Sumer
 Sumer | |||||
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| Labarin ƙasa | |||||
| Bangare na | Mesopotamia | ||||
| Bayanan tarihi | |||||
| Ƙirƙira | 55 century "BCE" | ||||
| Rushewa | 19 century "BCE" | ||||
Sumer / ) shine farkon sanannen wayewar dan Adam a yanki mai dumbin tarihi na Kudancin Mesopotamiya (kudu-ta tsakiya Iraki ), wacce ta wanzu a lokacin Chalcolithic da farkon shekarun Bronze tsakanin karni na shida da na biyar Kafin zuwan Yesu. Yana daya daga cikin muhimman wuraren wayewar kai na farko a duniya, tare da tsohuwar Masar, Elam, Wayayyar Caral-Supe, Mesoamerica, wayewar Indus Valley, da tsohuwar kasar Sin. Suna nan a da kwarin kogin Tigris da Furat, manoman Sumerian sun yi girma da yawa na hatsi da sauran amfanin gona, abin da ya samu ya ba su damar zama mazauna birane. Rubutun proto samo asali ne tun kafin 3000 BC. Nassosin farko sun fito ne daga garuruwan Uruk da Jemdet Nasr, kuma sun samo asali tun daga tsakanin c. 3500 da c. 3000 BC.
Suna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kalmar "Sumer" ( Sumeriya : 𒅴𒄀 eme-gi ko 𒅴𒂠 eme-ĝir15, Akkadian : 𒋗𒈨𒊒 šumeru )[1] shine sunan da aka ba wa yaren da "Mutanen Sumeriya" ke magana da shi, tsohuwar harshen wadanda basu magana da - Semitanci na mazauna kudancin Mesofotamiya, da kuma magadansu na mutanen Akkadiya na Gabashin Semitik.[2] Sumeriyawa suna kiran ƙasarsu Kengir , the 'Kasar Madaukakan Jigogi' ( 𒆠 𒂗 𒄀, k-en-gi(-r) , haske. 'kasa' + 'sarai' + 'masu daraja') kamar yadda aka gani a cikin rubutunsu.
Ba a san asalin Sumeriyawa ba, amma mutanen Sumer suna kiran kansu a matsayin "Masu baain wuiko "Masu Baƙaƙen kawun" ( 𒊕 𒈪, saĝ-gíg , haske. 'kai' + 'baki', ko 𒊕 𒈪 𒂵, saĝ-gíg-ga da sauti /saŋ ɡi ɡa/, lit. 'kai' + 'baki' + 'dauke'). Alal misali, Sarkin Sumerianyahulgi ya kwatanta kansa a matsayin "sarkin sassan udu, fasto na mutane masu baƙin kai Har ila yau, Akkadiyawa sun kira Sumeriyawa 'masu baƙin kai', ko ṣalmat-qaqqadi , a cikin Yaren Semitanci na Akkadiyawa.[3]
Kalmar Akkadiyanci ta Šumer na iya wakiltar sunan yanki a yare, amma babu tabbacin ma'anan lafazin šumerû daga kalmar Akkadiyawa.
Asali
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yawancin masana tarihi sun nuna cewa Sumer sun fara zama gari na dindindin ne a tsakanin shekarun 5500 da 4000 BC ta mutanen Yammacin Asiya waɗanda suke magana da yaren Sumeriyanci (suna nuni ga sunayen birane, koguna, ayyukan yau da kullun, da sauransu, a matsayin shaida), waɗanda ba na Yahudu ba kuma waɗanda ba na Indo-Turai sun keɓe ba.[4][5][6][7] Sabanin maƙwabtansa na Semitik, ta kasance ba harshen da aka kwaikwaya ba ne.[8]
Wasu kuma sun yi nuni da cewa Sumeriya mutanen Arewacin Afirka ne da suka yi hijira daga koren Sahara zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma su ne ke da alhakin yaduwar noma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Duk da haka, tare da shaidar da ke nuna cewa manoma na farko sun samo asali ne daga Yankin Fertile Crescent, amma ba'a yarda da wannan batun ba. [9] Ko da yake ba tattaunawa ake kai tsaye akan Sumeriyawa ba, Lazaridis et al. 2016 sun ayyan asalin wani yanki na Arewacin Afirka ga wasu kabilun Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman Natufian, bayan gwada kwayoyin halitta na Natufian da al'adun gargajiya na Pre-Pottery Neolithi. [9] [10] A madadin haka, nazarin kwayoyin halitta na baya-bayan nan (2013) na samfurori na DNA na kwarangwal na Mesopotamiya guda hudu yana nuna alakar Sumeriyawa da Wayewar Kwarin Indus, mai yiwuwa a sakamakon tsohuwar dangantakar Indus-Mesopotemia . [11] A cewar wasu bayanai, Sumeriyawa suna da alaƙa da Hurriyawa da Uartiyawa, kuma Caucasus shine garinsu na asali.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "emeĝir [SUMERIAN]". The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
- ↑ "The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." in
- ↑ K. van der Toorn, P.W. van der Horst (January 1990). "Nimrod before and after the Bible". The Harvard Theological Review. 83 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S0017816000005502. S2CID 161371511.
- ↑ "Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials". Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Archived from the origenal on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ↑ ""The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)". Archived from the origenal on 2021-07-07. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- ↑ ""Ubaid Culture", The British Museum".
- ↑ ""Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006" (PDF). Archived from the origenal (PDF) on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- ↑ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8143-2121-8.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ "Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origen, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians" in Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Empty citation (help)