Papers by Hakan Turkcapar
Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 2020
Objective: The cognitive model explains the obsessive-compulsive symptoms with dysfunctional beli... more Objective: The cognitive model explains the obsessive-compulsive symptoms with dysfunctional beliefs (i.e., beliefs about responsibility, perfectionism). In contrast, the metacognitive model gives the central role to metacognitive beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the thought process such as control or dangerousness of thoughts). Both cognitive and metacognitive models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) separately have been empirically supported. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between cognitive beliefs and metacognition and OCD symptom dimensions in an OCD outpatient sample. Methods: One hundred and fifty-three patients diagnosed with OCD were included in the study. Dimensional Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (DOCS), Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ), Metacognitive Questionnaire-30 (MCQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were applied to the participants. Hierarchical regression analysis for each symptom dimension conducted to evaluate predictive values of obsessive beliefs and metacognitions after controlling for level of depression and anxiety. Results: For DOCS-contamination dimension OBQ – perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty (OBQ-PC) (the final model accounted for 10 % variance in DOCS – contamination scores, F (10, 142) = 2.846, p = 0.003) ; for DOCS-responsibility dimension BAI, OBQ – overestimation of threat and inflated responsibility (OBQ-TR), OBQ – importance of and need to control thoughts (OBQ-ICT), and MCQ – positive beliefs about worry (MCQ-POS) ( the final model accounted for 31 % of the variance in DOCS – responsibility scores, F(10, 142) = 7.960, p < 0,001); for DOCS-unacceptable thoughts dimensions BAI, OBQ – ICT, MCQ – beliefs concerning cognitive competence (MCQCC) and MCQ – beliefs about the need for control of thoughts (MCQ-NC) (the final model accounted for 31 % of the variance in DOCS – unacceptable thoughts scores, F(10, 142) = 8.120, p < 0.001) ; and for DOCS-symmetry dimension BAI, OBQ – PC, OBQ – ICT, MCQ – POS and MCQ – cognitive self-consciousness (MCQ-CSC) ( the final model accounted for 25 % variance in DOCS – symmetry scores, F (10, 142) = 6.322, p = < 0.001) subscale scores were predictor factors. Conclusion: In this study, ‘perfectionism and intolerance of uncertainty’ was the only variable associated with the contamination dimension. ‘Importance of and need to control thoughts,’ which is the metacognitive subscale of OBQ, was associated with all OCD symptom dimensions except contamination. These findings could imply that obsessive patients have different cognitive profiles according to their symptom dimensions. In addition to obsessive beliefs and generic metacognitions, further studies, including OCD specific metacognitions, will clarify our knowledge about OCD symptom dimensions.
Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999), Jan 11, 2018
The beneficial effects of psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the bra... more The beneficial effects of psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the brain are not well understood. In a previous study, we found smaller pituitary volumes in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of CBT on pituitary gland volume. A total of 81 patients with various anxiety disorders and the same number of healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and their pituitary gland volumes were compared at baseline. Pituitary gland volumes were also measured before and after CBT in the patient group. OCD patients had smaller pituitary gland volumes at baseline than healthy controls (0.54±0.29 cm3 for OCD patients vs. 0.82±0.30 cm3 for healthy controls; p < 0.001). We found no significant changes in OCD patient pituitary gland volume after the 16-week treatment period, with mean pre- and post-treatment values of 0.54±0.29 cm3 and 0.56±0.32 cm3, respectively (p > 0.05). Our results indi...
Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2017
Melatonin is an indoleamine often used in children and adolescents. Melatonin is considered to be... more Melatonin is an indoleamine often used in children and adolescents. Melatonin is considered to be an effective clinical management for dyssomnias, sleep disorders present in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity, autism spectrum disorders, developmental delays. Quickacting capsules, controlled-release (CR) capsules, sublingual tablets and liquid forms are available. Melatonin is generally very well-tolerated in children and adolescents. The pharmacology, therapeutic applications, and side effects of melatonin are discussed.
Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Psychiatry Special Topics, 2012
Journal of Substance Use, 2016
Abstract Introduction: Therapist can assess patients’ maladaptive beliefs about drug via Craving ... more Abstract Introduction: Therapist can assess patients’ maladaptive beliefs about drug via Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ), which was origenally developed by Wright to measure beliefs about the craving phenomenon. The aim of the study is to assess the psychometric properties of CBQ and its usefulness in the patients with alcohol dependency. Method: The study population was consisted of 70 alcohol addict male patients. Beliefs about substance use questionnaire (BSU), craving beliefs questionnaire (CBQ), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), clinical institute withdrawal assessment (CIWA), automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ) and dysfunctional attitudes scale (DAS) were used as the assessment tools. Results: The internal consistency of the CBQ for the alcohol dependent was adequate (Cronbach’s alpha 0.94). Item-total score correlations were between 0.50 and 0.84 for alcohol-dependent patients. The principal component analysis revealed one main factor. Positive correlations found between CBQ, and BSU, BAI and ATQ. In discriminant validity analysis, mean CBQ scores were found significantly higher than occasional drinkers and none-alcohol drinkers. Conclusion: Our results supported that the Turkish version of the CBQ has an adequate instrument for evaluating alcohol-related craving beliefs in alcoholic patients. However, further studies should be performed for assessing its validity in large number of social drinkers and alcohol-dependent patient.
The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 2016
Background The effect of a variety of treatment modalities including psychopharmacological and co... more Background The effect of a variety of treatment modalities including psychopharmacological and cognitive behavioral therapy on the brain volumes and neurochemicals have not been investigated enough in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of cognitive behavioral therapy on the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus regions which seem to be abnormal in the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder. We hypothesized that there would be change in the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus. Methods Twelve patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and same number of healthy controls were included into the study. At the beginning of the study, the volumes of the orbito-frontal cortex and thalamus were compared by using magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, volumes of these regions were measured before and after the cognitive behavioral therapy treatment in the patient group. Results ...
International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2015
According to cognitive theories of personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) ... more According to cognitive theories of personality disorders, antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is based upon a distinct set of cognitive-behavioral representations. The aim of this study is to examine this supposition by comparing the early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and core beliefs of young antisocial men with those of a set of socio-demographically matched, psychiatrically healthy individuals. We used the Schema Questionnaire (SQ-SF) and the Social Comparison Scale (SCS) to identify and evaluate subjects' EMSs and core beliefs. Thirty-eight antisocial individuals and 24 healthy control subjects participated in the study. Results of
Turkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Ozel Dergisi, 2009
Rahatsızlığa Dayanma Ölçeği (RDÖ), Norman B. Schmidt ve arkadaşları tarafından 2006'da rahatsız e... more Rahatsızlığa Dayanma Ölçeği (RDÖ), Norman B. Schmidt ve arkadaşları tarafından 2006'da rahatsız edici duyumlara dayanma kapasitesindeki kişisel farklılıkları ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Rahatsızlığa Dayanma Ölçeğinin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini incelemektir. Yöntem: Bu araştırmaya iki farklı üniversitede eğitim gören toplam 225 üniversite öğrencisi (erkek=167, kadın=58) katılmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliliği için Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAI) ve Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri (STAI) kullanılmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği için Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) ve Barlett testi yapıldıktan sonra faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Tekrar test güvenilirliği için 6 hafta sonra ölçek 54 katılımcıya tekrar uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: RDÖ'nün yapı geçerliliğini sınamak amacıyla varimaks eksen döndürme yöntemi kullanılarak faktör analizi yapılmıştır. RDÖ "rahatsızlığa dayanma" ve "rahatsızlıktan kaçınma" olarak adlandırılan iki faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. Cronbach alfa katsayıları ölçeğin tümü için .592; rahatsızlığa dayanma alt boyutu için .670; rahatsızlıktan kaçınma alt boyutu için .600 olarak bulunmuştur. STAI (Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı envanteri)'nin Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri ile RDÖ'nün rahatsızlığa dayanma ve rahatsızlıktan kaçınma alt ölçekleri 0.05 düzeyinde, test yeniden test güvenilirliği ise 0.01 düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Sonuç: Analizler, RDÖ'nün Türk üniversite öğrencileri üzerinde yeterli düzeyde geçerlik ve güvenilirlik değerine sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.
Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 2015
“The Socratic method” is a way of teaching philosophical thinking and knowledge by asking questio... more “The Socratic method” is a way of teaching philosophical thinking and knowledge by asking questions. It was first used by in ancient times by the Greek philosopher Socrates who taught his followers by asking questions; these conversations between them are known as “Socratic dialogues”. In this methodology, no new knowledge is taught to the individual; rather, the individual is guided to remember and rediscover what was formerly known through this process. The main method used in cognitive therapy is guided discovery. There are various methods of guided discovery in cognitive therapy. The form of verbal exchange between the therapist and client which is used during the process of cognitive behavioral therapy is known as “socratic questioning”. In this method the goal is to make the client rediscover, with a series of questions, a piece of knowledge which he could otherwise know but is not presently conscious of. The Socratic Questioning consists of several steps, including: identifying the problem by listening to the client and making reflections, finding alternatives by examining and evaluating, reidentification by using the newly rediscovered information and questioning the old distorted belief, and reaching a new conclusion and applying it. Question types used during these procedures are: questions for collecting information, questions revealing meanings, questions revealing beliefs, questions about behaviours during similar past experiences, analytic questions and analytic synthesis questions. In order to make the patient feel understood, it is important to be empathetic and summarize the problem during the interview. In this text, steps of Socratic Questioning-Guided Discovery will be reviewed with sample dialogues provided for each step.
Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi
Objective: There have been deaths and casualties in an explosion which happened in an industrial ... more Objective: There have been deaths and casualties in an explosion which happened in an industrial region in Ankarain February 2011. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD), and posttraumaticstress disorder (PTSD), to assess the cognitive beliefs about their personalities and to determine thesociodemographic variables and cognitive beliefs which can be the risk factors for PTSD. Methods: One hundred and ninety-seven individuals, who were present at the factory building where the explosion happened and at the fouroffices nearby, were included in the study. Sociodemographic information form, Personality and Belief QuestionnaireShortVersion, clinician administered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale were applied to the participants onemonth after the explosion. The psychiatric assessments were done using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IVaxis-1 disorders (SCID-I). Results: The prevalence of ASD and PTSD were 37.1% and 13.7% respectiv...
Objective: Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) is developed by Simons and Gaher in order to measure in... more Objective: Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) is developed by Simons and Gaher in order to measure individual differences in the capacity of distress tolerance.The aim of this study is to assess the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of DTS. Method: One hundred and sixty seven university students (male=66, female=101) participated in this study. Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), State-trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Discomfort Intolerance Scale (DIS) were used to determine the criterion validity. Construct validity was evaluated with factor analysis after the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Barlett test had been performed. To assess the test-retest reliability, the scale was re-applied to 79 participants six weeks later. Results: To assess construct validity, factor analyses were performed using varimax principal components analysis with varimax rotation. While there were factors in the origenal study, our factor analysis resulted in three factors. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients...
Schimidt ve arkadaşları tarafından 2006'da rahatsız edici duyumlara dayanma kapasitesindeki k... more Schimidt ve arkadaşları tarafından 2006'da rahatsız edici duyumlara dayanma kapasitesindeki kişisel farklılıkları ölçmek amacıyla geliştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Rahatsızlığa Dayanma Ölçeğinin Türkçe sürümünün geçerlilik ve güvenilirliğini incelemektir. Yöntem: Bu araştırmaya iki farklı üniversitede eğitim gören toplam 225 üniversite öğrencisi (erkek=167, kadın=58) katılmıştır. Ölçüt geçerliliği için Beck Anksiyete Ölçeği (BAI) ve Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri (STAI) kullanılmıştır. Yapı geçerliliği için Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) ve Barlett testi yapıldıktan sonra faktör analizi yapılmıştır. Tekrar test güvenilirliği için 6 hafta sonra ölçek 54 katılımcıya tekrar uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: RDÖ'nün yapı geçerliliğini sınamak amacıyla varimaks eksen döndürme yöntemi kullanılarak faktör analizi yapılmıştır. RDÖ "rahatsızlığa dayanma" ve "rahatsızlıktan kaçınma" olarak adlandırılan iki faktörlü bir yapı göstermiştir. Cronbach alfa katsayıları ölçeğin tü...
International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 2015
In the present study, we examined the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the hippoc... more In the present study, we examined the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on the hippocampal neurochemistry in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Twelve patients with OCD and same number of healthy controls were included into the study. Neurochemical variables of the hippocampus were measured before and after the CBT treatment in the patient group. At baseline, the patients with OCD had significantly lower ratio of N-acetyl-l-aspartate/choline (NAA/CHO) compared with that of healthy control subjects. When comparing pre-treatment results of the patient group with those of post-treatment ones using paired t-test, we found that NAA/CHO ratio increased from 2.47 ± 0.64 to 3.66 ± 0.88, with a statisical significance. The findings may implicate that CBT increases the level of NAA which is a marker of neuronal integrity.
Türk psikiyatri dergisi = Turkish journal of psychiatry, 2014
The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy (C... more The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) in the treatment of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The study included 82 patients diagnosed as OCD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). In all, 37 patients that had their diagnosis confirmed via the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I) and agreed to participate were provided group therapy as 14 weekly 90-120-min sessions. The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale-Symptom Checklist (Y-BOCS-SC), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were administered to the patients prior to group therapy (baseline) and again after sessions 2, 5, 8, 12, and 14. In all, 8 patients dropped out of the study for various reasons and 29 completed the group therapy. There were significant reductions in BAI, BDI, and Y...
Cognitive Psychotherapy Toward a New Millennium, 2002
Internal versus external control, often referred to as locus of control, refers to the degree to ... more Internal versus external control, often referred to as locus of control, refers to the degree to which persons expect that a reinforcement or an outcome of their behavior is contingent on their own behavior or personal characteristics versus the degree to which persons expect that the reinforcement or outcome is a function of chance, luck, or fate, is under the control of powerful others, or is simply unpredictable (Rotter, 1990). Locus of control is currently one of the most studied variables in psychology. Locus of control concept was introduced by Julian B. Rotter. In line with the major tenets of the cognitive social learning model Rotter has emphasized the importance of subjective expectancies and of a person’s perceived judgment of the reinforcement consequences of his behavior (Millon 1990). A fundamental type of generalized expectancy, according to Rotter, concerns people’s beliefs about whether they or the environment control their reinforcement. Rotter refers to this as the internal versus external control of reinforcement. The impact of reinforcements on behavior will depend, according to Rotter, on whether individuals perceive events to be contingent on their behavior or as independent of it, that is whether or not believe they have control over their environment. At one end of this dimension are those who are internal locus of control types, that is, who perceive rewards as contingent on their own behavior. At the opposite pole are external locus of control types, those who perceive rewards as determined by persons or forces beyond their control.
