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a=86400 Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system | Science China Earth Sciences
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Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system

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Abstract

Global cooling began since 50 Ma, but a warm climate was maintained in the archipelagic tectonic system in Southeast Asia where a wealth of Cenozoic oil and gas resources was formed and preserved. From the perspective of Earth system, this study analyzes Cenozoic tectonic activities, climatic and environmental evolution, and petroleum enrichment in Southeast Asia, and provides the following insights: (1) Subduction of oceanic plates and the extension of overlying continental lithosphere resulted in widespread volcanic eruptions as well as the formation of rift basins and shallow marine shelves, leading to complex interactions between deep tectonic processes and Earth’s surface including mountains, basins, and seas. (2) Microcontinental accretion and prolonged stay in equatorial low-latitude regions have changed trade winds into monsoons, altered ocean current pathways and flow rates, and profoundly affected rainfall and climate. (3) The archipelagic tectonic system, coupled with a hot and rainy climate, fostered tropical rainforests, mangroves, and phytoplankton, providing abundant organic matter and promoting the development of petroleum resources. (4) Combinations of rift basin development and marine transgression and regression led to an effective superposition of source-reservoir-seal combinations from multiplepetroleum systems. Rapid deep burial of organic matter and high geothermal gradients facilitated the generation and large-scale accumulation of oil and gas. (5) Multi-spherical (such as atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) interactions on the Earth, which resulted from the convergence of multiple tectonic plates, are believed as the primary driver for exceptional enrichments of Cenozoic oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia. These understandings are significant for developing theories of oil and gas enrichment under the guidance of Earth System Science. In order to continue making significant oil and gas exploration discoveries in the deep-layers, deep-waters, and unconventional oil and gas fields of Southeast Asia, attention should be paid to the oil and gas resource effects of the collision between Australia and Sunda blocks and the high-temperature and high-rainfall climate environment, and efforts should be made to develop economic development and CO2 sequestration technologies for offshore CO2-rich gas fields.

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Acknowledgements

We wish to express our gratitude to Academicians He LIU and Shuichang ZHANG of the PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development for their insightful discussions and constructive suggestions. Our special thanks are also due to Academician Peizhen ZHANG of Sun Yat-sen University, and Professors Qingju WU and Guangbao DU of the China Earthquake Administration, for providing earthquake data of the Southeast Asia. We extend our thanks to Academician Yigang XU of the Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for his contribution of volcanic data of Southeast Asia, and to Professor Weiwei DING of the Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, for the subduction zones and Sunda Block data in Southeast Asia. Our appreciation is also extended to Professor Miao DONG of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, for supplying geothermal data of the Southeast Asia. We gratefully acknowledge the valuable comments provided by the two anonymous reviewers. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42288201, 92255303, 42202162).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Rixiang Zhu, Bo Wan, Wang Zhang & Qinren Meng

  2. State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil and Gas Recovery, PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing, 100083, China

    Hongjun Wang, Huajian Wang, Xiaomei Wang, Houqin Zhu & Yuke Liu

  3. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China

    Junlai Liu

  4. State Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, 266580, China

    Fang Hao

  5. Institute of Energy, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China

    Zhijun Jin

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Zhu, R., Wang, H., Wang, H. et al. Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system. Sci. China Earth Sci. 67, 566–583 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-023-1254-4

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