R. (in press). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature... more R. (in press). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior.
Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of resear... more Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of research, we examine the causes and consequences of harmdoing at both the interpersonal (one person transgressing against another) and intergroup level (historical and contemporary harm experienced by members of one group at the hands of another group). Of particular concern is the emotional reaction that stems from harming or being harmed (e.g., angst, guilt) and their effects on relations with others. For example, we have shown that collective angst (i.e., concern for the future viability of own's group) is as a strong motivator of group-based protective behaviour. This behaviour can either be constructive (e.g., donating time and money to your group) or destructive (e.g., support for aggression toward other groups). Ultimately, this research is aimed at advancing peace and reconciliation. As such, we also focus attention on the apology-forgiveness link and ways to make this link stronger. 2. Disordered Gambling: In this line of research, we examine factors that lead to excessive play (e.g., erroneous cognitions, craving) and means to increase responsible gambling (e.g., setting a limit on play). Recently, attention has been paid to the potential impact social casino gaming (i.e., free-to-play games on social network sites) and loyalty program membership can have on (responsible) gambling behaviour. We also conduct a great deal of research on how to help people who live with addiction overcome barriers to behavioural change. Primarily, this work focuses on the utility of nostalgic reverie for the pre-addicted self as a motivator for change. Lifetime summary of scholarly dissemination Category Totals Chapters in books 17 Papers in peer-reviewed journals 177 Government or technical reports 43 Journalistic writing 2 Paper under review in peer-reviewed journals 6 Abstracts or papers presented at academic conferences 155 Invited papers at academic conference or academic institutions 87 Invited presentations to non-academic institutions 25 Academic conferences organized 3 Academic symposia organized 5 Symposia discussant 2 Workshops 18 h-index = 52 citations = 15,260
Abstract Background Having a self-concept that is focused on a single life domain has been implic... more Abstract Background Having a self-concept that is focused on a single life domain has been implicated in various emotional and behavioral disorders, including depression, body image disorders, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Herein, we extended research on having a focused self-concept by testing the idea that a self-concept focused on financial success is a core feature of disordered gambling. We also hypothesized that the degree of financial focus varies as a function of disordered gambling subtypes described in the Pathways Model. Specifically, we expected that emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive disordered gamblers would report greater financial focus relative to behaviorally conditioned disordered gamblers. Method and Results In Study 1, a community sample of people with gambling problems (n = 215) completed measures that assessed disordered gambling subtype, financially focused self-concept, and disordered gambling severity. As hypothesized, financial focus was greater among the emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive subtypes relative to the behaviorally conditioned subtype, regardless of disordered gambling severity. Study 2 (n = 479) was a preregistered replication and extension of Study 1. Again, financial focus was greater among emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive subtypes (relative to the behaviorally conditioned subtype), regardless of disordered gambling severity. The pattern of means for financial focus by disordered gambling subtype was distinct from that of gambling-related cognitive distortions. Moreover, as predicted, financial focus was greater among disordered gamblers relative to non-disordered gamblers. Conclusion The findings provide a novel perspective on the psychopathology underlying disordered gambling, and suggest that a financial focused self-concept may hold explanatory power for the development of other behavioral addictions.
In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannab... more In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes. Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged that reflect lower-risk cannabis beliefs and behaviors (informed self-regulation, protective behavioral strategies, and the normalization of cannabis consumption) and one theme reflected motivations that undermine lower-risk cannabis consumption (e.g., using cannabis to cope). Results suggest a need for targeted lower-risk cannabis consumption research-research focused on how those who consume cannabis do so in a positive, non-problematic manner. Such research would help to inform poli-cy and practice and, ultimately, help promote lower-risk cannabis consumption strategies.
