Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (Yarayu daga February 12, shekarar 1809 – April 15, 1865) Dan Amurka, lauya kuma Dan'siyasa wanda ya mulki kasar a matsayin shugaba na goma sha shida (16th) Shugaban Amurka tun daga 1861 har sanda aka kashe shi a watan April 1865. Lincoln yajagoranci kasar Civil War, mafi zubda jinin yaki da kasar ta taba yi, akan siyasa da dokokin kasa.[1][2] akan hakane yasa yakare kungiyoyi, Hana sayen bayi, da kara karfin gwamnatin tarayya, da sabunta tattalin arziki.
An haife shi a Kentucky, Lincoln ya girma a western frontierya fito daga gidan talakawa. Wadanda suka ilimantar da kansu, yazama lawyer a Illinois. Ya kuma zama shugaban Jam'iyar Whig, yayi shekara takwas a majalisa da kuma biyu a Congress, sannan yakoma cigaba da aikin lauyansa. Ganin cewar yan dimokradiya sun sake bude yammacin garin prairie dan cigaba da saida bayi yasa yadawo cikin siyasa a shekarar 1854.
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Family and childhood
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Ibrahim Lincoln a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata alif 1809, ɗan na biyu na Thomas Lincoln da Nancy Hanks Lincoln, a cikin gidan katako a kan Sinking Spring Farm kusa da Hodgenville, Kentucky.[3] Ya kasance zuriyar Samuel Lincoln, ɗan Ingila wanda ya yi ƙaura daga Hingham, Norfolk, zuwa sunan sa, Hingham (Massachusetts), a cikin shekarar alif 1638. Iyalinsa ta hanyar tsararraki masu zuwa sun yi ƙaura zuwa yamma, suna wucewa ta New Jersey, Pennsylvania, da Virginia.[4] Lincoln kuma ya kasance zuriyar Iyalin Harrison na Virginia; kakan mahaifinsa kuma mai suna, Kyaftin Ibrahim Lincoln da kuma matarsa Bathsheba (née Herring) sun ƙaura da iyalin daga Virginia zuwa Jefferson County, Kentucky.[lower-alpha 1] An kashe kyaftin din a wani hari na Indiya a shekara ta alif 1786. [4] [lower-alpha 2] Thomas ya yi aiki a wasu ayyuka a Kentucky da Tennessee kafin iyalin su zauna a Hardin County, Kentucky, a farkon shekarun alif 1800. [3]
Thomas da Nancy sunyi aure a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni,shekarata alif 1806, a Washington County, kuma suka koma Elizabethtown, Kentucky.[4]
Thomas Lincoln ya sayi gonaki dayawa a Kentucky, amma bai iya samun takardun mallakar mallakar ba, ya rasa daruruwan kadada na ƙasa a cikin rikice-rikicen dukiya.[3] A cikin shekarar alif 1816, iyalin suka koma Indiya, inda binciken ƙasa da lakabi suka fi amintacce.[4] Sun zauna acikin "kudancin da ba a karya ba" a cikin Hurricane Township, Perry County, Indiana.[4][4] Lokacin da Lincolns suka koma Indiana "an shigar da shi cikin Tarayyar" a matsayin "yanci" (marar bautar), sai dai cewa, kodayake "ba a yarda da sababbin bayi ba, ... a halin yanzu bautar da ta kasance haka".[lower-alpha 3] A cikin shekarar alif 1860, Lincoln ya lura cewa ƙaurawar iyalin zuwa Indiana "a wani bangare ne saboda bautar", amma galibi saboda matsalolin mallakar ƙasa.[3]A Kentucky da Indiana, Thomas yayi aiki a matsayin manomi, mai yin majalisa, da masassaƙi.[8]
Da yake shawo kan kalubalen kudi, Thomas a cikin shekara ta alif 1827 ya sami cikakken lakabi zuwa kadada 80 (ha 32) a Indiana, yankin da aka fi sani da Little Pigeon Creek Community.[8]
A ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba,shekarata alif 1818, Nancy Lincoln ta mutu daga cutar madara, ta bar Sarah mai shekaru 11 da ke kula da gidan da ya hada da mahaifinta, Ibrahim mai shekaru tara, da dan uwan maraya mai shekaru 19, Dennis Hanks.[8] Shekaru goma bayan haka, a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekarata alif 1828, Sarah ta mutu yayin da take haihuwar ɗa mai mutuwa, wanda ya lalata Lincoln.[3]
A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba, shekarata alif 1819, Thomas ta auri Sarah Bush Johnston, gwauruwa daga Elizabethtown, Kentucky, tare da 'ya'ya uku.[8] Ibrahim ya kasance yana kusa da abokiyar zaman mahaifiyarsa kuma yana kiranta da "Mahaifiya".[3] Dennis Hanks yace ya kasance mai laushi, saboda duk "karatu - rubuce-rubuce - ƙididdiga - rubuce'rubuce". Abokiyar zaman mahaifiyarsa ta yarda cewa baya jin daɗin "aikin jiki" amma yana son karatu.[8][9]
Lincoln yafi samun ilimi.[8] Yayi karatu a makaranta ne daga Malamai masu tafiya. Duk dahaka, ya kasance mai karatu mai ƙwazo kuma ya riƙe sha'awar rayuwa ta rayuwa a koyo.[10] Duk da cewa yana da ilimin kansa, Lincoln ya sami digiri na girmamawa daga baya a rayuwa, gami da Doctor of Laws mai daraja daga Jami'ar Columbia a watan Yunin shekarata alif 1861. [11]
Ya kasance mai kokawa mai aiki a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma ya horar dashi acikin salon kama-kamar kama-kan (wanda aka fi sani da kokawa).
A watan Maris na shekara ta alif 1830, saboda tsoron wani barkewar cutar madara, da dama daga cikin dangin Lincoln, ciki har da Ibrahim, sun koma yamma zuwa Illinois, jihar kyauta, kuma sun zauna a Macon County.[3]A cikin shekarar alif 1831, yayin da Thomas da sauran dangin suka shirya don ƙaura zuwa sabon gida a Coles County, Illinois, Ibrahim ya buge kansa.[12] Yayi gidansa a New Salem, Illinois, na tsawon shekaru shida.[13]
An cigaba dayin hasashe cewa sha'awar soyayya ta farko ta Lincoln ita ce Ann Rutledge, wacce ta sadu da ita lokacin da ta koma New Salem. Koyaya, shaidar shaidar, da aka bada shekaru da yawa bayan haka, ta nuna rashin wani takamaiman tunawa da soyayya tsakanin su biyu.[14] Rutledge ya mutu a ranar 25 ga watan Agusta, shekarata alif 1835, mai yiwuwa daga zazzabin typhoid; Lincoln ya dauki mutuwa sosai, yana cewa ba zai iya jure ra'ayin ruwan sama da ke faɗuwa a kan kabarin Ann ba.
A farkon shekarun alif 1830, ya sadu da Mary Owens daga Kentucky.[13] A ƙarshen shekarar alif 1836, Lincoln ta amince da wasa da Owens idan ta koma New Salem. A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekarata alif 1837, ya rubuta wa Owens wasika yana cewa ba zai zarge ta ba idan ta kawo karshen dangantakar, kuma ba ta amsa ba.[3]
A cikin shekarar alif 1839, Lincoln ya sadu da Mary Todd a Springfield, Illinois, kuma a shekara mai zuwa sun yi aure.[3] An soke bikin aurensu, wanda aka shirya don ranar 1 ga watan Janairu,shekarata alif 1841, saboda Lincoln bai bayyana ba, amma sun sulhunta kuma sun yi aure a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba,shekarata alif 1842, a gidan Springfield na 'yar'uwar Maryamu.[15] A cikin shekarar alif 1844, ma'auratan sun sayi gida a Springfield kusa da ofishinsa na lauya. Maryamu taci gaba da zama tare da taimakon bawa da aka hayar da kuma dangi.[16]
Lincoln mijin kirki ne kuma mahaifin 'ya'ya maza huɗu, kodayake aikinsa a kai a kai ya hana shi daga gida. Babbar, Robert Todd Lincoln, an haife ta ne a shekarata alif 1843, kuma ita ce kadai yaro da ya rayu har zuwa balaga. Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), an haife shi a 1846, ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata alif 1850, mai yiwuwa daga tarin fuka. An haifi ɗan Lincoln na uku, "Willie" Lincoln a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif 1850, kuma ya mutu daga zazzabi a Fadar White House a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarata alif 1862. An haifi ƙarami, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarata alif 1853, kuma ya tsira daga mahaifinsa, amma ya mutu daga gazawar zuciya yana da shekaru 18 a ranar 16 ga watan Yuli,shekarata alif 1871.[9]
Mahaifin su, kamar dai, sau dayawa yana da sha'awar aikinsa don lura da halin yaransa. Herndon ya ba da labarin, "Na ji da yawa da yawa da na so in yi wa ƙananan wuyan su, kuma duk da haka saboda girmamawa ga Lincoln na rufe bakina. Lincoln bai lura da abin da yaransa ke yi ba ko ya yi. "
Daga baya a rayuwa, Mary ta yi gwagwarmaya da damuwa na rasa mijinta da 'ya'yanta maza, kuma a cikin shekarar 1875 Robert ya ba ta mafaka.[17]
- ↑ William A. Pencak (2009). Encyclopedia of the Veteran in America. ABC-CLIO. p. 222. ISBN 978-0-313-08759-2. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
- ↑ Finkelman, Paul; Gottlieb, Stephen E. (2009). Toward a Usable Past: Liberty Under State Constitutions. U of Georgia Press. p. 388.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Donald 1996.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Warren 2017.
- ↑ Harrison 1935, p. 276.
- ↑ Wilson et al. 1998, pp. 35–36.
- ↑ Bartelt 2008, pp. 3, 5, 16.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Bartelt 2008.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 White 2009.
- ↑ Madison 2014.
- ↑ "Columbia University Libraries Online Exhibitions | Jewels in Her Crown: Treasures of Columbia University Libraries Special Collections". exhibitions.library.columbia.edu. Retrieved August 7, 2023.
- ↑ Oates 1974.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Thomas 2008.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Sandburg 1926.
- ↑ Baker 1989.
- ↑ Steers 2010.
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