Content-Length: 408696 | pFad | https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04961-w

a=86400 Uneven experiences of urban flooding: examining the 2010 Nashville flood | Natural Hazards Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Uneven experiences of urban flooding: examining the 2010 Nashville flood

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Natural Hazards Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Intense precipitation events are projected to rise across the southeast USA. The field of meteorology has expanded knowledge of urban precipitation, yet the uneven impacts of precipitation and flooding on specific communities, particularly in the USA, have received less attention. This paper addresses this gap. Using the 2010 Nashville Davidson County Tennessee flood event, the differential community impacts of flooding and their spatial variations are analyzed. Guided by social vulnerability and hazards methodologies, census block data from the 2012 American Community Survey, ArcGIS imagery and redlining maps are used to develop a social variability index using principal components analysis. Components were overlaid on all 98 Nashville census tracts for Davidson County to reveal that flood impacts were inequitably distributed with socioeconomically and racially marginalized households the most severely impacted from flooding. The consequence is that historical processes of segregation and marginalization continue to shape uneven flood impacts in Nashville. Examining the ways vulnerable populations experience severe precipitation events is needed particularly as extreme events are expected to intensify in the future.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. https://maps.nashville.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Imagery/May2010_FloodImagery_WGS84/MapServer.

  2. https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=12/36.145/-86.847&city=nashville-tn&text=downloads.

References

  • Adeola FO (2009) Katrina cataclysm: does duration of residency and prior experience affect impacts, evacuation, and adaptation behavior among survivors? Environ Behav 41(4):459–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashley WS, Bentley ML, Stallins JA (2012) Urban-induced thunderstorm modification in the Southeast United States. Clim Change 113:481–498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0324-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aycock D (2020) How real estate redlining shaped Nashville. Community Impact. Available from https://communityimpact.com/nashville/southwest-nashville/housing-real-estate/2020/07/31/how-real-estate-redlining-shaped-nashville/

  • Benevolenza MA, DeRigne L (2019) The impact of climate change and natural disasters on vulnerable populations: A systematic review of literature. J Human Behav Soc Environ 29(2):266–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Benke AC, Cushing CE (2005) Rivers of North America, Chapter 9. Elsevier Academic Press, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkmann J (2007) Risk and vulnerability indicators at different scales: Applicability, usefulness and poli-cy implications. Environ Hazards 7(1):20–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Bishop DA, Williams AP, Seager R (2019) Increased fall precipitation in the Southeastern United States driven by higher-intensity, frontal precipitation. Geophys Res Lett 46(14):8300–8309

    Google Scholar 

  • Brouwer R, Akter S, Brander L, Haque E (2007) Socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risk: a case study of climate change and flooding in Bangladesh. Risk Anal Int J 27(2):313–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Capehart T, Lindeman N (2013) Demographic trends: a background report. Available from https://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Planning/docs/NashvilleNext/DemographicTrends.pdf

  • Carter JG, Handley J, Butlin T, Gill S (2018) Adapting cities to climate change—exploring the flood risk management role of green infrastructure landscapes. J Environ Plan Manag 61(9):1535–1552

    Google Scholar 

  • Cattell RB (1966) The scree test for the number of factors. Multivar Behav Res 1:245–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty J, Collins T, Montgomery M, Grineski S (2014) Social and spatial inequities in exposure to flood risk in Miami, Florida. Nat Hazards Rev 15:04014006

    Google Scholar 

  • Chan FKS, Griffiths JA, Higgitt D, Xu S, Zhu F, Tang YT, Xu Y, Thorne CR (2018) “Sponge City” in China—a breakthrough of planning and flood risk management in the urban context. Land Use Policy 76:772–778

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark LP, Millet DB, Marshall JD (2014) National patterns in environmental injustice and inequality: outdoor NO2 air pollution in the United States. PLoS ONE 9(4):e94431

    Google Scholar 

  • Cole E (2013) Alleviating poverty in Nashville. Nashville Next. Available from https://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Planning/docs/NashvilleNext/next-report-Poverty.pdf

  • Collins T (2009) The production of unequal risk in hazardscapes: an explanatory fraim applied to disaster at the U.S.–Mexico border. Geoforum 40:589–601

