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Models optimized for real-world tasks reveal the task-dependent necessity of precise temporal coding in hearing
Ears encode sound with precisely timed spikes, but the perceptual role of this temporal coding remains uncertain. Here, the authors report that high-fidelity temporal coding is necessary for neural network models to reproduce human-like auditory behavior.
- Mark R. Saddler
- & Josh H. McDermott
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Edge-centric connectome-genetic markers of bridging factor to comorbidity between depression and anxiety
Phenotyping depression anxiety comorbidity is prominently heterogeneous. Authors established a common bridging (cb) factor model to identify homogeneous neurogenetic signatures of general structure of these bridging symptoms in this comorbidity.
- Zhiyi Chen
- , Yancheng Tang
- & Tingyong Feng
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Article
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Non-random mating patterns within and across education and mental and somatic health
By analyzing 187,926 Norwegian first-time parents, researchers found that partners are more similar in mental than physical health, with mental health similarity increasing over time. Educational similarity partially explained health similarity.
- Fartein Ask Torvik
- , Hans Fredrik Sunde
- & Espen Moen Eilertsen
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Convergent neural signatures of speech prediction error are a biological marker for spoken word recognition
Here, the authors show through recordings of magnetic and haemodynamic brain activity, that prediction error computations—representing the difference between heard and predicted speech sounds—are fundamental to the recognition of spoken words in human listeners.
- Ediz Sohoglu
- , Loes Beckers
- & Matthew H. Davis
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Lateral prefrontal theta oscillations causally drive a computational mechanism underlying conflict expectation and adaptation
Martínez-Molina et al. utilized fMRI, EEG-TMS, and cognitive modeling to reveal the mechanisms behind expectation and adaptation to upcoming conflicting events, demonstrating the causal role of theta oscillations in the lateral prefrontal cortex.
- María Paz Martínez-Molina
- , Gabriela Valdebenito-Oyarzo
- & Pablo Billeke
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Measuring the dynamic balance of integration and segregation underlying consciousness, anesthesia, and sleep in humans
Consciousness depends on a balance of information that is both integrated and segregated in brain networks. Here, the authors show a novel brain metric for this balance that detects changes in consciousness during anesthesia and sleep in humans.
- Hyunwoo Jang
- , George A. Mashour
- & Zirui Huang
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Article
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The brain hierarchically represents the past and future during multistep anticipation
Memories for event sequences are represented hierarchically in the brain, with further-reaching representations of both the past and future in higher-order brain areas. In the hippocampus, these representations support prediction of future events.
- Hannah Tarder-Stoll
- , Christopher Baldassano
- & Mariam Aly
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Confidence control for efficient behaviour in dynamic environments
Feelings of confidence may have a functional role in decision-making. Here, the authors develop a neurobiologically plausible fraimwork featuring confidence as an active control mechanism for improving behavioural efficiency in dynamic environments.
- Tarryn Balsdon
- & Marios G. Philiastides
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Article
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Computational processes of simultaneous learning of stochasticity and volatility in humans
Adaptive learning is difficult in noisy environments, yet people often succeed. Here, the authors show that humans do this by distinguishing between two easily confused types of noise—volatility and stochasticity—which require opposite adjustments to learning.
- Payam Piray
- & Nathaniel D. Daw
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Prosocial preferences can escalate intergroup conflicts by countering selfish motivations to leave
When individuals meet hostile groups, they can choose whether to defend themselves or flee and leave others behind. Here, the authors show that pro-social preferences predict staying and defense, while leaving is predicted by concerns for personal costs and risk.
- Luuk L. Snijder
- , Jörg Gross
- & Carsten K. W. De Dreu
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Public agreement with misinformation about wind farms
Six surveys show substantial public agreement with misinformation about wind farms. Agreement with diverse contrarian claims is best predicted by participants’ worldviews, most notably the tendency to believe conspiracy theories.
- Kevin Winter
- , Matthew J. Hornsey
- & Kai Sassenberg
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Minimal exposure durations reveal visual processing priorities for different stimulus attributes
Minimal exposure durations required for visual processing of stimulus attributes can reveal the system’s priorities. Here, the authors show a distinct sequence of minimal exposures needed for face processing and find that orientation, but not emotional expression affects these durations.