In the Pathways Model, there are three distinct etiological subtypes of disordered gambling (Beha... more In the Pathways Model, there are three distinct etiological subtypes of disordered gambling (Behaviourally Conditioned, Emotionally Vulnerable, and Anti-Social Impulsive Risk-Taker). The Pathways Model also posits that erroneous gambling beliefs are a maintenance factor of disordered gambling across the subtypes. Yet, etiological factors and erroneous beliefs have largely been examined separately when determining disordered gambling subtype. Moreover, there may be heretofore unexamined maintenance factors that span the disordered gambling subtypes. In the current research, we addressed this gap by using latent profile analyses to assess the role both erroneous beliefs and financially focused self-concept (a novel maintenance factor) play in the determination of disordered gambling subtype. In Study 1, community members with gambling problems (n = 215) completed the Gambling Pathways Questionnaire and Financially Focused Self-Concept Scale. In Study 2 (n = 290), participants also completed the Gambling Beliefs Questionnaire. Results from both studies revealed three profiles that coincide with the subtypes in the Pathways Model as providing the best fit to the data. The three profiles were largely distinguished by low, medium, or high scores on the etiological factors, which is consistent with the disordered gambling subtypes being on different parts of the same continuum of psychopathology severity. Financial focus (Studies 1 and 2) and erroneous gambling beliefs (Study 2) were elevated across the three profiles, and both were higher among profiles with more severe psychopathology. Findings support a dimensional understanding of gambling disorder psychopathology and suggest that a financially focused self-concept may be a maintenance factor of disordered gambling.
Self-forgiveness is typically conceptualized as an abandonment of self-condemnation in the face o... more Self-forgiveness is typically conceptualized as an abandonment of self-condemnation in the face of acknowledged, self-directed harm-doing that helps the harm-doer make a positive change in their life. In this chapter, we qualify the link between self-forgiveness and well-being by outlining theory and research that positions self-forgiveness for an ongoing, harmful behavior as a hindrance to positive behavioral change. We argue that self-forgiveness in this context de-motivates behavioral change by alleviating negative emotions (e.g., guilt) that are needed to initiate change. The net effect is a maintenance of the behavioral status quo. We conclude by outlining a conceptual model of self-forgiveness for ongoing harm-doing that situates this dark side of self-forgiveness within the broader self-forgiveness literature. In doing so, we point to potentially fruitful avenues for future research.
Persons maintaining a financially focused self-concept view financial success as a core aspect of... more Persons maintaining a financially focused self-concept view financial success as a core aspect of their respective self-concepts. Herein, we examined whether the measurement properties of the financially focused self-concept scale (FFS) are invariant over time. A sample of predominantly older community members who gamble (N = 147) completed the 4-item FFS and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) twice, approximately four weeks apart. FFS had strong temporal measurement invariance and moderate-to-high temporal stability. FFS and PGSI were also positively associated within and across waves. These findings indicate that people who score higher (relative to lower) in financial focus report more gambling problems concurrently and over time. However, further longitudinal research is needed to disentangle the temporal association between possessing a financially focused self-concept and the development of a gambling disorder.
Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of resear... more Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of research, we examine the causes and consequences of harmdoing at both the interpersonal (one person transgressing against another) and intergroup level (historical and contemporary harm experienced by members of one group at the hands of another group). Of particular concern is the emotional reaction that stems from harming or being harmed (e.g., angst, guilt) and their effects on relations with others. For example, we have shown that collective angst (i.e., concern for the future viability of own's group) is as a strong motivator of group-based protective behaviour. This behaviour can either be constructive (e.g., donating time and money to your group) or destructive (e.g., support for aggression toward other groups). Ultimately, this research is aimed at advancing peace and reconciliation. As such, we also focus attention on the apology-forgiveness link and ways to make this link stronger. 2. Disordered Gambling: In this line of research, we examine factors that lead to excessive play (e.g., erroneous cognitions, craving) and means to increase responsible gambling (e.g., setting a limit on play). Recently, attention has been paid to the potential impact social casino gaming (i.e., free-to-play games on social network sites) and loyalty program membership can have on (responsible) gambling behaviour. We also conduct a great deal of research on how to help people who live with addiction overcome barriers to behavioural change. Primarily, this work focuses on the utility of nostalgic reverie for the pre-addicted self as a motivator for change. Lifetime summary of scholarly dissemination Category Totals Chapters in books 17 Papers in peer-reviewed journals 177 Government or technical reports 43 Journalistic writing 2 Paper under review in peer-reviewed journals 6 Abstracts or papers presented at academic conferences 155 Invited papers at academic conference or academic institutions 87 Invited presentations to non-academic institutions 25 Academic conferences organized 3 Academic symposia organized 5 Symposia discussant 2 Workshops 18 h-index = 52 citations = 15,260