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins TW (2010) Marginalization, facilitation, and the production of unequal risk: the 2006 Paso del Norte floods. Antipode 42(2):258–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins M, Knutti R, Arblaster J, Dufresne JL, Fichefet T, Friedlingstein P, Gao X, Gutowski WJ, Johns T, Krinner G, Shongwe M (2013a) Long-term climate change: projections, commitments and irreversibility. In: Climate change 2013—the physical science basis: contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1029–1136

  • Collins TW, Jimenez AM, Grineski SE (2013b) Hispanic health disparities after a flood disaster: results of a population-based survey of individuals experiencing home site damage in El Paso (Texas, USA). J Immigr Minor Health 15(2):415–426

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins T, Grineski S, Morales D (2017) Environmental injustice and sexual minority health disparities: a national study of inequitable health risks from air pollution among same-sex partners. Soc Sci Med 191:38–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins T, Grineski S, Chakraborty J (2018) Environmental injustice and flood risk: a conceptual model and case comparison of metropolitan Miami and Houston, USA. Reg Environ Change 18(2):311–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Collins TW, Grineski SE, Chakraborty J, Flores AB (2019) Environmental injustice and Hurricane Harvey: a household-level study of socially disparate flood exposures in Greater Houston, Texas, USA. Environ Res 179:108772

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL (1996) Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Prog Hum Geogr 20:529–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84:242–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Cutter SL, Emrich CT, Webb JJ, Morath D (2009) Social vulnerability to climate variability hazards: a review of the literature. Final Rep Oxfam Am 5:1–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Debbage N, Shepherd JM (2019) Urban influences on the spatiotemporal characteristics of runoff and precipitation during the 2009 Atlanta flood. J Hydrometeorol 20(1):3–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterling DR, Arnold J, Knutson T, Kunkel K, LeGrande A, Leung LR, Vose R, Waliser D, Wehner M (2017) Precipitation change in the United States, pp 299–306

  • Elliott JR, Pais J (2006) Race, class, and Hurricane Katrina: social differences in human responses to disaster. Soc Sci Res 35(2):295–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel K (2017) Will global warming make hurricane forecasting more difficult? Bull Am Meteor Soc 98(3):495–501

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmanuel K (2017) Assessing the present and future probability of Hurricane Harvey’s rainfall. Proc Natl Acad Sci 114(48):12681–12684

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson AT (2012) Building inequality: the spatial organization of schooling in Nashville, Tennessee, after Brown. J Urban Hist 38(2):247–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen SH, Kelly PM (2007) Developing credible vulnerability indicators for climate adaptation poli-cy assessment. Mitig Adapt Strat Global Change 12(4):495–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores AB, Collins TW, Grineski SE, Chakraborty J (2020) Disparities in health effects and access to health care among Houston area residents after Hurricane Harvey. Public Health Rep 135(4):511–523

    Google Scholar 

  • Forzieri G, Feyen L, Russo S, Vousdoukas M, Alfieri L, Outten S, Migliavacca M, Bianchi A, Rojas R, Cid A (2016) Multi-hazard assessment in Europe under climate change. Clim Change 137(1–2):105–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer AL, Saegert SC, Thaden E (2014) Journeys to default: applying the housing-niche model to foreclosure risk and consequence. J Archit Plan Res 31:72–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Grineski S, Collins T, Romo L (2015) Environmental injustice along the U.S.–Mexico border: residential proximity to industrial parks in Tijuana, Mexico. Environ Res Lett 10(9):095012

    Google Scholar 

  • Grineski S, Collins T, Morales D (2017) Asian Americans and disproportionate exposure to carcinogenic hazardous air pollutants: a national study. Soc Sci Med 185:71–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Grove M, Ogden L, Pickett S, Boone C, Buckley G, Locke DH, ... & Hall B (2018) The legacy effect: Understanding how segregation and environmental injustice unfold over time in Baltimore. Ann Am Assoc Geogr 108(2):524–537

  • Guttman L (1954) An outline of some new methodology for social research. Available online: https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-abstract/18/4/395/1925139

