Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. GENeSYS-MOD: Model Description
2.1. The Model
2.1.1. Objective Function
2.1.2. Costs
2.1.3. Storage
2.1.4. Transportation
2.1.5. Trade
3. Model Application and Implementation
3.1. Regional Disaggregation and Trade
3.2. Demand and Fuel Disaggregation
3.3. Modeling Period and Investment Restrictions
3.4. Time Disaggregation
3.5. Emissions
3.6. Storage
3.7. Modal Split for Transportion
3.8. Input Data
3.8.1. Fossil Fuel Availability and Prices
3.8.2. Renewable Technologies and Potentials
3.9. Cost Assumptions
4. Scenario Definition and Results
4.1. Scenario Definition
4.2. Results
4.2.1. The Global Energy System
4.2.2. Electricity
4.2.3. Heat
4.2.4. Transportation
4.2.5 Global CO2 Emissions
4.2.6. Average Costs
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. List of Sets and Parameters
Set Name (Abbreviation) | Set Description |
Daylytimebracket (lh) | Allows for day/night differentiation, i.e., splits a single day into brackets |
Daytype (ld) | Allows to model different days like weekday/weekend |
Emissions (e) | Emissions produced by the different technologies |
Fuel (f) | Fuels enter or leave technologies. Demands are always for specific fuels. |
Modaltype (mt) | Allows for the modal split in the transportation sector. |
Mode of Operation (m) | Technologies might operate in different modes, enabling different input-output combinations |
Region (r) | The different (aggregated) regions considered. |
Season (ls) | Allows a differentiation for yearly seasons (e.g., summer/winter). |
Storage (s) | The set of different storage technologies. |
Technology (t) | Everything that processes energy in any form is considered a technology. |
Timeslice (l) | Timeslices are a combination of ls, ld and lh. Hence, one timeslice could be “summer weekend day”. |
Year (y) | The set of the different modeled years. |
Parameter Name | Parameter Description |
Amount of demand that can be satisfied at any time of the year, not time-slice dependent. | |
Amount of emissions allowed in a year and region. | |
Amount of emissions not produced by modeled technologies in a given year. | |
Maximum time a technology may run in a year. | |
Maximum time a technology may run in a time-slice. | |
Conversion factor of capacities [GW] into activity [PJ]. Assumes provision of 1 [GW] over one year. | |
Capital costs for storage technologies. | |
Capital cost for all technologies. | |
Assigns DailyTimeBracket to time-slice. | |
Assigns DayType to time-slice. | |
Assigns Season to time-slice. | |
Length of a DailyTimeBracket in one day as a fraction of the year. | |
Amount of days per week in which a DayType occurs. | |
Amount of emissions produced by a technology for producing 1 [PJ] of energy. | |
Penalty for emitting emissions. | |
Fixed O&M costs for a technology. | |
Describes coupled with OutputActivityRatio the efficiency of a technology. | |
Percentage of storage capacity that must not be deceeded. | |
Assigns the share of a mean of transportation for one demand fuel. | |
Amount of emissions that must not be exceeded over the whole modeling period. | |
Amount of emissions that is not produced by a modeled technology in whole modeling period. | |
Operational life of storage technologies. | |
Operational life of all technologies. | |
Describes coupled with InputActivityRatio the efficiency of a technology. | |
Tags fuels that do not produce emissions. | |
Tags technologies that do not produce emissions. | |
Tags whether more than the actual demand has to be produced of a given fuel. | |
Tags which technologies can contribute to the reserve margin. | |
Sets the amount of reserve margin that has to be produced. | |
Capacities that exist in addition to the endogenously built capacities. | |
Storage Capacities that exist in addition to the endogenously built capacities. | |
Annual demand of fuels which are time-slice dependent. | |
Assigns a share of SpecifiedAnnualDemand to the different time-slices. | |
Amount of stored energy at the beginning of the modeling period. | |
Maximum charge amount of a storage within one hour | |
Maximum discharge amount of a storage within one hour | |
Assigns different transportation technologies to the modal type. | |
Technologies that can use a fuel from a storage. | |