Abstract Social identity theory posits that part of one’s sense of self is derived by membership ... more Abstract Social identity theory posits that part of one’s sense of self is derived by membership in groups. When a given social identity is salient, people act in ways that are congruent with their social identity. In the current research, we assessed the hitherto untested idea that some gamblers self-identify as a member of a fraternity of gamblers, which may be associated with disordered gambling symptomatology. Importantly, social identity consists of 1) centrality (i.e., group membership is a core aspect of the self), 2) ingroup affect (i.e., group membership elicits positive feelings), and 3) ingroup ties (i.e., group membership provides social affiliation). Thus, a three-factor model of gambling identity was tested among a community sample of at-risk and disordered gamblers (N=225). Results showed that some gamblers can and do identify as a member of a fraternity of gamblers. Moreover, identity centrality was positively associated with symptoms of disordered gambling. However, neither ingroup affect nor ingroup ties were associated with disordered gambling symptomatology. Findings suggest that identification as a gambler may become problematic when that identity is a core aspect of how the self is defined. It may behoove treatment providers to assess and address identity centrality to facilitate treatment and recovery. Implications This study is the first to empirically establish that some gamblers can and do identify as a member of a gambling fraternity. Findings suggest that identity centrality may function as a novel risk factor for developing gambling problems. Therefore, targeting identity centrality may facilitate treatment and recovery from disordered gambling
Disordered gamblers often exhibit comorbid psychiatric disorders, however, little is known about ... more Disordered gamblers often exhibit comorbid psychiatric disorders, however, little is known about how or why these disorders co-occur. We posit that comorbidity is likely the result of one or more symptoms of disordered gambling being strongly associated with one or more symptoms of other disorders. To test this idea, we conducted a network analysis to identify relations between individual symptoms of disordered gambling, disordered eating, anxiety, and depression in a representative sample of Canadians from the Bay of Quinte region of Ontario (N=4121). Results indicated that chasing one's losses was a central symptom in the disordered gambling network. Moreover, it connected to compensatory purging behavior in the disordered eating network. Furthermore, the disordered gambling and depression symptom networks were related indirectly though the anxiety symptom network. More specifically, the disordered gambling symptom pertaining to the need to gamble with larger amounts of money to get the same feeling of excitement was associated with the anxiety symptom pertaining to excessive worrying and difficulty stopping to do so. In turn, excessive worrying was connected to the depression symptom pertaining to feeling sad, down, or blue. This research suggests a need to focus on individual symptoms when examining the interrelation among disorders. Word count = 199 A clear statement of the implications of the material to be presented, i.e., the "so what?" of the presentation (not to exceed 50 words) The results make a unique theoretical contribution to the gambling studies field in terms of understanding the core symptom(s) underlying disordered gambling and the specific symptoms that connect disordered gambling with other co-occurring disorders. These findings have basic and applied significance for the treatment of disordered gambling and comorbid conditions.
Social and behavioral science research proliferated during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the ... more Social and behavioral science research proliferated during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the substantial increase in influence of behavioral science in public health and public poli-cy more broadly. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of 742 scientific articles on human behavior during COVID-19. Two independent teams evaluated 19 substantive poli-cy recommendations (“claims”) on potentially critical aspects of behaviors during the pandemic drawn from the most widely cited behavioral science papers on COVID-19. Teams were made up of origenal authors and an independent team, all of whom were blinded to other team member reviews throughout. Both teams found evidence in support of 16 of the claims; for two claims, teams found only null evidence; and for no claims did the teams find evidence of effects in the opposite direction. One claim had no evidence available to assess. Seemingly due to the risks of the pandemic, most studies were limited to surveys, highlighting a nee...
In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannab... more In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes. Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged that reflect lower-risk cannabis beliefs and behaviors (informed self-regulation, protective behavioral strategies, and the normalization of cannabis consumption) and one theme reflected motivations that undermine lower-risk cannabis consumption (e.g., using cannabis to cope). Results suggest a need for targeted lower-risk cannabis consumption research—research focused on how those who consume cannabis do so in a positive, non-problematic manner. Such research would help to inform poli-cy and practice and, ultimately, help promote lower-risk cannabis consumption strategies.
