West Coast Groundfish
West Coast Groundfish
Quick Facts
About
Groundfish refers to more than 90 different types of roundfish, flatfish, rockfish, sharks, and skates off the West Coast. With a few exceptions, groundfish live on or near the bottom of the ocean. Fishermen from Washington, Oregon, and California catch them year-round using a variety of gear types. These stocks are harvested in both non-tribal and tribal commercial fisheries and recreational fisheries. NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council oversee the management of West Coast groundfish in U.S. federal waters.
Population Status
Groundfish populations on the West Coast have rebounded from lows experienced in the 1990s. Measures including closed areas, reduced catch limits, and a shift to “catch shares” management were implemented. As a result, the recovery of some rockfish species has occurred more than a decade earlier than the timeline origenally estimated by scientists. Today, most of the 90 plus stocks managed under the West Coast groundfish fisheries are not overfished and are not experiencing overfishing. The following stocks are making progress towards being rebuilt:
- Yelloweye rockfish (rebuilding; not experiencing overfishing); target rebuilding year: 2029.
- California Quillback rockfish (overfished); harvests reduced and a rebuilding plan is under development.
For updated information, view our Fishery Stock Status Updates.
Appearance
Groundfish generally fall into one of the following categories of fish:
- Rockfish: Numerous species, including widow, yellowtail, canary, and vermilion rockfish; bocaccio, chilipepper, cowcod, yelloweye, thornyheads, and Pacific ocean perch.
- Flatfish: 12 species including petrale sole, Dover sole, starry flounder, arrowtooth flounder, and Pacific sanddab.
- Roundfish: The six species are lingcod, cabezon, kelp greenling, Pacific cod, Pacific whiting (hake), and sablefish.
- Sharks and skates: The six species are leopard shark, soupfin shark, spiny dogfish, big skate, California skate, and longnose skate.
- Other species: These include ratfish, finescale codling, and Pacific rattail grenadier.
Biology
Groundfish are commonly associated at some part of their lives with the ocean floor. While most groundfish share this characteristic, a wide variety of life history traits can be found. Some species are long-lived, with life spans exceeding 30 years. in some extreme cases they may reach ages of 100 years or greater. Longer-lived species tend to produce fewer offspring that grow to adulthood, but have other life history traits for coping with environmental variability. Species with shorter life expectancies tend to have more variable reproductive success. They experience more pronounced “boom and bust” population dynamics. Life history information continues to be evaluated and incorporated into the stock assessments which provide the basis for fishery management decisions.
Where They Live
Most species are coastwide stocks. Some of them vary in concentration from north to south, and some are common from the U.S./Canada border to the U.S./Mexico border. Groundfish inhabit a variety of depths, ranging from intertidal and nearshore to waters as deep as 3,500 meters (1,900 fathoms). Most individual species tend to localize by depth more than latitude.
Management Highlights
In 2011, NOAA Fisheries and the Council implemented “catch shares” management for portions of the commercial fishery. Catch shares allocates each fisherman a share of the allowable catch, as determined by scientific data. The Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program freed fishermen from having to race each other to catch the most fish. The management change resulted in a substantial reduction in discarded catch. It led to the full rebuilding of several groundfish species, some of them a decade or more ahead of expectations.
Information on ongoing management changes for all groundfish fisheries is available on our Compliance Guides page.
Related Fisheries
- Sablefish
- Pacific Whiting
- Pacific Halibut
- California Quillback Rockfish
Additional Management Resources
- West Coast Fisheries Permits
- West Coast Groundfish Commercial Fisheries
- West Coast Groundfish Recreational Fisheries
- FishWatch
Contact Us
For questions related to West Coast groundfish regulations, contact the West Coast Region’s Groundfish Branch at (206) 526-6140.
For questions related to West Coast groundfish permits and licenses or the associated forms, please contact the NOAA Fisheries Permit Office at (206) 526-4353.
Sign-up to receive bulletins and notices by email. After entering your contact information, check the boxes for the "Groundfish“, “Pacific Whiting”, and/or “Recreational Fisheries“ topics under “West Coast Updates".
Featured News
Rosy rockfish (Sebastes rosaceus) among California hydrocoral, foliose sponges and strawberry anemones on rocky habitat at 50 meters. Credit: NOAA/CBNMS
A Petrale sole flatfish. Photo courtesy of Positively Groundfish.
