Mr Berger says his daughter told him how they were constantly watched over by armed men, "playing all the time with their guns and their hand grenades".

"Human rights, yes, but what about human rights for good people? We're in a war. Mafias use machine guns, grenades. The militarisation aims to establish peace," he says.

Mr Wiren told the BBC that there was no evidence bombs had been detonated, but said there was thick smoke that could have come from the suspect setting fires or smoke grenades.

Substance abuse and addiction are closely correlated with trauma, and a population rattled by guns and grenades can take longer to find peace than negotiations themselves.

It said toxic substances had been used in drone attacks as well as in combat grenades.