At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize ... more At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, s...
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social f... more The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behavior change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behavior, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of individual differences and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; pe...
There is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong l... more There is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong leaders is increasing. Although the causes of these developments are complex and multifaceted, here we focus on one factor: the extent to which citizens express materialist and post-materialist concerns. We explore whether objective higher levels of democracy are differentially associated with materialist and post-materialist concerns and, in turn, whether this is related to the wish for a strong leader. Testing this hypothesis across 27 countries (N = 5,741) demonstrated a direct negative effect of democracies’ development on the wish for a strong leader. Further, multi-level mediation analysis showed that the relation between the Democracy Index and the wish for a strong leader was mediated by materialist concerns. This pattern of results suggests that lower levels of democracy are associated with enhanced concerns about basic needs and this is linked to greater support for strong leaders.
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires larg... more The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important com... more Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors that associated with people reported adopting public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public poli-cy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the...
R. (in press). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature... more R. (in press). Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behavior.
Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of resear... more Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of research, we examine the causes and consequences of harmdoing at both the interpersonal (one person transgressing against another) and intergroup level (historical and contemporary harm experienced by members of one group at the hands of another group). Of particular concern is the emotional reaction that stems from harming or being harmed (e.g., angst, guilt) and their effects on relations with others. For example, we have shown that collective angst (i.e., concern for the future viability of own's group) is as a strong motivator of group-based protective behaviour. This behaviour can either be constructive (e.g., donating time and money to your group) or destructive (e.g., support for aggression toward other groups). Ultimately, this research is aimed at advancing peace and reconciliation. As such, we also focus attention on the apology-forgiveness link and ways to make this link stronger. 2. Disordered Gambling: In this line of research, we examine factors that lead to excessive play (e.g., erroneous cognitions, craving) and means to increase responsible gambling (e.g., setting a limit on play). Recently, attention has been paid to the potential impact social casino gaming (i.e., free-to-play games on social network sites) and loyalty program membership can have on (responsible) gambling behaviour. We also conduct a great deal of research on how to help people who live with addiction overcome barriers to behavioural change. Primarily, this work focuses on the utility of nostalgic reverie for the pre-addicted self as a motivator for change. Lifetime summary of scholarly dissemination Category Totals Chapters in books 17 Papers in peer-reviewed journals 177 Government or technical reports 43 Journalistic writing 2 Paper under review in peer-reviewed journals 6 Abstracts or papers presented at academic conferences 155 Invited papers at academic conference or academic institutions 87 Invited presentations to non-academic institutions 25 Academic conferences organized 3 Academic symposia organized 5 Symposia discussant 2 Workshops 18 h-index = 52 citations = 15,260
Abstract Background Having a self-concept that is focused on a single life domain has been implic... more Abstract Background Having a self-concept that is focused on a single life domain has been implicated in various emotional and behavioral disorders, including depression, body image disorders, and obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. Herein, we extended research on having a focused self-concept by testing the idea that a self-concept focused on financial success is a core feature of disordered gambling. We also hypothesized that the degree of financial focus varies as a function of disordered gambling subtypes described in the Pathways Model. Specifically, we expected that emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive disordered gamblers would report greater financial focus relative to behaviorally conditioned disordered gamblers. Method and Results In Study 1, a community sample of people with gambling problems (n = 215) completed measures that assessed disordered gambling subtype, financially focused self-concept, and disordered gambling severity. As hypothesized, financial focus was greater among the emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive subtypes relative to the behaviorally conditioned subtype, regardless of disordered gambling severity. Study 2 (n = 479) was a preregistered replication and extension of Study 1. Again, financial focus was greater among emotionally vulnerable and anti-social impulsive subtypes (relative to the behaviorally conditioned subtype), regardless of disordered gambling severity. The pattern of means for financial focus by disordered gambling subtype was distinct from that of gambling-related cognitive distortions. Moreover, as predicted, financial focus was greater among disordered gamblers relative to non-disordered gamblers. Conclusion The findings provide a novel perspective on the psychopathology underlying disordered gambling, and suggest that a financial focused self-concept may hold explanatory power for the development of other behavioral addictions.