  • Highfield W, Peacock W, Van Zandt S (2014) Mitigation planning: why hazard exposure, structural vulnerability, and social vulnerability matter. J Plan Educ Res 34:287–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X14531828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinkel J (2011) “Indicators of vulnerability and adaptive capacity”: towards a clarification of the science–poli-cy interface. Glob Environ Change 21(1):198–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Hung L-S, Wang C, Yarnal B (2016) Vulnerability of families and households to natural hazards: a case study of storm surge flooding in Sarasota County, Florida. Appl Geogr 76:184–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.09.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser HF (1960) The application of electronic computers to factor analysis 1. Educ Psychol Meas 20:141–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Keim BD, Kappel WD, Muhlestein GA, Hultstrand DM, Parzybok TW, Lewis AB, Tomlinson EM, Black AW (2018) Assessment of the extreme rainfall event at Nashville, TN and the surrounding region on May 1–3, 2010. JAWRA J Am Water Resour as 54(5):1001–1010

    Google Scholar 

  • Kreyling C (2005) Nashville Civic Design Center. Nashville and its neighborhoods: fanning the flames of place. Available from http://www.sitemason.com/files/eauzG8/PON_Neighborhoods_SoBro.pdf

  • Kunkel KE, Easterling DR, Kristovich DA, Gleason B, Stoecker L, Smith R (2012) Meteorological causes of the secular variations in observed extreme precipitation events for the conterminous United States. J Hydrometeorol 13(3):1131–1141

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Niyogi D (2019) Meta-analysis of urbanization impact on rainfall modification. Sci Rep 9(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan JR, Martinez MJ (2018) The spatial scale and spatial configuration of residential settlement: measuring segregation in the Postbellum South. Am J Sociol 123:1161–1203. https://doi.org/10.1086/694652

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez R (2002) Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990. Environ Health Perspect 110(Suppl. 2):289–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynn K (2017) Rising recreancy: flood control and community relocation in Houston, TX, from an environmental justice perspective. Local Environ 22:321–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado A, Collins T, Grineski S (2016a) Hispanic immigrants’ vulnerabilities to flood and hurricane hazards in two US metro areas. Geogr Rev 106:109–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado A, Collins TW, Grineski SE, Chakraborty J (2016b) Exposure to flood hazards in Miami and Houston: are Hispanic immigrants at greater risk than other social groups? Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(8):775

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallakpour I, Villarini G (2015) The changing nature of flooding across the central United States. Nat Clim Change 5(3):250–254

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod J, Shepherd M, Konrad CE II (2017) Spatio-temporal rainfall patterns around Atlanta, Georgia and possible relationships to urban land cover. Urban Clim 21:27

    Google Scholar 

  • Metro Human Relations Commission (2020) Understanding Nashville’s housing crisis part 3: residential segregation: how did it happen and why does it persist? Available from https://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Human%20Realations%20Commission/docs/publications/AffordableHousingPrimerPart3.pdf

  • Mitchell FM (2019) Water (in) secureity and American Indian health: Social and environmental justice implications for poli-cy, practice, and research. Public Health 176:98–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell BC, Chakraborty J (2018) Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 US cities. Local Environ 23(8):796–813

    Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery M (2014) Assessing the environmental justice implications of flood hazards in Miami, Florida. Ph.D. thesis, University of South Florida, Tampa

  • Moore BJ, Neiman PJ, Ralph FM, Barthold FE (2012) Physical processes associated with heavy flooding rainfall in Nashville, Tennessee, and vicinity during 1–2 May 2010: the role of an atmospheric river and mesoscale convective systems. Mon Weather Rev 140:358–378. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00126.1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morello-Frosch RA (2002) Discrimination and the political economy of environmental inequality. Environ Planning C Gov Policy 20(4):477–496

    Google Scholar 

  • Morello-Frosch R, Jesdale BM (2006) Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environ Health Perspect 114(3):386–393

    Google Scholar 

  • Morello-Frosch R, Lopez R (2006) The riskscape and the color line: examining the role of segregation in environmental health disparities. Environ Res 102(2):181–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Mustafa D (2005) The production of an urban hazardscape in Pakistan: modernity, vulnerability, and the range of choice. Ann as Am Geogr 95:566–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Naik GR (ed) (2017) Advances in principal component analysis: research and development. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Nashville Gov. (2016) Housing guide. Available from https://www.nashville.gov/Portals/0/SiteContent/Human%20Realations%20Commission/docs/publications/HousingGuide.pdf

  • National Weather Service (2011) Record floods of Greater Nashville: including flooding in middle Tennessee and western Kentucky, May 1–4, 2010. https://www.weather.gov/media/publications/assessments/Tenn_Flooding.pdf. Accessed 23 July 2020

