The three excluded from the measure include the Boston Marathon bomber and the man who killed Jewish worshippers in 2018.

MacAskill added: "He has returned and will face trial in America, I believe he will be convicted, and he is the bomber."

Long before insurgents in the Middle East began deliberately blowing themselves up, the Japanese used kamikaze pilots in World War II, perhaps the first suicide bombers.

The Pope writes that, after landing in Baghdad in March 2021, he was told an event at which he was set to appear was being targeted by two suicide bombers.

He added that three jihadists had told him that they "sacrifice their children as suicide bombers and they get paid after every mission", though they did not disclose the amount.