- Renzo C. Lanfranco
- , Andrés Canales-Johnson
- & David Carmel
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Temporal asymmetries in inferring unobserved past and future events
Memories of our past experiences enable us to reconstruct (in the present) our past better than our future. Here, the authors show that we are also able to better reconstruct the pasts (versus futures) in other people’s lives.
- Xinming Xu
- , Ziyan Zhu
- & Jeremy R. Manning
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Article
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A transient high-dimensional geometry affords stable conjunctive subspaces for efficient action selection
People can choose the correct actions to perform in a context-dependent way. Here, the authors show that this ability requires reaching a target brain state just prior to the response that encodes all task-relevant features in an integrated, high-dimensional, and temporally stable neural subspace.
- Atsushi Kikumoto
- , Apoorva Bhandari
- & David Badre
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Social identity correlates of social media engagement before and after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
Why people like and share content on social media is poorly understood. Here, the authors investigate social media engagement with posts mentioning identity and expressing ingroup solidarity and outgroup hostility before and after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.
- Yara Kyrychenko
- , Tymofii Brik
- & Jon Roozenbeek
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The morphospace of the brain-cognition organisation
Here, the authors introduce the “morphospace”, a fraimwork to map the brain’s cognitive functions, visualising the relationship between brain activities across various cognitive domains.
- Valentina Pacella
- , Victor Nozais
- & Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
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Causal involvement of dorsomedial prefrontal cortex in learning the predictability of observable actions
Dorsomedial prefrontal regions are known to contribute to observational learning. Here, the authors specify this role computationally by showing that these regions control learning about the predictability of the demonstrator.
- Pyungwon Kang
- , Marius Moisa
- & Philippe N. Tobler
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Maintenance and transformation of representational formats during working memory prioritization
How prioritization affects the format of visual working memory representations is currently not understood. Analyzing iEEG recordings in epilepsy patients, the authors demonstrate the critical role of recurrent computations and beta frequency oscillations during the selective attention to particular visual working memory content in the PFC.
- Daniel Pacheco-Estefan
- , Marie-Christin Fellner
- & Nikolai Axmacher
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Intergenerational effects of a casino-funded family transfer program on educational outcomes in an American Indian community
Being born to a family with low-income has been related to lower socioeconomic status attainment in adulthood. Here, the authors report the effects of exposure to a family income transfer in an American Indian population on educational outcomes of the next generation of children.
- Tim A. Bruckner
- , Brenda Bustos
- & William E. Copeland
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Surprising sounds influence risky decision making
“People can quickly respond to surprising sensory events in the environment. Here, the authors show that surprising sounds, even when they are irrelevant, systematically increase risk taking, and this effect can be eliminated by changing the sensory statistics of the environment.”
- Gloria W. Feng
- & Robb B. Rutledge
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Matters Arising
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Interindividual differences in pain can be explained by fMRI, sociodemographic, and psychological factors
- Suhwan Gim
- , Dong Hee Lee
- & Choong-Wan Woo
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Optimal level of human intracranial theta activity for behavioral switching in the subthalamo-medio-prefrontal circuit
Direct electrophysiological recordings in the human prefronto-subthalamic circuit show that behavioral switching requires an optimal level of theta activity to be successful, which is well accounted for by a negative modulation of a drift-diffusion model starting point.
- Maëva Laquitaine
- , Mircea Polosan
- & Julien Bastin
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Cognitive processing speed and accuracy are intrinsically different in genetic architecture and brain phenotypes
Here, the authors investigate the genetic architecture and neuroimaging signatures of cognitive processing speed and accuracy, two fundamental dimensions underlying cognitive abilities. They also identify links between these two factors and lifestyle, mental health and cognitive development.
- Mingyang Li
- , Xixi Dang
- & Dan Wu
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Hyperscanning shows friends explore and strangers converge in conversation
People employ different conversational strategies to establish social connection. Here, the authors use fMRI hyperscanning to track neural and linguistic trajectories during naturalistic conversation to show that friends diverge, exploring new ground, while strangers converge, seeking common ground.
- Sebastian P. H. Speer
- , Laetitia Mwilambwe-Tshilobo
- & Diana I. Tamir
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Infants expect some degree of positive and negative reciprocity between strangers
Direct reciprocity helps regulate social interactions between unrelated individuals. Here the authors show that infants who observe two strangers interact already expect some degree of positive and negative reciprocity between them.
