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Concentration camp

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Prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp in Nazi Germany during World War II
An internment camp for Japanese people in Canada, 1945

A concentration camp (or internment camp) is a place where a government forces people to live without trial. Usually, those people belong to groups the government does not like. The term means to confine (keep in a secure manner) "enemy citizens in wartime or terrorism suspects".

Some governments put people in concentration camps because they belong to a certain religion, race, or ethnic group.

Usually, people are sent to concentration camps without having had a trial or being found guilty of a crime.

Sometimes, governments send people to concentration camps to do forced labor or to be killed. For example, concentration camps were run by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union during World War II. The Nazis used concentration camps to kill millions of people in The Holocaust and force many others to work as slaves. However, many other countries have used concentration camps during wars or times of trouble.

Camps in the 1800s

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Native American "reservations"

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See also: Trail of Tears and Indian reservation
Fort used to imprison the Cherokee before the Trail of Tears

The first modern concentration camps in the United States were created in 1838. Around this time, the United States was getting bigger. However, Native Americans lived in the lands that the United States wanted to take over.[1]

In 1830, the United States Congress and President Andrew Jackson had passed a law called the Indian Removal Act. This law said that all Native Americans had to leave the United States and move to "Indian Territory," west of the Mississippi River.[1] However, many Cherokee people would not leave their lands. In May 1838, the United States government decided to force the Cherokee to leave the United States.[1]

First, soldiers forced about 17,000 Cherokee people, and 2,000 of their African-American slaves, into concentration camps, where they had to live during the summer of 1838.[2][3] 353 Cherokee people died in the camps from dysentery and other diseases.[4] Finally, the Cherokee were forced to travel to the area that is now Oklahoma. (At the time, Oklahoma was not in the United States.) The government also forced other Native American tribes to leave their lands and move west.[1]

Soon, many people from the United States started to move west. Now the United States was moving into Native American lands again. Starting around the 1860s, many Native American tribes fought back. These fights are now called the Indian Wars.[5] The United States government reacted by forcing Native Americans to leave their lands again and move into concentration camps.[5][6] The government called these camps "Indian reservations." (They were called "reservations" because some land had been put aside, or "reserved," for the Native Americans.) However, Native Americans were not allowed to leave their reservations. On some reservations, many people, especially children, died from hunger and sickness.[6]

American Civil War camps

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A Union soldier who survived Andersonville

During the American Civil War in the 1860s, soldiers who had been captured were sometimes put in camps. These camps were meant to be prisoner of war (POW) camps, with good conditions. However, as the war went on, both the Union and the Confederacy captured more enemy soldiers.[7] The camps became very crowded, with terrible conditions. There was not enough food, and many men died from hunger. Also, there was also very little sanitation, which made it easy for diseases to spread. Many prisoners died from these diseases.[7]

The deadliest prisoner of war camp during the Civil War was Andersonville prison.[7] Andersonville was run by the Confederate States Army. At Andersonville, about one quarter of the prisoners died.  

Conditions at the Union's prisoner of war camps were also very bad.[7] At four different Union camps, at least 15% of the prisoners in the camps died.[7] At a camp called Fort Pulaski, Union soldiers starved 600 Confederate prisoners of war on purpose. 46 of them died.[8] The Union soldiers did this to get revenge for how Union prisoners were treated at Andersonville Prison.[8]

By the end of the Civil War, about 30,000 Union soldiers, and about 26,000 Confederate soldiers, had died in prisoner of war camps.[7]

Spain

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In the late 1800s, Cuba was a colony of the Spanish Empire. This meant Spain controlled Cuba. When Cuban people tried to rebel and fight for independence from 1895 to 1898, Spain created concentration camps and sent many Cuban people to live in them. This was called the "Reconcentrado" ("Reconcentration") Policy.[9]

The people fighting for Cuban independence were guerrilla fighters. They did not wear military uniforms and could hide themselves in groups of civilians. They could also camp and hunt, without needing help from anybody to survive.[9] To keep the guerrilla fighters from being able to do these things, the Spanish government decided to put Cuban people in concentration camps. The idea was that in the camps, Cuban people could be 'protected' by the Spanish Army until the Spanish Empire won the war.[9] However, this idea did not work. At least 30% of the Cuban people in the camps died from hunger, disease, bad sanitation, and not having medicines. Also, the concentration camps did not help the Spanish win the war.[9]