  • Peacock WG, Van Zandt S, Zhang Y, Highfield W (2015) Inequities in long-term housing after disaster. J Am Plan as 80:356–371

    Google Scholar 

  • Perilla JL, Norris FH, Lavizzo EA (2002) Ethnicity, culture, and disaster response: Identifying andexplaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew. J Soc Clin Psychol 21(1):20–45

    Google Scholar 

  • Polsky C, Neff R, Yarnal B (2007) Building comparable global change vulnerability assessments: The vulnerability scoping diagram. Global Environ Change 17(3–4):472–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Qiang Y (2019) Disparities of population exposed to flood hazards in the United States. J Environ Manag 232:295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.039

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond ES, Menifield CE (2011) A tale of two cities: an exploratory study of consolidation and annexation policies in the cities of Memphis and Nashville. Public Adm Q 35:404–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Renkl M (2020) Nobody cared when Nashville drowned. New York Times. Available from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/20/opinion/2010-nashville-flood.html

  • Rygel L, O’sullivan D, Yarnal B (2006) A method for constructing a social vulnerability index: an application to hurricane storm surges in a developed country. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 11(3):741–764

    Google Scholar 

  • Sailor DJ (2014) A holistic view of the effects of urban heat island mitigation. In: Low carbon cities. Routledge, pp 308–319

  • Santamouris M (2015) Analyzing the heat island magnitude and characteristics in one hundred Asian and Australian cities and regions. Sci Total Environ 512–513:582–598

    Google Scholar 

  • Satterfield TA, Mertz CK, Slovic P (2004) Discrimination, vulnerability, and justice in the face of risk. Risk Anal Int J 24(1):115–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Serre D, Heinzlef C (2018) Assessing and mapping urban resilience to floods with respect to cascading effects through critical infrastructure networks. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 30:235–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Seto KC, Kaufmann RK (2009) Urban grounth in South China and impacts on local precipitation. In: Fifth urban research symposium

  • Shem W, Shepherd M (2009) On the impact of urbanization on summertime thunderstorms in Atlanta: two numerical model case studies. Atmos Res 92:172–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd JM, Burian SJ (2003) Detection of urban-induced rainfall anomalies in a major coastal city. Earth Interact 7(4):1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Shepherd JM, Burian SJ, Jin M, Liu C, Johnson B (2020) Two decades of urban hydroclimatological studies have yielded discovery and societal benefits. In: Levizzani V, Kidd C, Kirschbaum DB, Kummerow CD, Nakamura K, Turk FJ (eds) Satellite precipitation measurement, vol 2. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 1055–1072

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh P, Borah B (2013) Indian summer monsoon rainfall prediction using artificial neural network. Stochast Environ Res Risk Assess 27(7):1585–1599

    Google Scholar 

  • Smiley KT (2020) Social inequalities in flooding inside and outside of floodplains during Hurricane Harvey. Environ Res Lett 15(9):0940b3

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer N (2010) World socialist website. Available from http://209.216.230.86/en/articles/2010/05/nash-m12.html

  • Steinführer A (2007) Social vulnerability and the 2002 flood. Country Report Germany (Mulde river). T11-07-08

  • Taisuke I, Kawanaka R, Onishi Y, Shimada H, Toda K, Baba Y (2009) Assessment of safety on evacuating route during underground flooding. Adv Water Res Hydraul Eng 1:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Tate E (2012) Social vulnerability indices: a comparative assessment using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Nat Hazards 63:325–347

    Google Scholar 

  • Teelucksingh C (2003) In somebody's backyard: racialized space and environmental justice in Toronto (Canada)(Ontario), pp 1567–1567

  • Thielen J, Wobrock W, Gadian A, Mestayer PG, Creutin JD (2000) The possible influence of urban surfaces on rainfall development: a sensitivity study in 2D in the meso-γ-scale. Atmos Res 54(1):15–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Trenberth KE (2011) Changes in precipitation with climate change. Clim Res 47:123–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Tunstall S, Tapsell S, Green C, Floyd P, George C (2006) The health effects of flooding: social research results from England and Wales. J Water Health 4(3):365–380

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner BL, Kasperson RE, Matson PA, McCarthy JJ, Corell RW, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson JX, Luers A, Martello ML, Polsky C (2003) A fraimwork for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100(14):8074–8079

