 25n55, 173, 260 British: Board of Ordnance, 334, 337–38; constitutional tradition, 10; military musket, 330; soldiers, 327 Brooks, Jack, 144n255 Brownstein, Alan, 390 Brown v. Board of Education, 82, 90, 113, 265, 268, 270–71 [136.0.111.243] Project MUSE (2025-01-18 20:48 GMT) Index 433 Buchanan, Patrick, 109, 111, 139n224 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, 91, 106, 133n160 Burger, Warren, 8, 102 Burger Court, 102, 113 Burke, Edmund, 273 Bush, George H. W., 106, 281n51 Bush, George W., 2, 109 Califano v. Goldfarb, 265 California, 231 Calvert, Cecilius, 318 Caplan, David, 134n164 Cardozo, Benjamin N., 190 carrying arms, 39–42, 51n4, 294 Carter, Harlan, 93, 95, 97, 105, 112 casebook, 395n2 case-by-case judgments, 276 case law...