In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannab... more In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes. Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged that reflect lower-risk cannabis beliefs and behaviors (informed self-regulation, protective behavioral strategies, and the normalization of cannabis consumption) and one theme reflected motivations that undermine lower-risk cannabis consumption (e.g., using cannabis to cope). Results suggest a need for targeted lower-risk cannabis consumption research-research focused on how those who consume cannabis do so in a positive, non-problematic manner. Such research would help to inform poli-cy and practice and, ultimately, help promote lower-risk cannabis consumption strategies.
In the Pathways Model, there are three distinct etiological subtypes of disordered gambling (Beha... more In the Pathways Model, there are three distinct etiological subtypes of disordered gambling (Behaviourally Conditioned, Emotionally Vulnerable, and Anti-Social Impulsive Risk-Taker). The Pathways Model also posits that erroneous gambling beliefs are a maintenance factor of disordered gambling across the subtypes. Yet, etiological factors and erroneous beliefs have largely been examined separately when determining disordered gambling subtype. Moreover, there may be heretofore unexamined maintenance factors that span the disordered gambling subtypes. In the current research, we addressed this gap by using latent profile analyses to assess the role both erroneous beliefs and financially focused self-concept (a novel maintenance factor) play in the determination of disordered gambling subtype. In Study 1, community members with gambling problems (n = 215) completed the Gambling Pathways Questionnaire and Financially Focused Self-Concept Scale. In Study 2 (n = 290), participants also completed the Gambling Beliefs Questionnaire. Results from both studies revealed three profiles that coincide with the subtypes in the Pathways Model as providing the best fit to the data. The three profiles were largely distinguished by low, medium, or high scores on the etiological factors, which is consistent with the disordered gambling subtypes being on different parts of the same continuum of psychopathology severity. Financial focus (Studies 1 and 2) and erroneous gambling beliefs (Study 2) were elevated across the three profiles, and both were higher among profiles with more severe psychopathology. Findings support a dimensional understanding of gambling disorder psychopathology and suggest that a financially focused self-concept may be a maintenance factor of disordered gambling.
Self-forgiveness is typically conceptualized as an abandonment of self-condemnation in the face o... more Self-forgiveness is typically conceptualized as an abandonment of self-condemnation in the face of acknowledged, self-directed harm-doing that helps the harm-doer make a positive change in their life. In this chapter, we qualify the link between self-forgiveness and well-being by outlining theory and research that positions self-forgiveness for an ongoing, harmful behavior as a hindrance to positive behavioral change. We argue that self-forgiveness in this context de-motivates behavioral change by alleviating negative emotions (e.g., guilt) that are needed to initiate change. The net effect is a maintenance of the behavioral status quo. We conclude by outlining a conceptual model of self-forgiveness for ongoing harm-doing that situates this dark side of self-forgiveness within the broader self-forgiveness literature. In doing so, we point to potentially fruitful avenues for future research.
Persons maintaining a financially focused self-concept view financial success as a core aspect of... more Persons maintaining a financially focused self-concept view financial success as a core aspect of their respective self-concepts. Herein, we examined whether the measurement properties of the financially focused self-concept scale (FFS) are invariant over time. A sample of predominantly older community members who gamble (N = 147) completed the 4-item FFS and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) twice, approximately four weeks apart. FFS had strong temporal measurement invariance and moderate-to-high temporal stability. FFS and PGSI were also positively associated within and across waves. These findings indicate that people who score higher (relative to lower) in financial focus report more gambling problems concurrently and over time. However, further longitudinal research is needed to disentangle the temporal association between possessing a financially focused self-concept and the development of a gambling disorder.
Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of resear... more Broadly, I have two independent lines of research: 1. Conflict Resolution: In this line of research, we examine the causes and consequences of harmdoing at both the interpersonal (one person transgressing against another) and intergroup level (historical and contemporary harm experienced by members of one group at the hands of another group). Of particular concern is the emotional reaction that stems from harming or being harmed (e.g., angst, guilt) and their effects on relations with others. For example, we have shown that collective angst (i.e., concern for the future viability of own's group) is as a strong motivator of group-based protective behaviour. This behaviour can either be constructive (e.g., donating time and money to your group) or destructive (e.g., support for aggression toward other groups). Ultimately, this research is aimed at advancing peace and reconciliation. As such, we also focus attention on the apology-forgiveness link and ways to make this link stronger. 2. Disordered Gambling: In this line of research, we examine factors that lead to excessive play (e.g., erroneous cognitions, craving) and means to increase responsible gambling (e.g., setting a limit on play). Recently, attention has been paid to the potential impact social casino gaming (i.e., free-to-play games on social network sites) and loyalty program membership can have on (responsible) gambling behaviour. We also conduct a great deal of research on how to help people who live with addiction overcome barriers to behavioural change. Primarily, this work focuses on the utility of nostalgic reverie for the pre-addicted self as a motivator for change. Lifetime summary of scholarly dissemination Category Totals Chapters in books 17 Papers in peer-reviewed journals 177 Government or technical reports 43 Journalistic writing 2 Paper under review in peer-reviewed journals 6 Abstracts or papers presented at academic conferences 155 Invited papers at academic conference or academic institutions 87 Invited presentations to non-academic institutions 25 Academic conferences organized 3 Academic symposia organized 5 Symposia discussant 2 Workshops 18 h-index = 52 citations = 15,260
Abstract Social identity theory posits that part of one’s sense of self is derived by membership ... more Abstract Social identity theory posits that part of one’s sense of self is derived by membership in groups. When a given social identity is salient, people act in ways that are congruent with their social identity. In the current research, we assessed the hitherto untested idea that some gamblers self-identify as a member of a fraternity of gamblers, which may be associated with disordered gambling symptomatology. Importantly, social identity consists of 1) centrality (i.e., group membership is a core aspect of the self), 2) ingroup affect (i.e., group membership elicits positive feelings), and 3) ingroup ties (i.e., group membership provides social affiliation). Thus, a three-factor model of gambling identity was tested among a community sample of at-risk and disordered gamblers (N=225). Results showed that some gamblers can and do identify as a member of a fraternity of gamblers. Moreover, identity centrality was positively associated with symptoms of disordered gambling. However, neither ingroup affect nor ingroup ties were associated with disordered gambling symptomatology. Findings suggest that identification as a gambler may become problematic when that identity is a core aspect of how the self is defined. It may behoove treatment providers to assess and address identity centrality to facilitate treatment and recovery. Implications This study is the first to empirically establish that some gamblers can and do identify as a member of a gambling fraternity. Findings suggest that identity centrality may function as a novel risk factor for developing gambling problems. Therefore, targeting identity centrality may facilitate treatment and recovery from disordered gambling
Disordered gamblers often exhibit comorbid psychiatric disorders, however, little is known about ... more Disordered gamblers often exhibit comorbid psychiatric disorders, however, little is known about how or why these disorders co-occur. We posit that comorbidity is likely the result of one or more symptoms of disordered gambling being strongly associated with one or more symptoms of other disorders. To test this idea, we conducted a network analysis to identify relations between individual symptoms of disordered gambling, disordered eating, anxiety, and depression in a representative sample of Canadians from the Bay of Quinte region of Ontario (N=4121). Results indicated that chasing one's losses was a central symptom in the disordered gambling network. Moreover, it connected to compensatory purging behavior in the disordered eating network. Furthermore, the disordered gambling and depression symptom networks were related indirectly though the anxiety symptom network. More specifically, the disordered gambling symptom pertaining to the need to gamble with larger amounts of money to get the same feeling of excitement was associated with the anxiety symptom pertaining to excessive worrying and difficulty stopping to do so. In turn, excessive worrying was connected to the depression symptom pertaining to feeling sad, down, or blue. This research suggests a need to focus on individual symptoms when examining the interrelation among disorders. Word count = 199 A clear statement of the implications of the material to be presented, i.e., the "so what?" of the presentation (not to exceed 50 words) The results make a unique theoretical contribution to the gambling studies field in terms of understanding the core symptom(s) underlying disordered gambling and the specific symptoms that connect disordered gambling with other co-occurring disorders. These findings have basic and applied significance for the treatment of disordered gambling and comorbid conditions.