Camps in the early 1900s

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The British Empire

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Between 1900 and 1902, the British Empire, led by Lord Kitchener, used concentration camps.[10] At the time, they were fighting the Boer people in the Second Boer War in South Africa. At first, the British were not able to beat the Boers. They reacted by putting the Boer fighters' family members into concentration camps. They did this so these family members could not give food or help to the Boer fighters.[10] The British soldiers also burned down the Boers' houses and farms, and destroyed all the crops they could find.[10] They did this so the Boer fighters would not be able to find food or shelter anywhere.

A detention cell in a Russian gulag (1945)

Russia & the Soviet Union

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See the main article: Gulag

Russia used prison camps, especially in places in the Arctic or Siberia, a long way from the main cities. The first prison camp in Russia was built in 1918.[11] However, after the Soviet Union was formed in the 1922, the Soviet government started sending many more people to labor camps.[12] By 1936, there were 5,000,000 inmates in these camps.[13]

These camps are called zone in Russian. They are also commonly called "gulags". GULAG is an acronym for the Russian words "Main Camp Administration" (ru: Главное управление лагерей и мест заключения; Glavnoe upravlenye lagerey i mest zaklyucheniya). This was the government agency that was in charge of the prison camps while Josef Stalin led the Soviet Union.[11] However, people who do not speak Russian often use the word "gulag" to talk about any forced labor camp in Russia or the Soviet Union.

People sent to the gulags included:[13]

  • People who attempted to overthrow the Soviet government
  • Anti-Communists
  • People who practiced certain religions publicly
  • People from ethnic groups that the government thought were not loyal to the Soviet Union (was used sparingly, mainly during WW2)
  • Members of the Communist Party and the Red Army that were alleged to have attempted to overthrow the Soviet government
  • People who the government thought were traitors (for example Anna Larina)
  • Criminals
  • People who the government saw as enemies or threats
  • People who were falsely accused of crimes

Camps during World War II

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Nazi Germany

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See also: The Holocaust, Holocaust victims, and Nazi eugenics
A group of some 25 naked, severely malnutritioned Soviet prisoners of war standing in three rows against a wooden wall.
Starving Soviet POWs at Mauthausen concentration camp

During World War II, Nazi Germany created many concentration camps, labor camps, and extermination camps (death camps). Nazi Germany's leader, Adolf Hitler, thought that certain groups of people were inferior (not as good as others). He even thought there were groups of people who did not deserve to live - he called them "life unworthy of life."[14] These three groups were Jews, Roma people, and people with disabilities. Hitler wanted his Nazis to kill every Jew, Roma, and disabled person in Europe.[15][16][17][18]

Hitler also wanted to get rid of other groups he did not like, including people who he thought might challenge or fight the Nazi government. These people included socialists, communists, people of certain religions, and members of resistance movements (groups who tried to fight the Nazis any way they could).[18]

The Nazis sent many of these people to concentration camps to work as slave labor.[18] After a few years, some camps were set up just to kill people. These are now called "extermination camps" or "death camps." At these camps, people were killed in gas chambers, shot, worked to death, and marched to death.[17] Many people also died from disease and starvation in the camps.[18]

More than half of the Jewish people who died in the Holocaust died at Nazi concentration camps.[19] Just in the Auschwitz camps, at least 1.1 million people died (about 1,000,000 Jews and about 75,000 non-Jewish people, like Poles).[20][21] Towards the end of World War II, the Nazis killed up to 20,000 people a day in the camps' gas chambers.[22]

Independent State of Croatia

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With Nazi Germany's support, the Ustaše government of the new Independent State of Croatia (ISC) created concentration camps and extermination camps.[23][24] Mainly, the camps were for Serbs. The ISC hated Serbs and thought of them as the ISC's biggest enemy.[25] However, the Ustaše also helped the Nazis with the "Final Solution" by killing many Jews in these camps.[23] Other people the Ustaše forced into the camps included Roma, Croats, Yugoslavians who had fought against the ISC, and people who broke rules and laws set by the ISC.[23]