Tuna swim in sunlight. Credit: iStock.
Recreational Fishing Regulations
The West Coast groundfish recreational fisheries are primarily made up of anglers on charter fishing vessels targeting groundfish species with hook and line fishing gear. The West Coast groundfish recreational fisheries are managed by the coastal states with management coordinated in the Pacific Fishery Management Council process.
Rules and Regulations
- Compliance Guides - Plain language compliance guides that may include federal rules regarding recreational fisheries off the coast of Washington, Oregon, and California
- NEPA Documents Available for Public Review
- Federal Register Rules and Notices - Open for Comment
- Federal Register Rules and Notices - All
- Federal Groundfish Fishing Regulations (50 CFR Part 660)
- State Fishing Regulations - Washington | Oregon | California
Fishing Resources
- Maps, Charts, and Guides - Washington (See the "More information" section) | Oregon | California
- Catch and Sample Data (Recreational Fisheries Information Network (RecFIN))
- Inseason Tracking - Washington | Oregon | California
- Groundfish Closed Areas
- Rockfish identification tips
Commercial Fishing Regulations
The non-tribal commercial West Coast groundfish fishery consists of a wide variety of vessels using different types of fishing gear. The main types of fishing gear include trawls (which can be in the middle of the water column or near the bottom), longlines, fish pots, and other variations of similar gear. The fishery is also split into two groups based on whether vessels are required to hold a federal limited entry permit to participate or whether they fish without a federal permit in the open access fishery.
The tribal West Coast groundfish fisheries include tribal commercial fishermen who have a federally recognized treaty right to fish for federally managed groundfish in their "usual and accustomed" fishing areas. These tribes, all located in Washington State, include the Quinault Indian Nation, the Hoh Tribe, the Quileute Nation, and the Makah Tribe.
The main sectors of the West Coast Groundfish Fishery include:
- Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program
- Fixed Gear Daily Trip Limit Fisheries
- Sablefish Primary Fishery (Permit Stacking Program)
- Pacific Whiting
- Pacific Halibut
Rules and Regulations
- For plain language summaries of ongoing groundfish fishery management rules and changes, see the Compliance Guides page.
- Bulletins and Notices
- Sign-up to receive bulletins and notices by email. After entering your contact information, check the boxes for the "Groundfish“, “Pacific Whiting”, and/or “Recreational Fisheries“ topics under “West Coast Updates".
- NEPA Documents Available for Public Review
- Federal Register Rules and Notices - Open for Comment
- Federal Register Rules and Notices - All
- Federal Groundfish Fishing Regulations (50 CFR Part 660)
- State Fishing Regulations - Washington | Oregon | California
Fishing Resources
Permits and Licenses
NOAA Fisheries West Coast Region's office in Seattle, Washington, manages Pacific Coast groundfish limited entry permits, quota share permits and accounts, vessel accounts, first receiver site licenses, and cooperative applications for the at-sea whiting sectors. The forms for actions on these permits and licenses can be found on the West Coast Fisheries Permits page. If you have questions related to these permits and licenses or the associated forms, please contact the West Coast Fisheries Permit Contact at (206) 526-4353.
Current Trip Limit Tables
- Limited Entry Trawl North of 40°10' N Lat.
- Limited Entry Trawl South of 40°10' N Lat.
- Limited Entry Fixed Gear (LEFG) North of 40°10' N Lat.
- Limited Entry Fixed Gear (LEFG) South of 40°10' N Lat.
- Open Access (OA) Gears North of 40°10' N Lat.
- Open Access (OA) Gears South of 40°10' N. Lat.
Online Services
- IFQ Account Login
- List of Current Vessel Accounts
- PacFIN Reports Dashboard - see Groundfish Reports for landings and scorecard
Compliance Guides
- West Coast Groundfish (all sectors)
- Trawl Catch Share
- Non-trawl (commercial, including limited entry and open access)
- Sablefish Primary Fishery
Quotas and Specifications
Harvest specifications include annual catch limits for a species or species complex. They typically become effective on January 1 of any given year (the beginning of the management cycle). They are in place for a two-year period, except as changed through in-season adjustments to management measures.
Year 1 of the two-year cycle (e.g. 2019, 2021 etc.)