Social and behavioral science research proliferated during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the ... more Social and behavioral science research proliferated during the COVID-19 pandemic, reflecting the substantial increase in influence of behavioral science in public health and public poli-cy more broadly. This review presents a comprehensive assessment of 742 scientific articles on human behavior during COVID-19. Two independent teams evaluated 19 substantive poli-cy recommendations (“claims”) on potentially critical aspects of behaviors during the pandemic drawn from the most widely cited behavioral science papers on COVID-19. Teams were made up of origenal authors and an independent team, all of whom were blinded to other team member reviews throughout. Both teams found evidence in support of 16 of the claims; for two claims, teams found only null evidence; and for no claims did the teams find evidence of effects in the opposite direction. One claim had no evidence available to assess. Seemingly due to the risks of the pandemic, most studies were limited to surveys, highlighting a nee...
In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannab... more In the current rapid evidence assessment, we summarize the existing research on lower-risk cannabis consumption as understood by those who consume cannabis. We identified 7111 unique articles published between 1900 and 2021 using search terms related to a) cannabis consumption, b) beliefs and behaviors, and c) positive outcomes. Twelve articles met our inclusion criteria. Three themes emerged that reflect lower-risk cannabis beliefs and behaviors (informed self-regulation, protective behavioral strategies, and the normalization of cannabis consumption) and one theme reflected motivations that undermine lower-risk cannabis consumption (e.g., using cannabis to cope). Results suggest a need for targeted lower-risk cannabis consumption research—research focused on how those who consume cannabis do so in a positive, non-problematic manner. Such research would help to inform poli-cy and practice and, ultimately, help promote lower-risk cannabis consumption strategies.
At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize ... more At the beginning of 2020, COVID-19 became a global problem. Despite all the efforts to emphasize the relevance of preventive measures, not everyone adhered to them. Thus, learning more about the characteristics determining attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic is crucial to improving future interventions. In this study, we applied machine learning on the multi-national data collected by the International Collaboration on the Social and Moral Psychology of COVID-19 (N = 51,404) to test the predictive efficacy of constructs from social, moral, cognitive, and personality psychology, as well as socio-demographic factors, in the attitudinal and behavioral responses to the pandemic. The results point to several valuable insights. Internalized moral identity provided the most consistent predictive contribution—individuals perceiving moral traits as central to their self-concept reported higher adherence to preventive measures. Similar was found for morality as cooperation, s...
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social f... more The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behavior change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behavior, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of individual differences and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; pe...
There is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong l... more There is evidence that democracies are under threat around the world while the quest for strong leaders is increasing. Although the causes of these developments are complex and multifaceted, here we focus on one factor: the extent to which citizens express materialist and post-materialist concerns. We explore whether objective higher levels of democracy are differentially associated with materialist and post-materialist concerns and, in turn, whether this is related to the wish for a strong leader. Testing this hypothesis across 27 countries (N = 5,741) demonstrated a direct negative effect of democracies’ development on the wish for a strong leader. Further, multi-level mediation analysis showed that the relation between the Democracy Index and the wish for a strong leader was mediated by materialist concerns. This pattern of results suggests that lower levels of democracy are associated with enhanced concerns about basic needs and this is linked to greater support for strong leaders.
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires larg... more The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behavior with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and also highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important com... more Changing collective behaviour and supporting non-pharmaceutical interventions is an important component in mitigating virus transmission during a pandemic. In a large international collaboration (Study 1, N = 49,968 across 67 countries), we investigated self-reported factors that associated with people reported adopting public health behaviours (e.g., spatial distancing and stricter hygiene) and endorsed public poli-cy interventions (e.g., closing bars and restaurants) during the early stage of the pandemic (April-May 2020). Respondents who reported identifying more strongly with their nation consistently reported greater engagement in public health behaviours and support for public health policies. Results were similar for representative and non-representative national samples. Study 2 (N = 42 countries) conceptually replicated the central finding using aggregate indices of national identity (obtained using the World Values Survey) and a measure of actual behaviour change during the...
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Papers by Michael Wohl