In most of them, researchers had compared a relatively small group of patients with either esophagus or gastric cardia tumors against a cancer-free group.

On examining the œsophagus near the cardia, it was found of a dark colour in lines.

In this stage the peristalsis of the gullet is sufficient to force the food through the cardia.

One about the pharinx, where the œsophagus opens into the mouth, and the other about the cardia ventriculi, where it opens into the stomach.

Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia.