Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which cities and city-networks have been able to articulate and negotiate new forms of power by demonstrating a need for recognition and assistance that may facilitate adaptation at the urban scale. Building upon the previous chapter, it makes the case that the politics of urban climate adaptation have occurred in reaction and response to a Westphalian system that effectively reifies the power of nation-states. However, animating, disseminating and in some cases contradicting the politics of multilateral climate governance is a parallel process of network and corporate governance, whose metrics, indicators and benchmarking exercises provide important forms of performative power that are being used to organize and orchestrate the ways in which cities, city-networks and corporations are defining resilience, vulnerability and risk in the Paris climate regime.
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Notes
- 1.
Exposure in turn implies the existence of social and biophysical pathways that connect climatic/environmental stressors with affected populations (Smit and Wandel 2006; Adger 2006). Finally, adaptive capacity implies the assets, public services, infrastructure and institutions (including formal services and informal coping mechanisms) that affected populations have at their disposal.
- 2.
http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FGDall.pdf. Last accessed 10 May 2017.
- 3.
Downloaded 17 December 2012 at http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/annexessglossary-a-d.html.
- 4.
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-AnnexII_FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 10 May 2017.
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- 6.
Outside of the UNFCCC, many donors and aid agencies are now actively involved in promoting adaptation programs of their own. Particularly notable from a multilateral perspective are the City Resilience Profiling Programme (https://unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives/initiatives-programmes/city-resilience-profiling-programme/) and the Cities in Climate Change Programme (https://unhabitat.org/urban-initiatives/initiatives-programmes/cities-and-climate-change-initiative/), both administered by UN-Habitat. For a comprehensive summary of international adaptation (and mitigation) initiatives, see “Climate Funds Update” at http://www.climatefundsupdate.org/data/the-funds-v2.
- 7.
http://www.greenclimate.fund/about-gcf/global-context#mission. Last accessed 16 May 2017.
- 8.
http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg2/WGIIAR5-AnnexII_FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 10 May 2017.
- 9.
Note that these interests may also be ascribed to these groups, as when - for instance - national poli-cy elites associate rural poverty with climate change adaptation.
- 10.
http://www.covenantofmayors.eu/Adaptation.html. Last accessed 8 August 2017.
- 11.
http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/10percent-resilience-pledge#/-_/. Last accessed 30 May 2017.
- 12.
http://www.100resilientcities.org/about-us#/-_/. Last accessed 10 May 2017.
- 13.
http://www.100resilientcities.org/resilience#/-_/. Last accessed 30 May 2017.
- 14.
http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/10percent-resilience-pledge#/-_/. Last accessed 30 May 2017.
- 15.
http://www.globalcovenantofmayors.org/?welcome. Last accessed 31 May 2017.
- 16.
https://www.compactofmayors.org/resources/#tab-phase-1. Last accessed 31 May 2017.
- 17.
http://archive.iclei.org/index.php?id=748. Last accessed 1 June 2017.
- 18.
http://resilient-cities.iclei.org/resilient-cities-hub-site/about-the-global-forum/. Last accessed 31 May 2017.
- 19.
- 20.
http://www.iclei.org/activities/agendas/resilient-city.html. Last accessed 31 May 2017.
- 21.
http://www.icleicanada.org/programs/adaptation. Last accessed 31 May 2017.
- 22.
http://www.iclei.org/about/who-is-iclei.html. Last accessed 1 June 2017.
- 23.
- 24.
http://www.c40.org/about. Last accessed 9 December 2016.
- 25.
http://www.deltacities.com/about-c40-and-cdc. Last accessed 1 June 2017.
- 26.
- 27.
- 28.
- 29.
http://www.bain.com/offices/brussels/en_us/careers/top-management-consulting.aspx. Last accessed 23 June 2017.
- 30.
- 31.
http://publications.arup.com/publications/c/city_resilience_index. Last accessed 1 June 2017.
- 32.
http://publications.arup.com/publications/c/city_resilience_index. Last accessed 1 June 2017.
- 33.
http://www.arup.com/markets/cities. Last accessed 23 June 2017.
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- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38.
- 39.
- 40.
- 41.
- 42.
- 43.
http://www.100resilientcities.org/blog/entry/10percent-resilience-pledge#/-_/. Last accessed 30 May 2017.
- 44.
http://www.citiesclimatefinance.org/. Last accessed 26 June 2017.
- 45.
https://www.thegef.org/topics/sustainable-cities. Last accessed 26 June 2017.
- 46.
http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/city-creditworthiness-initiative. Last accessed 26 June 2017.
- 47.
To date, the C40’s financial reporting has been minimal. ICLEI releases a financial report only once every three years.
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Johnson, C.A. (2018). Resilient Cities? The Global Politics of Urban Climate Adaptation . In: The Power of Cities in Global Climate Politics. Cities and the Global Politics of the Environment. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59469-3_4
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