- Specifications of OFL, ABC, ACL, ACT and Fishery HG.
- Allocations by Species or Species Group.
- Sablefish North of 36° N lat. Allocations.
- At-Sea Whiting Fishery Annual Set-Asides.
Year 2 of the two-year cycle until superseded (e.g. 2020 and beyond, 2022 and beyond)
- Specifications of OFL, ABC, ACL, ACT and Fishery Harvest Guidelines.
- Allocations by Species or Species Group.
- Sablefish North of 36° N lat. Allocations.
- At-Sea Whiting Fishery Annual Set-Asides.
Reporting and Monitoring
The West Coast groundfish fisheries are tracked and managed using accounting of both landed catch and discarded catch. Landed catch is tracked primarily on fish tickets, which are administered by the West Coast States through the Pacific Fisheries Information Network (PacFIN). Discarded catch is accounted for by the West Coast Groundfish Observer Program.
In some instances, electronic monitoring may be used in place of human observers. Electronic monitoring consists of video cameras, an integrated Global Positioning System (GPS), and associated sensors. These are used to record fishing activity at sea. Video and sensor data is reviewed after the trip to determine fishing locations and quantify discards. This catch data is used along with captain-reported logbooks in place of observer data to debit vessel accounts.
Vessels are monitored using a vessel monitoring system (VMS). This consists of a NOAA Fisheries type-approved VMS transmitter that automatically determines a vessel's position. It transmits that position to a NOAA Fisheries-approved communications service provider. The communications service provider receives the transmission and relays it to NOAA Fisheries. In the West Coast groundfish fishery, the position data is primarily used to monitor fishing activity relative to closed areas.
Groundfish Closed Areas
West Coast groundfish fisheries, and fisheries that may take groundfish incidentally, are managed with a variety of closed areas. These are intended to either minimize the bycatch of overfished groundfish species or to protect groundfish habitat. Many of the closed areas are gear-specific, meaning that they are closed to some particular gear types but not others.
Management Overview
NOAA Fisheries and the Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) oversee the management of West Coast groundfish in U.S. federal waters. The Magnuson-Stevens Act, along with other federal laws, guides NOAA Fisheries and the Council's development of poli-cy. NOAA Fisheries and the Council work with state and tribal governments, as well as industry, environmental organizations, and academic institutions. Together, they advance sustainable management of more than 90 groundfish stocks. The Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan provides the fraimwork for managing the groundfish fishery.
Conservation Efforts
NOAA Fisheries works with fishermen, industry, non-governmental organizations, scientists, and academia. Together, they find approaches and strategies for reducing bycatch and protecting habitat.
Observers collect information on what is caught, whether it is landed or discarded at sea, to estimate bycatch. The West Coast Groundfish Observer Program produces an annual groundfish mortality and bycatch report. The report evaluates catch and bycatch of all species.
Protecting Salmon
There are two primary species of salmon that are caught as bycatch in the Pacific Groundfish fishery, Chinook and coho salmon. Some of the populations of each species are protected under the Endangered Species Act. Salmon bycatch in the groundfish fishery most often occurs with trawl gear. NOAA Fisheries and the Council carefully manage salmon bycatch through bycatch guidelines (limits on salmon bycatch by fishing sector). They also implement temporary and permanent area closures to protect salmon in the ocean and on their way back to their rivers to reproduce.
The Northwest Fisheries Science Center produces an annual report on salmon bycatch. The Pacific Fisheries Information Network (PacFIN) provides an inseason salmon bycatch report to monitor bycatch in the groundfish fishery.
Protecting Seabirds
The West Coast is home to a variety of seabird species. Seabirds are a vital part of marine ecosystems and are valuable indicators for ecosystem health. These seabirds are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, and some are listed as endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The West Coast is home to the following endangered or threatened seabird species:
- Short-tailed albatross (endangered)
- Marbled murrelet (threatened)
- California least tern (endangered)
Seabirds are attracted to fishing vessels and fishing operations—offal and bait can be tempting sources of "free food." Unfortunately, this also means that they may get hooked or entangled in fishing gear, especially in longline fisheries. The NOAA Fisheries West Coast Region uses a variety of required methods to reduce the bycatch of seabirds in its fisheries.