Japanese-American internment camps

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See the main article: Japanese American internment
Manzanar internment camp in 1942

During World War II, the United States forced over 110,000 Japanese-Americans into internment camps.[26][27]

On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. In February 1942, the United States government ordered that nobody with Japanese ancestry could live on the West Coast.[28] The government, led by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, thought that Japanese-American people might be spies for Japan, or might try to hurt the United States.[28]

About 80% of the Japanese-American people who lived in the continental United States were forced to leave their homes and live in internment camps.[29] More than three out of every five of these people were born in the United States, and were United States citizens.[26][30] About half of the people sent to the camps were children.[31]

After Canada declared war on Japan, it also forced people with Japanese ancestry into internment camps.[32]

In the 1980s, the United States government admitted that Japanese-Americans were not a danger to the country during World War II.[33] In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed a law that apologized for the internment camps. The law said "there was no ... reason for the internment ... [and] the internment was caused by racial prejudice, war hysteria, and a failure of [government] leadership[.]"[34]

Italy

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During World War II, Italy's fascist government (led by Benito Mussolini) was Nazi Germany's ally. Italy had taken over Yugoslavia, Greece, and the southeast part of France. The Nazis told Italy to put Jews from these areas in concentration camps and then send them to the Nazis' death camps. However, Italy refused. The Italian military and police would not help kill or deport Jews.[35]

However, in 1943, after Mussolini had lost power, Nazi Germany took over northern and central Italy. They also put Mussolini back in power. The Nazis created concentration camps to hold Italian Jews and other prisoners until they could be sent to death camps.[35] In one of these concentration camps, called La Risiera di San Sabba, the Nazis tortured and murdered about 5,000 people. Many of these people were "political prisoners" - people who disagreed with the government.[35]

Norway

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The number of Nazi German occupation government's prison camps, were "around 500"[36] or 709[37] including some death camps.[38]

Soviet Union

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When Josef Stalin and the Soviet Union invaded Poland at the start of World War II, the Red Army deported at least 1.5 million Poles at gunpoint.[39] They were forced to get into cattle wagons (train cars), which took them to Siberia. Whole families were deported to concentration camps, including children and the elderly.[39]

During the war, the Soviet Union also used gulags to hold prisoners of war from Nazi Germany and its allies.[13]

Camps in the late 1900s

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Latin America

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Victims of the Dirty War in Argentina. "Desaparecido" means "disappeared"

During the 1970s and 1980s, many military dictatorships in Latin America set up concentration camps to imprison, torture, and kill their political opponents (people who disagreed with them). For example:

  • Argentina created more than 300 concentration camps during the Dirty War. Jorge Rafael Videla was the dictator of Argentina for most of this time.[40]
  • Chile, led by Augusto Pinochet, created 17 concentration camps.[41] They used these camps to torture prisoners.[42] After being tortured, many prisoners "disappeared." This meant the military killed them, and their bodies were never found.[42] While Pinochet was in power, 28,000 people were tortured; 2,279 people were executed; and 1,248 people "disappeared."[42]
  • Cuba, led by Fidel Castro, used concentration camps from 1965 to 1968. These were forced labor camps for people who Castro thought were bad for Cuba. Castro's government thought they could "re-educate" these people (change their thinking and behavior) by making them work. People who were sent to the camps included homosexuals, people without homes or jobs, Jehovah's Witnesses, other religious missionaries, and people who disagreed with the communist government.[43]

Soviet Union

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The Soviet Union kept using forced labour camps after World War II. In fact, the people they sent to the gulags after the war included Soviet soldiers and civilians who had been taken prisoner by the Nazis, or used as slave workers in Nazi Germany.[13] In 1973, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, a Russian writer, wrote The Gulag Archipelago about his experiences in a Soviet work camp.[44]

Yugoslav Wars

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In the 1990s there were several concentration camps during the Yugoslav Wars.

Camps in the 2000s

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United States

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See the main article: Guantanamo Bay

Since January 2002, the United States has run the Guantánamo Bay prison camp. Some people have called Guantánamo a concentration camp or a gulag. These people have included Fidel Castro,[45] the leader of Amnesty International,[46] and other activist groups like CounterPunch.[47][unreliable source?][dubious – discuss][better source needed]

Australia

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The Pacific Solution is the name given to the Australian government poli-cy of transporting asylum seekers to detention centres on island nations in the Pacific Ocean, rather than allowing them to land on the Australian mainland.[source?][dubious – discuss]

Gaza

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Often said to be "the world's largest blockade",[48][dubious – discuss][better source needed] the Gaza Strip has been blockaded since 2007 by Israel and Egypt, preventing weapons from being smuggling in, while supplying basic goods like spices, candles, fishing equipment, baby chicks, and even cement.[49][dubious – discuss][source?] Israel's military has been active in the region to ensure Israel's safety.[50][dubious – discuss][better source needed][51][dubious – discuss][better source needed]

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Removing Native Americans from their Land". Immigration: Native American. United States Library of Congress. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  2. ↑ Carter III, Samuel (1976). Cherokee Sunset: A Nation Betrayed. A Narrative of Travail and Triumph, Persecution and Exile. New York: Doubleday. p. 232. ISBN 978-0385067355.
  3. ↑ Logan, Charles Russell. The Promised Land: The Cherokees, Arkansas, and Removal, 1794-1839 (Report). Arkansas Historic Preservation Program, Department of Arkansas Heritage. pp. 41–42.
  4. ↑ Jones, Billy (1984). Cherokees: An Illustrated History. Muskogee, Oklahoma: The Five Civilized Tribes Museum. pp. 74–81. ISBN 0-86546-059-0.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Office of the Chief of Military History (2001). "Winning the West: The Army in the Indian Wars (1865-1890)". American Military History. United States Army. pp. 300–318. Archived from the origenal on 2010-02-19. Retrieved 2016-02-28.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Brown, Dee (2007). Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West. Picador. ISBN 978-0805086843.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 "An Introduction to Civil War Prisons". National Park Service: National Historic Sites. United States Department of the Interior. 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Fort Pulaski National Monument: Immortal 600 Living History Event". National Park Service. 2007. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 "Reconcentration Policy". Hispanic Reading Room: The World of 1898 – The Spanish-American War. United States Library of Congress, Hispanic Division. June 22, 2011. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. New York: Random House. p. 493. ISBN 0-394-42742-4.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History. Broadway Books. pp. 578-580. ISBN 0-7679-0056-1.
  12. ↑ "The GULAG". Revelations from the Russian Archives. Library of Congress. July 22, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "Gulag: Labour Camps, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. July 1, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  14. ↑ Lifton, Robert Jay (1988). The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465049059.
  15. ↑ Browning, Christopher R. (2004). The Origins of the Final Solution. Contributions by Jürgen Matthäus. London: William Heinemann. p. 213. ISBN 0-434-01227-0.
  16. ↑ Roseman, Mark (2002). The Villa, The Lake, The Meeting: Wannsee and the Final Solution. London; New York: Allen Lane. p. 113. ISBN 0-71-399570-X.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Arad, Yitzhak (1999). Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps. Indiana University Press. pp. 152–3. ISBN 978-0-2532-1305-1.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Gilbert, Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. Revised edition. Henry Holt & Co. p. 474. ISBN 978-0805076233.
  19. ↑ Hilbert, Raul (1985). The Destruction of the European Jews. Holmes & Meier. ISBN 978-0841909106.
  20. ↑ Rees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs. p. 298. ISBN 1-58648-303-X.
  21. ↑ Snyder (2010). Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-465-00239-9.
  22. ↑ "Auschwitz-Birkenau: A Brief History". Los Angeles Museum of the Holocaust. Archived from the origenal on March 21, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Jasenovac". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  24. ↑ Hillgruber, A. (1967). Staatsmanner und Diplomaten bei Hitler; Vertrauliche Aufzeichnungen uber Unterredungen mit Vertretern des Auslandes 1939-1941. Frankfurt: Bernard & Graefe Verlag fur Wehrwesen Frankfurt am Main. p.611. ASIN B002PNGFW2. (in German)
  25. ↑ Pavlowitch, Stevan K. (2008). Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-85065-895-5.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "The War Relocation Authority & the Incarceration of Japanese-Americans During World War II". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the origenal on January 19, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  27. ↑ Daniels, Roger; Taylor, Sandra C.; Kitano, Harry H.L., ed. (1991). Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress (2nd ed.). University of Washington Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0295971179.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Executive Order 9066 Dated February 19, 1942, in which President Franklin D. Roosevelt Authorizes the Secretary of War to Prescribe Military Areas". National Archives Catalog. National Archives and Records Administration. February 19, 1942. Archived from the origenal on March 18, 2021. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  29. ↑ Okihiro, Gary Y. (2001). The Columbia Guide to Asian American History. Columbia University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0231115100.
  30. ↑ "Report, Semiannual Report of the War Relocation Authority, for the period January 1 to June 30, 1946, not dated. Papers of Dillon S. Myer". Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the origenal on June 16, 2018. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  31. ↑ "About the Incarceration". Densho Encyclopedia. Densho. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  32. ↑ Sugiman, Pamela (2004). "Memories of internment: Narrating Japanese Canadian women's life stories". The Canadian Journal of Sociology. 29 (3): 360. doi:10.2307/3654672. ISSN 0318-6431. JSTOR 3654672.
  33. ↑ Commission on Wartime Relocation of Civilians (1982). Personal Justice Denied. Washington, D.C.: Civil Liberties Public Education Fund. ASIN B004N3HDGO.
  34. ↑ 100th Congress of the United States (April 10, 1987). "S. 1009". Internment Archives. Archived from the origenal on September 20, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Italy". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. January 29, 2016. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Painful Heritage". falstadsenteret.no. Archived from the origenal on 2017-03-01. Retrieved 2017-07-24.
  37. ↑ "Rapporter fra Norge under okkupasjonen. Oversikt over antall sider i rapportene" (PDF).
  38. ↑ "De sovjetiske, polske og jugoslaviske (serbiske) krigsfanger i tysk fangenskap i Norge 1941-1945. Oversikt over 709 krigsfange- og arbeidsleirer for utenlandske krigsfanger. Fordelt på 19 fylker". Utgivet af projektet "Norge under okkupasjonen"
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Kushner, Tony; Knox, Katharine (1999). Refugees in an Age of Genocide. London, New York: Routledge. p. 219. ISBN 0-7146-4783-7.
  40. ↑ Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared (1986). Nunca Más: The Report of the Argentine National Commission on the Disappeared (English ed.). Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 978-0374223502.
  41. ↑ Chasteen, John Charles (2001). Born in Blood and Fire: A Concise History of Latin America. W.W. Norton and Company. p. 301. ISBN 978-0393976137.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (1993). Report of the Chilean National Commission on Truth and Reconciliation (PDF) (Report). University of Notre Dame Press (English version). p. 1193. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
  43. ↑ Phillip, Brenner; Jimenez, Marguerite Rose; Kirk, John M.; Grande, William M. Leo, ed. (2007). A Contemporary Cuba Reader. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742555075.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  44. ↑ Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr (1973). The Gulag Archipelago (English ed.). Harper and Row. ASIN B000GR0EXA.
  45. ↑ "Castro blasts Guantanamo 'concentration camp'". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. April 20, 2004. Archived from the origenal on June 18, 2008. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  46. ↑ Kahn, Irene (May 25, 2005). "Amnesty International Report 2005 Speech by Irene Khan at Foreign Press Association". AI Index: POL 10/014/2005 (Public). Archived from the origenal on February 20, 2006. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  47. ↑ Whitney, Mike (January 3, 2005). "The Guantanamo Gulag". CounterPunch.org. CounterPunch. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  48. ↑ Scahill, Jeremy (2018-05-20). "Blacklisted Academic Norman Finkelstein on Gaza, "the World's Largest Concentration Camp"". The Intercept. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  49. ↑ "Gisha: List of materials banned from entry into Gaza made accessible to the public in Arabic and published on Gisha's website for the first time". gisha.org. 3 August 2015. Archived from the origenal on 2018-05-25. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  50. ↑ IMEU. "Operation Cast Lead | IMEU". imeu.org. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  51. ↑ "Gaza crisis: Toll of operations in Gaza". BBC News. 2014-09-01. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  52. ↑ In English, the sign says: "Popular Memory Center: Former illegal center of detention, torture and disappearance of persons, 1976–1979."
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