Technologies that can provide a fuel for a storage. | |
Maximum amount of investments into a technology in a year. | |
Maximum amount of used capacity in a year. | |
Minimum amount of investments into a technology in a year. | |
Minimum amount of used capacity in a year. | |
Variable costs for trading a fuel between regions. | |
Tags possible trade routes between regions. | |
Variable O&M costs for using a technology. | |
Share of a time-slice in one year. |
Appendix A.2. List of Technologies and Storages
Technology | Description |
Area_DistrictHeating_avg | Usable area for centralized heating (average) |
Area_DistrictHeating_inf | Usable area for centralized heating (inferior) |
Area_DistrictHeating_opt | Usable area for centralized heating (optimal) |
Area_PV_Commercial | Usable area for commercial rooftop PV systems |
Area_Solar_Roof | Usable area for private rooftop PV systems |
BIOFLREFINERY | Refinery for biomass to biofuel conversion |
C_Coal | Coal resource node |
C_Gas | Gas resource node |
C_Nuclear | Nuclear material resource node |
C_Oil | Crude oil resource node |
ELYSER | Hydrogen-producing elyser |
FRT_Rail_ELC | Freight rail transport; Electric train |
FRT_Rail_Petro | Freight rail transport; Petro-fueled |
FRT_Road_Bio | Freight road transport; Biofuels |
FRT_Road_Conv | Freight road transport; Conventional fuels |
FRT_Road_H2 | Freight road transport; Hydrogen-based |
FRT_Ship_Bio | Freight ship transport; Biofuels |
FRT_Ship_Conv | Freight ship transport; Conventional fuels |
FUEL_CELL | Fuel cell |
H2TL | Hydrogen liquefaction |
P_Coal | Coal-based power plant |
P_Gas | Natural gas-based power plant |
P_Nuclear | Nuclear power plant |
P_Oil | Oil power plant |
PSNG_Air_Conv | Passenger air transport; Conventional fuels |
PSNG_Air_H2L | Passenger air transport; Liquid hydrogen |
PSNG_Rail_ELC | Passenger rail transport; Electric train |
PSNG_Rail_Petro | Passenger rail transport; Petro-fueled |
PSNG_Road_BEV | Passenger road transport; Battery electric vehicle |
PSNG_Road_Bio | Passenger road transport; Biofuels |
PSNG_Road_FCEV | Passenger road transport; Fuel cell electric vehicle |
PSNG_Road_ICE | Passenger road transport; Internal combustion engine |
Res_BioMass | Biomass resource node |
Res_CSP | Concentrated solar power plant |
Res_CSP_Storage | Concentrated solar power plant with integrated storage |
Res_Hydro_Large | Large-scale hydro (>25MW) |
Res_Hydro_Small | Small-scale hydro |
Res_PV_Commercial | Rooftop-PV on commercial buildings |
Res_PV_Residential | Residential rooftop PV systems |
Res_PV_Utility_avg | Utility-scale PV (average) |
Res_PV_Utility_inf | Utility-scale PV (inferior) |
Res_PV_Utility_opt | Utility-scale PV (optimal) |
Res_Thermal_Geo | Geothermal power generation |
Res_Thermal_Solar | Solar-based heat generation |
Res_Tidal | Tidal power plant |
Res_Wave | Wave power plant |
Res_Wind_Offshore_avg | Offshore wind plant (average) |
Res_Wind_Offshore_inf | Offshore wind plant (inferior) |
Res_Wind_Offshore_opt | Offshore wind plant (optimal) |
Res_Wind_Onshore_avg | Onshore wind plant (average) |
Res_Wind_Onshore_inf | Onshore wind plant (inferior) |
Res_Wind_Onshore_opt | Onshore wind plant (optimal) |
ST_Battery_Lion | Dummy-Technology for battery storage |
ST_H2 | Dummy-Technology for hydrogen storage |
ST_Heat_cen | Dummy-Technology for central heat storage |
ST_Heat_dec | Dummy-Technology for decentral heat storage |
ST_PSP | Dummy-Technology for pump storage |
ST_PSP_Residual | Dummy-Technology for residual pump storage capacities |
T_heat_high_bio | High-temperature heat generation (biomass) |
T_heat_high_coal | High-temperature heat generation (coal) |
T_heat_high_elfur | High-temperature heat generation (electric furnace) |
T_heat_high_gas | High-temperature heat generation (natural gas) |
T_heat_high_oil | High-temperature heat generation (oil) |
T_heat_high_res-gas | High-temperature heat generation (hydrogen) |
T_heat_low_bio | Low-temperature heat generation (biomass) |
T_heat_low_bio_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (biomass; centralized) |
