Abstract
Atlantic tropical cyclones often associate with heavy rainfall, which causes inland- and coastal-flooding in the United States, and the storm-induced rainfall is closely related to its storm scale, movement, and location. For a better performance in flood or risk analysis in a region, understanding the characteristics and distribution of tropical storm (TS) induced extreme rainfall is essential. This study proposes dimensionless rainfall-duration curves for designated four-quartile storms that represents the temporal distribution of TS induced extreme rainfall in the Gulf of Mexico from 1979 to 2021. Our study employs spatiotemporal analysis to compute rainfall while TSs are located overseas and inland from satellite based climate forcing data and hurricane track records, annual maximum approach to define TS induced extreme rainfall events, and designated track types to categorize events based on their trajectories. As a result, extreme rainfall relating to TSs in the Gulf of Mexico are found to be considerably higher in inland than overseas. For inland, majority of the TSs was found to be the 1st- and 2nd-quartile storms. However, the 3rd-quartile storms, which case are rare, were found to have the overall largest amount of rainfall per duration compared to the other quartile storms. As for overseas, more than half of the TSs were found to be the 4th-quartile storm while the 2nd-quartile storm has higher overall rainfall per duration. Spatial analysis shows that Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina are determined as high-threatened areas by TS induced extreme rainfall.
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Data availability
Tropical storm data (HURDAT2) are provided by the National Hurricane Center and are available at https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/#hurdat. The NLDAS-2 precipitation data are can be accessed from the website https://ldas.gsfc.nasa.gov/nldas/v2/forcing. All figures are based on these data.
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Acknowledgements
The authors have no financial conflicts of interests. This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea. The data used in this study were acquired as part of the mission of NASA’s Earth Science Division and archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC).
Funding
This work was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (2021R1A2C2005699). This work was also supported by National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2023-00249547).
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JYS and ESC made a concept and ESC completed methodology and validated all results. JYS and ESC wrote the main manuscript text and JYS prepared all figures and Tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
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Song, J.Y., Chung, ES. Temporal and spatial distribution of extreme rainfall from tropical storms in the Gulf of Mexico from 1979 to 2021. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 38, 3239–3255 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02742-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-024-02742-y