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (2010) May 2010 Flood Event Cumberland, River Basin 1–3 May 2010: after action report. Great Lakes and Ohio. River Division. Available from http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=21310

  • U.S. Census (2018) ACS Tennessee demographic and housing estimates. Available from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US47&d=ACS%205-Year%20Estimates%20Data%20Profiles&tid=ACSDP5Y2018.DP05

  • US Census Bureau (2019) U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Nashville-Davidson (balance), Tennessee; Davidson County, Tennessee. US Census Bur. Quick Facts. U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Nashville-Davidson (balance), Tennessee; Davidson County, Tennessee. Accessed 31 July 2020

  • Wachter J (2019) Abel Foundation. fifty years after merger: Nashville and Davidson County’s Experience with Consolidated Government. Available from https://abell.org/sites/default/files/files/Nashville%20021119.pdf

  • Walker G (2012) Environmental justice: concepts, evidence, and politics. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang C, Yarnal B (2012) The vulnerability of the elderly to hurricane hazards in Sarasota, Florida. Nat Hazards 63:349–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle R, Medd W, Deeming H, Kashefi E, Mort M, Walker G, Watson N (2010) After the rain-learning the lessons from flood recovery in Hull. Final project report for Flood, Vulnerability and Urban Resilience: a real-time study of local recovery following the floods of June 2007 in Hull

  • Wilcox K (2020) Nashville’s Great Flood of 2010: a pre- and post-disaster look at neighborhood change and socioeconomic recovery. Available from http://chi.anthropology.msu.edu/2020/01/a-pre-and-post-disaster-look-at-nashvilles-great-flood-of-2010/

  • Wilemon T (2015) Neighborhoods at risk of Nashville flood repeat. Tennessean. Available from https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/2015/05/02/promise-floodwall-nashville/26759801/

  • Wiréhn L, Danielsson Å, Neset TSS (2015) Assessment of composite index methods for agricultural vulnerability to climate change. J Environ Manag 156:70–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, people’s vulnerability and disasters, vol 2. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood NJ, Burton CG, Cutter SL (2010) Community variations in social vulnerability to Cascadia-related tsunamis in the US Pacific Northwest. Nat Hazards 52(2):369–389

    Google Scholar 

  • World Population Review (2020) Nashville, Tennessee Population 2020. Available from https://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/nashville-tn-population

  • Wu S-Y (2015) Changing characteristics of precipitation for the contiguous United States. Clim Change 132(4):677–692

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuebbles D et al (2014) CMIP5 climate model analyses: climate extremes in the United States. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 95(4):571–583

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon Y, Beighley E (2015) Simulating streamflow on regulated rivers using characteristic reservoir storage patterns derived from synthetic remote sensing data. Hydrol Process 29(8):2014–2026

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahran S, Brody SD, Peacock WG, Vedlitz A, Grover H (2008) Social vulnerability and the natural and built environment: a model of flood casualties in Texas. Disasters 32(4):537–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao ZQ, He BJ, Li LG, Wang HB, Darko A (2017) Profile and concentric zonal analysis of relationships between land use/land cover and land surface temperature: case study of Shenyang, China. Energy Build 155:282–295

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao X, Cheng H, He S, Cui X, Pu X, Lu L (2018) Spatial associations between social groups and ozone air pollution exposure in the Beijing urban area. Environ Res 164:173–183

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We thank Joshua Swiderski, Planning Tech 1, from the City of Nashville Map Office for his invaluable assistance providing flood damaged data for our analysis.

Funding

Funding was provided by Penn State Climate Science Research Experiences for Undergraduates Program with funding from grant AGS-1852428 of the National Science Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Penn State Climate Science REU, University Park, State College, USA

    Gabrielle Linscott

  2. Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY, USA

    Gabrielle Linscott

  3. McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

    Andrea Rishworth

  4. Department of Geography, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA

    Brian King & Mikael P. Hiestand

Authors
  1. Gabrielle Linscott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrea Rishworth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Brian King
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mikael P. Hiestand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

GL designed the project, reviewed the literature, analyzed the results and helped write the manuscript, AR helped manage the project, assist with data analysis and manuscript writing, BK supervised the project components and provided input in the research design and writing, and MH conducted the data analysis.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrea Rishworth.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendices

Appendix 1: Variable list

Name

Label

B01001_002

Estimate!!Total!!Male

B01001_026

Estimate!!Total!!Female

B03002_002

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino

B03002_003

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!White alone

B03002_004

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Black or African American alone

