Content-Length: 361897 | pFad | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2708-8

a=86400 PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder | European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder

  • Original Article
  • Published:
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Internet gaming disorder is an increasing problem worldwide, resulting in critical academic, social, and occupational impairment. However, the neurobiological mechanism of internet gaming disorder remains unknown. The aim of this study is to assess brain dopamine D2 (D2)/Serotonin 2A (5-HT2A) receptor function and glucose metabolism in the same subjects by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach, and investigate whether the correlation exists between D2 receptor and glucose metabolism.

Methods

Twelve drug-naive adult males who met criteria for internet gaming disorder and 14 matched controls were studied with PET and 11C-N-methylspiperone (11C-NMSP) to assess the availability of D2/5-HT2A receptors and with 18F-fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG) to assess regional brain glucose metabolism, a marker of brain function. 11C-NMSP and 18F-FDG PET imaging data were acquired in the same individuals under both resting and internet gaming task states.

Results

In internet gaming disorder subjects, a significant decrease in glucose metabolism was observed in the prefrontal, temporal, and limbic systems. Dysregulation of D2 receptors was observed in the striatum, and was correlated to years of overuse. A low level of D2 receptors in the striatum was significantly associated with decreased glucose metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex.

Conclusions

For the first time, we report the evidence that D2 receptor level is significantly associated with glucose metabolism in the same individuals with internet gaming disorder, which indicates that D2/5-HT2A receptor-mediated dysregulation of the orbitofrontal cortex could underlie a mechanism for loss of control and compulsive behavior in internet gaming disorder subjects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Pallanti S, Bernardi S, Quercioli L. The shorter PROMIS questionnaire and the internet addiction scale in the assessment of multiple addictions in a high-school population: prevalence and related disability. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:966–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Petry NM, O’Brien CP: Internet gaming disorder and the DSM-5. Addiction. 2013.

  3. Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT. Potential markers for problematic internet use: a telephone survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:750–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gentile D. Pathological video-game use among youth ages 8 to 18: a national study. Psychol Sci. 2009;20:594–602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Park HS, Kim SH, Bang SA, et al. Altered regional cerebral glucose metabolism in internet game overusers: a 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography study. CNS Spectr. 2010;15:159–66.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. China-Youth-Internet-Association: Net Addiction among Chinese Youth. Retrieved 17 February 2012, from http://www.zqwx.youth.cn/web/zuizhong.jsp?id=853.

  7. Gentile DA, Choo H, Liau A, et al. Pathological video game use among youths: a two-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e319–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Buckner RL, Krienen FM, Yeo BT. Opportunities and limitations of intrinsic functional connectivity MRI. Nat Neurosci. 2013;16:832–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen K, Reiman EM, Huan Z, et al. Linking functional and structural brain images with multivariate network analyses: a novel application of the partial least square method. Neuroimage. 2009;47:602–10.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Hayempour BJ, Alavi A. Neuroradiological advances detect abnormal neuroanatomy underlying neuropsychological impairments: the power of PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:1462–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Lin F, Zhou Y, Du Y, et al. Abnormal white matter integrity in adolescents with internet addiction disorder: a tract-based spatial statistics study. PLoS One. 2012;7:e30253.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Han DH, Lyoo IK, Renshaw PF. Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46:507–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Zhou Y, Lin FC, Du YS, et al. Gray matter abnormalities in Internet addiction: a voxel-based morphometry study. Eur J Radiol. 2011;79:92–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Zhang Y, Chen Q, Du F, et al. Frightening music triggers rapid changes in brain monoamine receptors: a pilot PET study. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1573–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Kim SH, Baik SH, Park CS, et al. Reduced striatal dopamine D2 receptors in people with Internet addiction. Neuroreport. 2011;22:407–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59 Suppl 20:22–33. quiz 34–57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, et al. A proposed criterion for clinical diagnosis of internet addiction. Med J Chin PLA. 2008;33:1188–91.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Tao R, Huang X, Wang J, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for internet addiction. Addiction. 2010;105:556–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, et al. Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage. 2008;42:1537–43.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Young KS. Internet addiction: the emergence of a new clinical disorder. CyberPhsychology & Behavior. 1996;1:237–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Young KS. Caught in the Net. New York: Wiley; 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Wang H, Zhou XL, Lu CY, et al. Problematic internet use in high school students in Guangdong Province. China PLoS One. 2011;6:e19660.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Widyanto L, McMurran M. The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2004;7:443–50.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Haagsma MC, Pieterse ME, Peters O. The prevalence of problematic video gamers in the Netherlands. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2012;15:162–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CC, Chen SH, Yen CF. Gender differences and related factors affecting online gaming addiction among Taiwanese adolescents. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193:273–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G. Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J Nucl Med. 1986;27:235–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wong DF, Gjedde A, Wagner Jr HN, et al. Quantification of Neuroreceptors in the living human brain. II. Inhibition studies of receptor density and affinity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 1986;6:147–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Rorden C, Brett M. Stereotaxic display of brain lesions. Behav Neurol. 2000;12:191–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ishibashi K, Ishii K, Oda K, Mizusawa H, Ishiwata K. Competition between 11C-raclopride and endogenous dopamine in Parkinson’s disease. Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31:159–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Roque CT, et al. Functional importance of ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy in healthy subjects and alcoholics as assessed with PET, MR imaging, and neuropsychologic testing. Radiology. 1993;186:59–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Song XW, Dong ZY, Long XY, et al. REST: a toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. PLoS One. 2011;6:e25031.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Hall H, Farde L, Halldin C, Lundkvist C, Sedvall G. Autoradiographic localization of 5-HT(2A) receptors in the human brain using [(3)H]M100907 and [(11)C]M100907. Synapse. 2000;38:421–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Devanand DP, Mikhno A, Pelton GH, et al. Pittsburgh compound B (11C-PIB) and fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) PET in patients with Alzheimer disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy controls. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2010;23:185–98.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Green CS, Bavelier D. Action video game modifies visual selective attention. Nature. 2003;423:534–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Granek JA, Gorbet DJ, Sergio LE. Extensive video-game experience alters cortical networks for complex visuomotor transformations. Cortex. 2010;46:1165–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011;12:652–69.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D. Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012;52:321–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Egerton A, Mehta MA, Montgomery AJ, et al. The dopaminergic basis of human behaviors: a review of molecular imaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2009;33:1109–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Koepp MJ, Gunn RN, Lawrence AD, et al. Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature. 1998;393:266–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Rice OV, Gatley SJ, Shen J, et al. Effects of endogenous neurotransmitters on the in vivo binding of dopamine and 5-HT radiotracers in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2001;25:679–89.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Schoenbaum G, Takahashi Y, Liu TL, McDannald MA. Does the orbitofrontal cortex signal value? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1239:87–99.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Soloff PH, Meltzer CC, Becker C, et al. Impulsivity and prefrontal hypometabolism in borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2003;123:153–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Volkow ND. What do we know about drug addiction? Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1401–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, et al. Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:2015–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Innis RB, Cunningham VJ, Delforge J, et al. Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27:1533–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hayashi T, Ko JH, Strafella AP, Dagher A. Dorsolateral prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex interactions during self-control of cigarette craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:4422–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Kober H, Mende-Siedlecki P, Kross EF, et al. Prefrontal-striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010;107:14811–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Desgranges B, Baron JC, Lalevée C, et al. The neural substrates of episodic memory impairment in Alzheimer’s disease as revealed by FDG-PET: relationship to degree of deterioration. Brain. 2002;125:1116–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work is partly sponsored by Grants from the National Key Basic Research Program of China (2013CB329506), National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (no. 81271601), and Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB504400, 2012BAI13B06).

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, China

    Mei Tian, Qiaozhen Chen, Ying Zhang, Fenglei Du, Haifeng Hou, Fangfang Chao & Hong Zhang

  2. Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China

    Mei Tian, Ying Zhang, Fenglei Du, Haifeng Hou, Fangfang Chao & Hong Zhang

  3. Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China

    Qiaozhen Chen

Authors
  1. Mei Tian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Qiaozhen Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ying Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Fenglei Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Haifeng Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fangfang Chao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hong Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hong Zhang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tian, M., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y. et al. PET imaging reveals brain functional changes in internet gaming disorder. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 41, 1388–1397 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2708-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2708-8

Keywords









 ApplySandwichStrip

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier!      Saves Data!


--- a PPN by Garber Painting Akron. With Image Size Reduction included!

Fetched URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-014-2708-8

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy