In 2018, Google DeepMind's AlphaZero program taught itself the games of chess, shogi, and Go using machine learning and a special algorithm to determine the best moves to win a game within a defined grid.

The University of Southampton team used several techniques to analyse the fossils, including phylogenetic, discriminant and machine learning methods, teaming up with colleagues at London's Natural History Museum, the Hastings Museum and Art Gallery, and the Museo Miguel Lillo De Ciencias Naturales in Argentina.

"For example, we plan to perform multi-protein analyses and use machine learning for image analysis of breast cancer tumours to understand more about tumour heterogeneity -- i.e. differences between and within tumors -- and how it affects risk and treatment benefit," says Linda Lindström.

By addressing these questions, researchers hope to create a future where AI learns not only more effectively but also more intuitively, bridging the gap between human intuition and machine learning, and enabling AI to operate more autonomously in environments with limited information.

To gain a deeper understanding of this process, the team employed computer simulations performed by Fukuda, and MALIO, a machine learning tool Takahashi designed to analyze and distinguish the local structures of BP I and BP II liquid crystal phases.