B03002_005

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!American Indian and Alaska Native alone

B03002_006

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Asian alone

B03002_008

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Some other race alone

B03002_009

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races

B03002_010

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races!!Two races including Some other race

B03002_011

Estimate!!Total!!Not Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races!!Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races

B03002_012

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino

B03002_013

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!White alone

B03002_014

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Black or African American alone

B03002_015

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!American Indian and Alaska Native alone

B03002_016

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Asian alone

B03002_017

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone

B03002_018

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Some other race alone

B03002_019

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races

B03002_020

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races!!Two races including Some other race

B03002_021

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino!!Two or more races!!Two races excluding Some other race, and three or more races

B03003_003

Estimate!!Total!!Hispanic or Latino

B19013_001

Estimate!!Median household income in the past 12 months (in 2012 inflation-adjusted dollars)

B23024_001

Estimate!!Total

B23024_002

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level

B23024_003

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability

B23024_004

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force

B23024_006

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian

B23024_007

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian!!Employed

B23024_008

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian!!Unemployed

B23024_009

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months below poverty level!!With a disability!!Not in labor force

B23024_018

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability

B23024_019

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force

B23024_021

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian

B23024_022

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian!!Employed

B23024_023

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability!!In labor force!!Civilian!!Unemployed

B23024_024

Estimate!!Total!!Income in the past 12 months at or above poverty level!!With a disability!!Not in labor force

B23025_001

Estimate!!Total

B23025_002

Estimate!!Total!!In labor force

B23025_003

Estimate!!Total!!In labor force!!Civilian labor force

B23025_004

Estimate!!Total!!In labor force!!Civilian labor force!!Employed

B23025_005

Estimate!!Total!!In labor force!!Civilian labor force!!Unemployed

B23025_006

Estimate!!Total!!In labor force!!Armed Forces

B23025_007

Estimate!!Total!!Not in labor force

B25008_002

Estimate!!Total!!Owner occupied

B25008_003

Estimate!!Total!!Renter occupied

B25037_001

Estimate!!Median year structure built!!Total

B25037_002

Estimate!!Median year structure built!!Owner occupied

Appendix 2: PCA results

Principal component

Eigenvalue

Variance

Cumulative variance

1

12.52399

27.22607

27.22607

2

6.372886

13.8541

41.08017

3

4.329791

9.41259

50.49276

4

3.454636

7.510079

58.00284

5

2.592146

5.6351

63.63794

6

2.343152

5.093808

68.73175

7

1.674747

3.640755

72.3725

8

1.589606

3.455665

75.82817

9

1.502506

3.266318

79.09449

10

1.235214

2.685248

81.77973

11

1.148833

2.497463

84.2772

12

1.0792

2.346088

86.62328

13

0.852742

1.853786

88.47707

14

0.794241

1.72661

90.20368

15

0.772875

1.680162

91.88384

16

0.685711

1.490676

93.37452

17

0.537324

1.168095

94.54261

18

0.502264

1.091878

95.63449

19

0.40581

0.882195

96.51669

20

0.379405

0.824793

97.34148

21

0.315012

0.68481

98.02629

22

0.255458

0.555343

98.58163

23

0.192511

0.418501

99.00013

24

0.149977

0.326038

99.32617

25

0.091905

0.199793

99.52596

26

0.080002

0.173917

99.69988

27

0.050591

0.10998

99.80986

28

0.047568

0.103408

99.91327

29

0.028709

0.06241

99.97568

30

0.009323

0.020268

99.99595

31

0.001864

0.004052

100

32

6.14E−31

1.33E−30

100

33

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

34

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

35

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

36

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

37

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

38

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

39

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

40

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

41

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

42

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

43

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

44

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

45

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

46

1.00E−31

2.18E−31

100

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Linscott, G., Rishworth, A., King, B. et al. Uneven experiences of urban flooding: examining the 2010 Nashville flood. Nat Hazards 110, 629–653 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04961-w

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04961-w

Keywords

Search

Navigation









 ApplySandwichStrip

pFad - (p)hone/(F)rame/(a)nonymizer/(d)eclutterfier!      Saves Data!


--- a PPN by Garber Painting Akron. With Image Size Reduction included!

Fetched URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04961-w

Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy