Abstract
Land-atmosphere coupling is a key factor for understanding the mean hydroclimatological conditions in South America. In this study, we analyzed how land-atmosphere coupling modulates the aridity conditions in the South American continent through experiments performed with a regional climate model. We assessed changes in precipitation (P), potential evaporation (PET), aridity index (ɸ = PET / P) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) in experiments with and without soil moisture - atmosphere coupling. Additionally, we analyzed how air dry enthalpy (Hd), moist enthalpy (Hw) and total enthalpy (Ht) change between the coupled and uncoupled experiments, which help to identify patterns in aridity conditions. When analyzing ɸ, we found opposite responses in central-eastern Brazil and southeastern South America (SESA), the two main hotspots of land-atmosphere coupling. On the other hand, a widespread amplification of VPD is found. Both VPD and enthalpy are locally driven by changes in temperature and water vapor content and reflect wetter conditions in central-eastern Brazil and drier conditions in SESA. Changes in regional circulation, described in previous studies, increase moisture convergence in Brazil and help to explain the response of each individual metric when coupling is enabled.
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Data availability
Hersbach et al. (2023a, b) was downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (2023) (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/). The results contain modified Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2020. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains. RCA4 CTL and RCA4 UNC simulations were designed and performed at the Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la Atmósfera (CIMA/CONICET-UBA). Datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by Argentina’s Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Project PICT-2021-I-A-01097) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Project PIP-112-2020-0102141-CO), and partly funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – SFB 1502/1–2022 - Projektnummer: 450058266. The authors would like to thank the CPA staff of the CIMA Institute (Rodrigo Marquez, Claudio Mattera, Paula Richter, Alfredo Rolla, Pablo Roselli, and Gabriel Vieytes) for their support and technical assistance.
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This work was partially funded by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (Project PIP-112-2020-0102141-CO), Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación (Project PICT-2021-I-A-01097), and the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – SFB 1502/1–2022 - Projektnummer: 450058266.
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Juan Eugenio Russmann, Claudio G. Menéndez, Julián A. Giles and Andrea F. Carril contributed to the conception and design of the study. Data analysis was performed by Juan Eugenio Russmann and Julian A. Giles. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Juan Eugenio Russmann and Claudio G. Menéndez, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Eugenio Russmann, J., Menéndez, C.G., Giles, J.A. et al. Sensitivity of aridity diagnoses to land-atmosphere coupling in South America. Clim Dyn 62, 10005–10018 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07413-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-024-07413-w