T_heat_low_bio_chp | Low-temperature heat generation (biomass; combined heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_bio_chp_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (biomass; centralized; combined heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_coal | Low-temperature heat generation (coal) |
T_heat_low_coal_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (coal; centralized) |
T_heat_low_coal_chp_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (coal; centralized; combined heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_elfur | Low-temperature heat generation (electric furnace) |
T_heat_low_elfur_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (electric furnace; centralized) |
T_heat_low_gas | Low-temperature heat generation (natural gas) |
T_heat_low_gas_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (natural gas; centralized) |
T_heat_low_gas_chp_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (natural gas; centralized; combined heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_heatpump | Low-temperature heat generation (heatpump) |
T_heat_low_heatpump_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (heatpump; centralized) |
T_heat_low_oil | Low-temperature heat generation (oil) |
T_heat_low_oil_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (oil; centralized) |
T_heat_low_oil_chp_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (oil; centralized; combined heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_res-gas | Low-temperature heat generation (hydrogen) |
T_heat_low_res-gas_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (hydrogen; centralized) |
T_heat_low_res-gas_chp | Low-temperature heat generation (hydrogen; combined-heat-power-plant) |
T_heat_low_res-gas_chp_cen | Low-temperature heat generation (hydrogen; centralized; combined heat-power-plant) |
Storages | |
S_Battery_Lion | Lithium-Ion battery |
S_CSP_storage | Storage-technology connected to CSP with storage |
S_H2 | Hydrogen (gas) storage |
S_Heat_cen | Heat storage for central heating |
S_Heat_dec | Heat storage for decentral heating |
S_PSP | (Hydro) Pump-storage-plant |
Appendix A.3. List of Countries, Grouped by Region
Africa | ||
Algeria | Ethiopia | Niger |
Angola | Gabon | Nigeria |
Benin | Gambia (Islamic Republic of) | Rwanda |
Botswana | Ghana | Sao Tome and Principe |
Burkina Faso | Guinea | Senegal |
Burundi | Guinea Bissau | Sierra Leone |
Cabo Verde | Kenya | Somalia |
Cameroon | Lesotho | South Africa |
Central African Republic | Liberia | South Sudan |
Chad | Libya | Sudan |
Comoros | Madagascar | Swaziland |
Congo | Malawi | Togo |
Côte D'Ivoire | Mali | Tunisia |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | Mauritania | Uganda |
Djibouti | Mauritius | United Republic of Tanzania |
Egypt | Morocco | Zambia |
Equatorial Guinea | Mozambique | Zimbabwe |
Eritrea | Namibia |
Asia-Rest | ||
Bangladesh | Malaysia | Singapore |
Bhutan | Maldives | Sri Lanka |
Brunei Darussalam | Myanmar | Thailand |
Cambodia | Nepal | Timor-Leste |
Indonesia | Philippines | Viet Nam |
Lao People’s Democratic Republic | Seychelles |
China | ||
China | Mongolia |
Europe | ||
Albania | Germany | Norway |
Andorra | Greece | Poland |
Austria | Hungary | Portugal |
Belarus | Iceland | Romania |
Belgium | Ireland | San Marino |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | Italy | Serbia |
Bulgaria | Latvia | Slovakia |
Croatia | Liechtenstein | Slovenia |
Cyprus | Lithuania | Spain |
Czech Republic | Luxembourg | Sweden |
Denmark | Malta | Switzerland |
Estonia | Monaco | The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
Finland | Montenegro | Ukraine |
France | Netherlands | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
India | ||
India |
Middle East | ||
Afghanistan | Kuwait | Syrian Arab Republic |
Bahrain | Lebanon | Turkey |
Iran (Islamic Republic of) | Oman | United Arab Emirates |
Iraq | Pakistan | Yemen |
Israel | Qatar | |
Jordan | Saudi Arabia |
North America | ||
Canada | Mexico | United States of America |
Ocenania | ||
Australia | Micronesia (Federated States of) | Samoa |
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea | Nauru | Solomon Islands |
Fiji | New Zealand | Tonga |
Japan | Palau | Tuvalu |
Kiribati | Papua New Guinea | Vanuatu |
Marshall Islands | Republic of Korea |
FSU | ||
Armenia | Kyrgyzstan | Uzbekistan |
Azerbaijan | Russian Federation | Republic of Moldova |