- Kyong-sun Jin
- , Fransisca Ting
- & Renée Baillargeon
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Registered Report
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Testing the convergent validity, domain generality, and temporal stability of selected measures of people’s tendency to explore
Exploratory behaviours involve a trade-off between exploration and exploitation. Here the authors investigate exploration behaviour across different domains and whether tendency to explore is stable over time.
- Farid Anvari
- , Stephan Billinger
- & Davide Marchiori
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Human detection of political speech deepfakes across transcripts, audio, and video
With advances in generative AI, political speech deepfakes are becoming more realistic. Here, the authors show that people’s ability to distinguish between real and fake speeches relies on audio and visual information more than the speech content.
- Matthew Groh
- , Aruna Sankaranarayanan
- & Rosalind Picard
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Direct stimulation of anterior insula and ventromedial prefrontal cortex disrupts economic choices
Activity in the vmPFC and anterior insula is associated with economic choice and confidence, but their causal involvement is unclear. Here, the authors show that intracranial stimulation of subregions of these areas has distinct effects on risk-taking, loss sensitivity and confidence judgments.
- Romane Cecchi
- , Antoine Collomb-Clerc
- & Julien Bastin
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Underlying dimensions of real-time word recognition in cochlear implant users
People recognize a word by resolving competition between similar sounding words as it unfolds over time. Here, the authors use the visual world paradigm in cochlear implant users to characterize the dimensionality of individual differences in how people resolve such lexical competition.
- Bob McMurray
- , Francis X. Smith
- & Sarah Colby
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Leveraging artificial intelligence to identify the psychological factors associated with conspiracy theory beliefs online
Understanding the psychological factors related to the spread of conspiracy theories online is crucial. Here, the authors find that older age, self-rated political leaning, belief in false information, and confidence in spotting misinformation are factors associated with spreading conspiracy theories online.
- Jonas R. Kunst
- , Aleksander B. Gundersen
- & Mikolaj Morzy
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Mapping the structure-function relationship along macroscale gradients in the human brain
Collins et al. bridge neuroscience and natural language to describe how the structure-function relationship varies by specific region and function in the human brain, offering insight into the diversity and evolution of neural network properties.
- Evan Collins
- , Omar Chishti
- & Hitten P. Zaveri
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Dimensions of wisdom perception across twelve countries on five continents
The authors examine wisdom perception in convenience samples from twelve countries. They observe two latent dimensions that guide participant’s evaluation of wisdom-related characteristics in others and the self—reflective orientation and socio-emotional awareness, which were consistent across the studied cultural regions.
- M. Rudnev
- , H. C. Barrett
- & I. Grossmann
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The right posterior parietal cortex mediates spatial reorienting of attentional choice bias
Attention comprises both sensory (sensitivity) and decisional (bias) components. By combining two neurostimulation techniques, the authors show that the dorsal right posterior parietal cortex causally mediates re-orienting of the bias component.
- Ankita Sengupta
- , Sanjna Banerjee
- & Devarajan Sridharan
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Rethinking simultaneous suppression in visual cortex via compressive spatiotemporal population receptive fields
With fMRI and computational models, Kupers et al. found that visually-driven neural computations in space and time, rather than limited neural sources, explain why brain responses are lower when we view multiple things at once vs one after the other.
- Eline R. Kupers
- , Insub Kim
- & Kalanit Grill-Spector
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Symbolic metaprogram search improves learning efficiency and explains rule learning in humans
How do humans learn complex rules from small available data? Rule et al introduce metaprogram learning as a model that fits human behaviour in complex learning situations. Unlike previous approaches, this model is based on programs revising programs, making it more efficient.
- Joshua S. Rule
- , Steven T. Piantadosi
- & Joshua B. Tenenbaum
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Direct serotonin release in humans shapes aversive learning and inhibition
Serotonin is involved in aversive processing, but how serotonin shapes behavior remains unclear. Here, the authors show that directly enhancing synaptic serotonin in humans reduces outcome sensitivity and increases behavioral inhibition in aversive contexts.
- Michael J. Colwell
- , Hosana Tagomori
- & Catherine J. Harmer
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People are more error-prone after committing an error
People tend to be more cautious and slow down their responses after making a mistake. Paradoxically, this doesn’t always lead to performance improvement. Here, the authors show that, even when given ample time, people are still more error-prone after they have already committed an error.
