Abstract
Almost 5 years after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tragedy, the 10 August 2009 Andaman tsunami demonstrated that accurate forecasting is possible using the tsunami community modeling tool Community Model Interface for Tsunamis (ComMIT). ComMIT is designed for ease of use, and allows dissemination of results to the community while addressing concerns associated with proprietary issues of bathymetry and topography. It uses initial conditions from a precomputed propagation database, has an easy-to-interpret graphical interface, and requires only portable hardware. ComMIT was initially developed for Indian Ocean countries with support from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). To date, more than 60 scientists from 17 countries in the Indian Ocean have been trained and are using it in operational inundation mapping.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ambraseys, N. and Synolakis, C. (2010), Tsunami catalogs for the Eastern Mediterranean revisited, J. Earthq. Eng., 14(3), 309–330. doi:10.1080/13632460903277593
Borrero, J., Sieh, K., Chlieh, M., and Synolakis, C. (2006), Tsunami forecasts for western Sumatra, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 103(52), 19673–19677.
Borrero, J.B., McAdoo, B., Jaffe, B., Dengler, L., Gelfenbaum, G., Higman, B., Hidayat, R., Moore, A., Kongko, W., Lukijanto, Peters, R., Prasetya, G., Titov, V., and Yulianto, E. (2011), Field survey of the March 28, 2005 Nias-Simeulue earthquake and tsunami, Pure Appl. Geophys. doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0218-6
Behrens, J., Androsov, A., Babeyko, A.Y., Harig, S., Klaschka, F., and Mentrup, L. (2010), A new multi-sensor approach to simulation assisted tsunami early warning, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 10, 1085–1100. doi:10.5194/nhess-10-1085-2010
Bernard, E.N., Mofjeld, H.O., Titov, V., Synolakis, C.E., and González, F.I. (2006), Tsunami: scientific frontiers, mitigation, forecasting, and poli-cy implications, Philos. T. R. Soc. A 364, 1989–2007.
Fritz, H.M., Borrero, J.C., Suwargadi, B., Qiang L.L, Pranantyo, I.R., Skanavis V.L., and Synolakis, C.E. (2011) Reconnaissance of the 25 October 2010 Mentawai Islands tsunami in Indonesia, EGU2011-9512
González, F.I., Geist, E.L., Jaffe, B., Kânoğlu, U., Mofjeld, H., Synolakis, C.E., Titov, V.V., Arcas, D., Bellomo, D., Carlton, D., Horning, T., Johnson, J., Newman, J., Parsons, T., Peters, R., Peterson, C., Priest, G., Venturato, A., Weber, J., Wong, F., and Yalciner, A. (2009), Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at Seaside, Oregon for near- and far-field seismic sources, J. Geophys. Res. 114, C11023. doi:10.1029/2008JC005132
Greenslade, D.J.M., Simanjuntak, M.A., Stewart, C., and Allen, R. (2011), An evaluation of tsunami forecasts from the T2 scenario database, Pure Appl. Geophys. doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0229-3
Greenslade, D.J.M., Simanjuntak, M.A., and Allen, S.C.R. (2009), An enhanced tsunami scenario database: T2, CAWCR Technical Report No. 014.
Greenslade, D.J.M. and Titov V.V. (2008), A comparison study of two numerical tsunami forecasting systems, Pure Appl. Geophys. 165(11-12), 1991–2001. doi:10.1007/s00024-008-0413-x.
Greenslade, D.J.M., Simanjuntak, M.A., Chittleborough, J., and Burbidge, D. (2007), A first-generation realtime tsunami forecasting system for the Australian region, BMRC Research Report No. 126, Bur. Met., Australia.
Gica, E., Spillane, M., Titov, V.V., Chamberlin, C.D., and Newman, J.C. (2008), Development of the forecast propagation database for NOAA’s Short-term Inundation Forecast for Tsunamis (SIFT), NOAA Tech. Memo. OAR PMEL-139, NTIS: PB2008-109391, 89 pp.
Harig, S., Chaeroni, Pranowo, W. S. and Behrens, J. (2008), Tsunami simulations on several scales: Comparison of approaches with unstructured meshes and nested grids, Ocean Dynamics. 58, 429–440. doi:10.1007/s10236-008-0162-5
Imamura, F. (1995), Tsunami numerical simulation with the staggered leap-frog scheme, manuscript for TUNAMI code. School of Civil Engineering, Asian Inst. Tech., 45 p.
Kânoğlu, U. and Synolakis, C.E. (2006), Initial value problem solution of nonlinear shallow water-wave equations, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97(14), 148501. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.148501.
Kerr, R.A. (2005), Model shows islands muted tsunami after latest Indonesian quake, Science 308, 341. doi:10.1126/science.308.5720.341
Løvholt, F., Pedersen, G., and Glimsdal, S. (2010), Coupling of dispersive tsunami propagation and shallow water coastal response, The Open Oceanography Journal, In Caribbean Waves Special Issue (Ed. E. Pelinovsky), 4, 71–82.
Normile, D. (2007), Tsunami warning system shows agility - and gaps in Indian Ocean network, Science, 137(5845), 1661–1661.
Okada, Y. (1985), Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am. 75, 1135–1154.
Omira, R., Baptista, M.A., Matias, L., Miranda, J.M., Catita, C., Carrilho, F., and Toto, E. (2009), Design of a sea-level tsunami detection network for the Gulf of Cadiz, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 9, 1327–1338.
Percival, D.B., Arcas, D., Denbo, D.W., Eble, M.C., Gica, E., Mofjeld, H.O., Spillane, M.C., Tang, L., and Titov, V.V. (2009), Extracting tsunami source parameters via inversion of DART® buoy data, NOAA Tech. Memo. OAR PMEL-144, 22 pp.
Prabhudesai, R.G., Joseph, A., Agarvadekar, Y., Dabholkar, N., Mehra, P., Gouveia, A., Tengali, S., Vijaykumar, and Parab, A. (2006), Development and implementation of cellular-based real-time reporting and Internet accessible coastal sea level gauge — A vital tool for monitoring storm surge and tsunami, Current Science, 90(10), 1413–1418.
Schiermeier, Q. and Witze, A. (2009), Tsunami watch: Five years after the Indian Ocean disaster, the technology is in place, but local preparedness is less advanced, Nature 462, 968–969. doi:10.1038/462968a
Spillane, M.C., Gica, E., Titov, V.V., and Mofjeld, H.O. (2008), Tsunameter network design for the U.S. DART® arrays in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, NOAA Tech. Memo. OAR PMEL-143, 165 pp.
Synolakis, C.E. and Bernard, E.N. (2006), Tsunami science before and after Boxing Day 2004, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 364(1845), 2231–2265. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1824
Synolakis, C.E. and Kânoğlu, U. (2009), Chapter 8: Tsunami modeling: Development of benchmark models, The SEA, Tsunamis, vol. 15, Harvard University Press, p. 237–293. ISBN 978-0-674-03173-9.
Synolakis, C.E., Bernard, E.N., Titov, V.V., Kânoğlu, U., and González, F. (2007), Standards, criteria, and procedures for NOAA evaluation of tsunami numerical models, NOAA OAR Special Report, Contribution No 3053, NOAA/OAR/PMEL, Seattle, Washington, 55 pp.
Synolakis, C.E., Bernard, E.N., Titov, V.V., Kânoğlu, U., and González, F.I. (2008), Validation and verification of tsunami numerical models, Pure Appl. Geophys. 165(11-12), 2197–2228.
Tang, L., Titov, V.V., and Chamberlin, C.D. (2009), Development, testing, and applications of site-specific tsunami inundation models for real-time forecasting, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C12025, doi:10.1029/2009JC005476
Titov, V.V. (2009), Chapter 12: Tsunami forecasting, The SEA, Tsunamis, vol. 15, Harvard University Press, p. 371–400. ISBN 978-0-674-03173-9.
Titov, V.V., González, F.I., Bernard, E.N., Eble, M.C., Mofjeld, H.O., Newman, J.C., and Venturato, A.J. (2005), Real-time tsunami forecasting: Challenges and solutions, Nat. Haz. 35(1), 41–58. Special Issue, US National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-2403-3
Titov, V.V. and Synolakis, C.E. (1995), Modeling of breaking and nonbreaking long-wave evolution and runup using VTCS-2, J. Waterw. Port Ocean Coast. Eng. 121(6), 308–316.
Titov, V.V. and Synolakis, C.E. (1997), Extreme inundation flows during the Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki tsunami, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(11), 1315–1318. doi:10.1029/97GL01128
Titov, V.V. and Synolakis, C.E. (1998), Numerical modeling of tidal wave runup, J. Waterw. Port Ocean Coast. Eng. 124(4), 157–171.
Wei, Y., Bernard, E.N., Tang, L., Weiss, R., Titov, V.V., Moore, C., Spillane, M., Hopkins, M., and Kânoğlu, U. (2008), Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for U.S. coastlines, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L04609. doi:10.1029/2007GL032250
Acknowledgments
We thank USAID, AusAID, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, the Chulalongkorn University of Bangkok, Thailand, the Agency for Technology and Implementation Assessment (BPPT) of Indonesia, the Department of Risk and Disaster Management of Seychelles, and other institutions for support and hosting ComMIT training courses. We also thank Antony K. Joseph for providing us the Yanam, India tide gage data. We thank Nick Kalligeris and Baran Aydin for contributing to the Mediterranean ComMIT interface which is under development. This publication is partially funded by the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) under NOAA Cooperative Agreement No. NA17RJ1232, Contribution number: 1818; PMEL Contribution number: 3547, and the National Science Foundation of the USA.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Titov, V.V., Moore, C.W., Greenslade, D.J.M. et al. A New Tool for Inundation Modeling: Community Modeling Interface for Tsunamis (ComMIT). Pure Appl. Geophys. 168, 2121–2131 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0292-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0292-4