Georgia | Tajikistan | |
Kazakhstan | Turkmenistan |
South America | ||
Antigua and Barbuda | Dominica | Panama |
Argentina | Dominican Republic | Paraguay |
Bahamas | Ecuador | Peru |
Barbados | El Salvador | Saint Kitts and Nevis |
Belize | Grenada | Saint Lucia |
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) | Guatemala | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines |
Brazil | Guyana | Suriname |
Chile | Haiti | Trinidad and Tobago |
Colombia | Honduras | Uruguay |
Costa Rica | Jamaica | Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of |
Cuba | Nicaragua |
Appendix A.4. Capital Cost Development of Electricity-Generating Technologies (in million €/GW)
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Electricity [in PJ] | Heat [in PJ] | Mobility [in Gkm] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Power | Heat low | Heat high | Mob. Passenger | Mob. Freight |
Winter Day | Winter Night | Intermediate Day | Intermediate Night | Summer Day | Summer Night |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
17% | 8% | 33% | 17% | 17% | 8% |
Region | PV–Residential [100 km2] | PV–Commercial [100 km2] | PV–Utility [100 km2] | Total [100 km2] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Africa | 4.20 | 2.31 | 10.55 | 17.06 |
Asia Rest | 3.67 | 2.69 | 2.99 | 9.35 |
China | 5.61 | 6.56 | 4.69 | 16.86 |
Europe | 3.34 | 4.16 | 2.76 | 10.26 |
India | 2.82 | 3.89 | 1.49 | 8.2 |
Middle East | 2.39 | 1.76 | 3.50 | 7.65 |
North America | 4.61 | 4.56 | 10.01 | 15.39 |
Oceania | 0.82 | 1.31 | 4.26 | 6.39 |
FSU | 0.84 | 1.17 | 10.01 | 12.02 |
South America | 2.59 | 2.59 | 8.85 | 14.03 |
Total | 30.89 | 31 | 59.11 | 130 |
Region | Wind Onshore [100 km2] | Wind Offshore [100 km2] | Total [100 km2] |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | 125.2 | 1.1 | 126.3 |
Asia Rest | 41.0 | 2.9 | 43.9 |
China | 2.3 | 2.1 | 4.4 |
Europe | 10.9 | 4.2 | 15.1 |
India | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 |
Middle East | 27.5 | 0.1 | 27.6 |
North America | 21.2 | 4.7 | 25.9 |
Oceania | 9.7 | 5.2 | 14.9 |
FSU | 10.9 | 2.7 | 13.6 |
South America | 23.5 | 8.3 | 31.8 |
Total | 273.3 | 31.4 | 304.7 |
Region | 2015 [PJ] | 2050 [PJ] |
---|---|---|
Africa | 154 | 401 |
Asia Rest | 192 | 798 |
China | 713 | 1165 |
Europe | 504 | 504 |
India | 170 | 737 |
Middle East | 371 | 1061 |
North America | 514 | 633 |
Oceania | 232 | 232 |
FUS | 409 | 527 |
South America | 667 | 1258 |
Total | 3926 | 7316 |
Region | Hydropower (Small) [GW] | Hydropower (Large) [GW] | Total [GW] |
---|---|---|---|
Africa | 130.8 | 130.8 | 261.6 |
Asia Rest | 85.0 | 85.0 | 170 |
China | 185.9 | 185.9 | 371.8 |
Europe | 129.0 | 129.0 | 258 |
India | 99.2 | 99.2 | 198.4 |
Middle East | 39.0 | 39.0 | 78 |
North America | 107.8 | 107.8 | 215.6 |
Oceania | 42.1 | 42.1 | 84.2 |
FUS | 121.6 | 121.6 | 243.2 |
South America | 165.7 | 165.7 | 331.4 |
Total | 1106.1 | 1106.1 | 2212.2 |
Region | Regional Potential [GW] |
---|---|
Africa | 12.8 |
Asia Rest | 25.7 |
China | 3.5 |
Europe | 6.8 |
India | 0.6 |
Middle East | 1.4 |
North America | 25.4 |
Oceania | 13 |
FUS | 3.7 |
South America | 44.9 |
Total | 137.8 |
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Löffler, K.; Hainsch, K.; Burandt, T.; Oei, P.-Y.; Kemfert, C.; Von Hirschhausen, C. Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS). Energies 2017, 10, 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101468
Löffler K, Hainsch K, Burandt T, Oei P-Y, Kemfert C, Von Hirschhausen C. Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS). Energies. 2017; 10(10):1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101468
Chicago/Turabian StyleLöffler, Konstantin, Karlo Hainsch, Thorsten Burandt, Pao-Yu Oei, Claudia Kemfert, and Christian Von Hirschhausen. 2017. "Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS)" Energies 10, no. 10: 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101468
APA StyleLöffler, K., Hainsch, K., Burandt, T., Oei, P. -Y., Kemfert, C., & Von Hirschhausen, C. (2017). Designing a Model for the Global Energy System—GENeSYS-MOD: An Application of the Open-Source Energy Modeling System (OSeMOSYS). Energies, 10(10), 1468. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10101468