The report found there was "little to evidence a consistent and widespread knowledge, understanding, or application" of mobile messaging apps, "including rules around retention, exportation, and deletion".

The ETH researchers found that these changes resulted in the simple deletion of thousands and thousands of DNA building blocks, known as bases.

For the study, researchers performed a scan of 3,000 cancer cell genes known to be involved in cell metabolism to determine, by deletion, which were necessary for cancer cell survival after chemotherapy.

But because the deletion mutation appears to only affect Arhgap36 function in melanocytes, cats with the mutation are not only healthy, but also cute.

However, monitoring of a "privacy inbox" related to the attack ended in November the same year, with no response provided to about 646 SARs and 597 requests for the deletion of personal information.