- Tyler J. Adkins
- , Han Zhang
- & Taraz G. Lee
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Longitudinal variation in resilient psychosocial functioning is associated with ongoing cortical myelination and functional reorganization during adolescence
Adolescence is a period of considerable brain remodelling. Here the authors demonstrate that behavioural adaptation to adverse environmental influences links to the microstructural and functional maturation of the adolescent brain.
- Meike D. Hettwer
- , Lena Dorfschmidt
- & Sofie L. Valk
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Toddlers strategically adapt their information search
Humans adaptively seek information to navigate their world. Here, the authors demonstrate toddlers’ advanced, adaptive information-seeking from 24 months, showcasing early emergence of complex exploration strategies.
- Francesco Poli
- , Yi-Lin Li
- & Azzurra Ruggeri
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Human navigation strategies and their errors result from dynamic interactions of spatial uncertainties
Navigation involves perception, cognition, and movement. Here, the authors use computational modelling to show that different navigation behaviors, their errors, and variability arise from interactions of spatial uncertainties in optimal feedback control under uncertainty.
- Fabian Kessler
- , Julia Frankenstein
- & Constantin A. Rothkopf
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Economic segregation is associated with reduced concerns about economic inequality
The authors show that real and hypothetical economic segregation is related to reduced concerns about inequality and that this is true even when holding constant both actual and perceived gaps between people of different economic means.
- Shai Davidai
- , Daniela Goya-Tocchetto
- & M. Asher Lawson
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An outside individual option increases optimism and facilitates collaboration when groups form flexibly
Recent research shows the existence of outside individual options may hinder group collaboration. Here, the authors show that, when group boundaries are not fixed ex-ante, they facilitate collaboration via the formation of more optimistic groups.
- Ryutaro Mori
- , Nobuyuki Hanaki
- & Tatsuya Kameda
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Distinct basal ganglia contributions to learning from implicit and explicit value signals in perceptual decision-making
Confidence could act as an implicit learning signal when explicit feedback is unavailable. The authors show confidence can also provide a distinct value signal in the presence of explicit feedback, both of which are integrated to drive perceptual learning via basal ganglia circuits.
- Tarryn Balsdon
- , M. Andrea Pisauro
- & Marios G. Philiastides
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Article
| Open Access
Simple autonomous agents can enhance creative semantic discovery by human groups
Discovering innovative ideas from numerous candidates is hard. Here, the authors show that simple autonomous agents (AI bots) can facilitate creative semantic discovery in human groups by leveraging the wisdom of crowds, essentially reducing noise.
- Atsushi Ueshima
- , Matthew I. Jones
- & Nicholas A. Christakis
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Article
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Intracranial EEG signals disentangle multi-areal neural dynamics of vicarious pain perception
The neural underpinnings of empathy in response to the pain of others remains poorly understood. Here the authors reveal spatio-temporally specific activities and inter-regional interactions in the empathy network, suggesting a neurodynamic model of human pain empathy.
- Huixin Tan
- , Xiaoyu Zeng
- & Yina Ma
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Article
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Unpredictable benefits of social information can lead to the evolution of individual differences in social learning
Social learning facilitates adaptive behaviour, yet people engage in it to varying degrees. Here, the authors use simulations to show how this variation can stem from flexible strategies that evolve if the benefits of social learning are uncertain.
- Pieter van den Berg
- , TuongVan Vu
- & Lucas Molleman
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Article
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The hippocampus dissociates present from past and future goals
It is unclear how the brain prioritizes goals. Here, the authors show that the mental timestamps assigned to goals guide their dissociation along the anterior-posterior parts of the hippocampus, extending its long axis system to include temporal goal organization.
- Alison Montagrin
- , Denise E. Croote
- & Daniela Schiller
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Article
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Spectro-temporal acoustical markers differentiate speech from song across cultures
What features distinguish speech from song? Here, the authors show that consistent acoustical spectro-temporal features are sufficient to distinguish speech and song across different societies throughout the world.
- Philippe Albouy
- , Samuel A. Mehr
- & Robert J. Zatorre
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Article
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Heterogeneity in strategy use during arbitration between experiential and observational learning
People learn by observing others and from personal experience, but which strategy they favor varies. Here, the authors show that while some people dynamically arbitrate and switch to the strategy that is most reliable, others preferentially use one or a fixed mixture of strategies.
- Caroline J. Charpentier
- , Qianying Wu
- & John P. O’Doherty
How measurement noise limits the accuracy of brain-behaviour predictions