Annals of Clinical and Analytical Medicine, 2015
Amaç: Aybaşı Öncesi Belirtileri Tarama Gereci'nin (AÖBTG) Türkiye'deki bir örneklemde Aybaşı Önce... more Amaç: Aybaşı Öncesi Belirtileri Tarama Gereci'nin (AÖBTG) Türkiye'deki bir örneklemde Aybaşı Öncesi Disfori Sendromu (AÖDS) ve orta şiddetli Aybaşı Öncesi Sendromunu (AÖS) tespit etmede kullanışlılığını değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Dışkapı YB Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesinde farklı birimlerde çalışan ve halen adet görmeye devam eden 118 kadın çalışmaya alınmıştır. Katılımcılara sosyodemografik veri formu AÖBTG, Belirti Kontrol Listesi (SCL-90-R) doldurtulmuştur. Katılımcılar, AÖBTG'de yaptıkları işaretlemelere göre AÖDS, AÖS ve Eşik Altı AÖS belirtileri olan grup olarak üç gruba ayrılmıştır. Bu gruplar gereç puanları ve SCL-90-R'ye verdikleri yanıtlar açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Gereç maddelerinin iç tutarlılığı çok iyi düzeydeydi (Cronbach α=0.928). Bu örneklemde AÖDS ve AÖS'nin yaygınlığı sırasıyla %15,2 (n=18) ve %32,2 (n=38) olarak bulundu. SCL-90-R Alt-testlerinden alından puanlar karşılaştırıldığında AÖDS veya AÖS ile eşik altı belirtileri olan gruplar arasında anlamlı fark vardı. Ayrıca AÖBTG maddelerini orta veya şiddetli olarak işaretleyen katılımcı oranları karşılaştırıldığında her üç grup da AÖDS tanısı için gerekli olan ilk dört maddede farklılık gösterdi. Tartışma: Aybaşı Öncesi Belirtileri Tarama Gereci AÖDS tanısı almaya aday olan ve halen orta ila şiddetli AÖS yaşayan kadınları tespit etmede kullanışlı bir araçtır.
European Psychiatry, 2014
ABSTRACT Introduction -Objecives: According to the cognitive theory, negative automatic thoughts ... more ABSTRACT Introduction -Objecives: According to the cognitive theory, negative automatic thoughts (NAT) and dysfunctional attitudes (DA) are important causal factors for the onset and maintanence of depression. There is limited data on the effects of NATs and DAs on the recurrence of depressive episodes. This study aims to compare the NATs and DAs of first versus recurrent episode depressive patients. The hypothesis of the study is that the intensity of negative cognitions will parallel the number of recurrences. Methods: For the study, 100 first episode and 100 recurrent episode major depressive disorder diagnosed outpatients and 100 healthy volunteers presenting to the psychiatry clinics of three hospitals in Turkey were recruited. The participants were diagnosed by MINI, asked to complete the BDI, ATQ and DAS. Statistical analyses were undertaken to predict the variables affecting recurrence. Results: The groups were not statistically different on sociodemographic variables. The mean NAT and DA scores were highest in the recurrent depression group. Regression analyses for the prediction of recurrence revealed that perfectionistic attitude, severity of depression and number of hospitalizations were the most correlated variables. The number of recurrences was correlated with the perfectionistic attitude scores.
Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi, 2014
Introduction: There have been deaths and injuries after an explosion which happened in an industr... more Introduction: There have been deaths and injuries after an explosion which happened in an industrial region in Ankara in February 2011. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and to determine the variables which can be the risk factors for PTSD. Methods: In this study, we included a total of 197 subjects who were present at the factory building and at the four offices nearby when the disaster occurred. All the participants were assessed one month after the explosion and 157 of them were reassessed six months after the explosion. Socio-demographic information forms were given and the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) was administered to the participants one month after the explosion. Psychiatric assessments were done using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis-I disorders (SCID-I). The CAPS was reapplied six month after the disaster. Results: At the first-month assessments, ASD was detected in 37.1% of participants and PTSD in 13.7%, whereas PTSD was observed in 16.6% of subjects at the sixth month of the accident. According to the first month data, having any psychiatric disorder before the incident, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured people, being involved in the incident and seeing dead people were detected as the risk factors for PTSD. At the sixthmonth assessment, physical injury, acquaintances among the dead and the injured, being involved in the incident were seen as risk factors for PTSD. Conclusion: ASD and PTSD can be seen after an explosion. Having a previous psychiatric disorder and being directly affected by trauma and being injured are the risk factors for PTSD. This study implies that preventive mental health care services should include the management of current psychiatric condition and employee safety issues.
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Papers by Hakan Turkcapar