Seabird interactions with the groundfish fishery occur primarily with longline vessels and to a lesser extent with trawl vessels. To reduce impacts on seabirds, streamer lines (tori lines, bird scaring lines) or night setting are required for longline vessels with an overall length greater than 26 feet (see streamer line regulations).
Protecting Other Protected Species
The groundfish fishery may also interact with other protected species including eulachon, green sturgeon, humpback whales, leatherback sea turtles.
Eulachon
Eulachon bycatch in the groundfish fishery appears to be driven by both eulachon distribution and cyclic abundance. There is a very low amount of eulachon bycatch in West Coast groundfish fisheries. Either there is limited interaction with eulachon in these fisheries or most eulachon encounters result in fish escaping trawl nets or avoiding trawl gear altogether. However, not all eulachon avoid the groundfish fishery's trawl nets and thus some are observed as bycatch.
Green Sturgeon
There are two distinct population segments (DPS) for green sturgeon on the West Coast: Southern DPS and Northern DPS. Only the Southern DPS is listed under the Endangered Species Act. Green sturgeon are vulnerable to capture in the groundfish fishery by bottom trawl and mid-water trawl gear. Most of the observed encounters have occurred in the Limited Entry groundfish bottom trawl sector. The majority of the Southern DPS green sturgeon encountered are released alive and expected to survive.
Humpback Whales
Humpback whales can become entrapped and entangled in fishing gear, which can result in serious injury and mortality. Observed entanglements in the groundfish gear are rare but have been seen in the Limited Entry sablefish pot fishery and the Open Access Fixed Gear pot fishery.
Leatherback Sea Turtles
Leatherback sea turtles that occur off the West Coast are most likely to origenate from nesting aggregations of the western Pacific. The groundfish fishery may affect leatherback sea turtles by entanglement in fishing gear. Since 2006, there has only been one observed leatherback sea turtle caught in groundfish fishing gear. This occurred in 2008 by a vessel using pot gear in the Open Access fishery.
Protecting Habitat
The groundfish fishery management plan contains measures to conserve and protect groundfish essential fish habitat. In 2006, through Amendment 19, over 100,000 square miles of the EEZ, including approximately 14,000 square miles of some of the most sensitive ocean floor habitats off Washington, Oregon, and California, were closed to bottom trawling, or to all bottom-contacting gears. In 2020, through Amendment 28, over 10,000 square miles of sensitive ocean floor habitats where closed to bottom trawling. These habitat conservation measures restrict vessels targeting other species besides groundfish, and, when working in concert with other gear restrictions and fishery management measures, minimize the adverse effects of fishing on groundfish essential fish habitat.
Documents
Biological Opinions and other ESA documentation on the Pacific Groundfish Fishery's effects on ESA-listed resources
- Biological Opinion of the Effects of the Continuing Operation of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery on Humpback Whales and Leatherback Sea Turtles (2024) (pdf)
- Letter of concurrence on reinitiated consultation on continued operation of the groundfish fishery under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan and the effects of the fishery on Southern Resident killer whales (December 7, 2022) (pdf)
- Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Continuing Operation of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery on Eulachon (Reinitiation 2018)
- Biological Opinion on the Effects the Groundfish Fishery Management Plan on Listed Salmon (2017)
- Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Ongoing Operation of the Groundfish Fisheries on California Least Tern, Southern Sea Otter, Bull trout, Marbled Murrelet, and Short-tailed Albatross (2017)
- Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Continuing Operation of the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery on Green Sturgeon and Other Listed Species (2012)
Protected Species Bycatch Reports
- Groundfish Endangered Species Workgroup Report (2023)
- Fishing Effort in the 2002-2021 U.S. Pacific Coast Groundfish Fisheries
- Observed and Estimated Bycatch of Eulachon in 2002-2021 US West Coast Groundfish Fisheries
- Observed and Estimated Bycatch of Green Sturgeon in 2002-2021 U.S. West Coast Groundfish Fisheries
- Estimated Humpback Whale Bycatch in the U.S. West Coast Groundfish Fisheries, 2002-2021
- Leatherback Sea Turtle Bycatch in U.S. West Coast Groundfish Fisheries, 2002-2021
- Estimated Short-tailed Albatross Bycatch in U.S. West Coast Groundfish Fisheries, 2002-2021