The recommended measures also include car-free Sundays in cities, car pooling and reducing fares on public transportation.

Some neighborhoods are being choked by more vehicles than they have ever seen before, with traffic snarls fueled by a plunge in transit use and car pooling, soaring car ownership and a surge in delivery trucks trying to keep up with an e-commerce boom.

“As a result of the combination of Groupe PSA and FCA, Stellantis will be in a position to achieve CO2 targets in Europe for 2021 without open passenger car pooling arrangements with other automakers,” he added.

Sidecar launched a ride-hailing service in 2012, and offered the first app to show passengers prices before booking rides, and to match passengers for car pooling.

Car pooling platform FlixCar went live in France at the end of 2019 - taking on local startup BlaBlaCar, with more launches to follow.