This study evaluated a novel municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) treatment system called the Ba... more This study evaluated a novel municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) treatment system called the Batch flow leachate treatment system (BFLTS). This process uses a combination of coagulation/flocculation (C-F), advanced oxidation (sulfate-hydroxyl radical), and extended aeration of activated sludge (EAAS) to treat MSWL. The results indicated that the primary treatment phase using coagulation/flocculation with 0.8 g L-1 FeCl3 at pH 6 achieved 67% turbidity and 63% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The secondary treatment phase with the presence of both K2S2O8 and H2O2 peroxides was more efficient than single peroxide processes. While PS-based or H2O2-based single peroxide processes are less effective (UV-PS 65.7%, UV-H2O2 43.2%, Heat-PS 58.6%, Heat-H2O2 34.5%, and Heat-PS/H2O2 74.8%). The UV-PS/H2O2 system achieved the highest COD removal rate of 89.4%. In the third treatment phase, the efficient removal of COD and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) under optimal operating conditions was 87.3% and 94.7% respectively. Overall, the BFLTS treatment system has demonstrated high efficiency in removing COD, BOD, TSS, Turbidity, TKN, and Heavy metals by 99%, 98%, 97%, 89%, 86%, and 98%, respectively. This hybrid process has potential for reducing organic load in MSWL and can be used for various leachates.
The daily intake of trace elements through water resources and their adverse health effects is a ... more The daily intake of trace elements through water resources and their adverse health effects is a critical issue. The purpose of this research was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in groundwater resources of Sari city, Iran. The concentrations of the trace elements in a total number of 66 samples from the groundwater sources were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The hazard index (HI) levels of exposure to the trace elements from the groundwater sources for adults, teenagers, and children were 0.65, 0.83, and 1.08, respectively. The carcinogenic risk values of Cr and As in the groundwater sources for children, teenagers, and adults were 0.0001, 0.00009, 0.00007, 0.0003, 0.0002, and 0.0001, respectively, causing a total carcinogenic risk value higher than the acceptable range, and removing Cr and As from the groundwater resources is recommended for safe community water supply.
Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21st century. This study aimed to ... more Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affected...
Background and purpose: Consumption of bottled water is increasing in the world and there are man... more Background and purpose: Consumption of bottled water is increasing in the world and there are many concerns about the migration of phthalate esters into bottled water. These compounds are risky for consumers. This study investigated the concentration of phthalate esters in bottled water in polyethylene terephthalate containers in different storage conditions. Materials and methods: Bottled water samples were stored in different conditions and then the phthalate esters were analyzed by gas extraction liquid-liquid-aqueous extraction (ALLME) method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Data analysis was done in SPSS V24. Results: Findings showed that the average concentrations of 5 phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP) in different conditions increased by an average of 392.84% compared to the initial levels in control samples. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations in bottles of drinking water incubated at 42°c for 15 days and 25°c for 75 days were 10.33 a...
Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication, 2021
Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to... more Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affecte...
Background & objective: Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture has been limited due t... more Background & objective: Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture has been limited due to the presence of pathogens, inappropriate fermentation of organic waste and the presence of heavy metals. Co-composting of sewage sludge with biological waste is a method to reuse waste that leads safe disposal of sludge and waste. The purpose of this study was to review the advantages of co-compost and the possibility of compost production from a mixture of sewage sludge and biological waste. Method: In this paper, various methods for the production of co-compost were also reviewed. In this paper several factors including composting process optimization, compost controlling agents, co-composting raw materials and use of sewage sludge and biological wastewater, in the preparation of compost were evaluated as well as the role of co-compost in the challenge of agricultural wastewaters. Results: The raw sludge in a compost with organic waste, along with biochemical solids (fat, protein, and cellulose), are pure in terms of process evolution, the destruction of biochemical compounds in composting materials, the potential for pathogen inactivation, nutrient retention and improved biological activity. Proper management of municipal sewage treatment, organic and biological waste produced in the agro-industry play an important role in promoting the community health and the environment. The high cost of biological waste disposal, its environmental impacts, and the many risks associated with the use of chemical fertilizers are the problems due to ignorance compost production. Conclusion: Therefore, producing compost and co-comosting should be considered to promot environmental health.
Background: There are many concerns about the migration of phthalates into bottled water. These c... more Background: There are many concerns about the migration of phthalates into bottled water. These compounds are hazardous to consumers. In this study, the risk factors of the use of various brands of drinking water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers under different storage conditions were examined. Methods: Phthalate esters were measured and analyzed using air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, the risk of exposure to the desired compounds was evaluated by calculating the risk factor and excess cancer risk. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. Results: The average concentration of phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP) after 5 and 15 days of storage at incubator temperature of 42°C, and after 15, 45, and 75 days at incubator temperature of 25°C by increasing the initial level of the conditions was 7.28, 8.99, 1.78, 5.6, 6.45, and 8.55 ppb, respectively...
Background: Today, bottled water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low... more Background: Today, bottled water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low cost, better taste, ease of access and low levels of impurities. In unfavorable conditions, the maintenance of microorganisms due to hydrophobicity and adherence to bottles and as a result of increased lipolytic activity can lead to undesirable changes in color, taste and odor, and in cases of more severe load, microbial contamination may cause unhealthy water and flooding. In this study, the presence or absence of coliform in a number of bottled water brands was examined. Methods: The microbial quality of 10 markers of bottled water present in the market of Sari that was randomly selected from each mark and three samples was examined. The samples were analyzed using the coliform-presence/absence (P-A) test. The results were compared with national standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and EXCEL. Results: Samples showed no microbial contamination Also, coliform and fecal coliforms were not observed in any of the samples. Finally, it was revealed that all cases were in accordance with national standards and WHO guidelines. Conclusion: Increasing the health indexes of places, food supply and distribution centers, and maintaining health conditions and measures that have been considered especially in the recent years on the health of bottled water, have greatly reduced the problems.
This study evaluated a novel municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) treatment system called the Ba... more This study evaluated a novel municipal solid waste leachate (MSWL) treatment system called the Batch flow leachate treatment system (BFLTS). This process uses a combination of coagulation/flocculation (C-F), advanced oxidation (sulfate-hydroxyl radical), and extended aeration of activated sludge (EAAS) to treat MSWL. The results indicated that the primary treatment phase using coagulation/flocculation with 0.8 g L-1 FeCl3 at pH 6 achieved 67% turbidity and 63% chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The secondary treatment phase with the presence of both K2S2O8 and H2O2 peroxides was more efficient than single peroxide processes. While PS-based or H2O2-based single peroxide processes are less effective (UV-PS 65.7%, UV-H2O2 43.2%, Heat-PS 58.6%, Heat-H2O2 34.5%, and Heat-PS/H2O2 74.8%). The UV-PS/H2O2 system achieved the highest COD removal rate of 89.4%. In the third treatment phase, the efficient removal of COD and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) under optimal operating conditions was 87.3% and 94.7% respectively. Overall, the BFLTS treatment system has demonstrated high efficiency in removing COD, BOD, TSS, Turbidity, TKN, and Heavy metals by 99%, 98%, 97%, 89%, 86%, and 98%, respectively. This hybrid process has potential for reducing organic load in MSWL and can be used for various leachates.
The daily intake of trace elements through water resources and their adverse health effects is a ... more The daily intake of trace elements through water resources and their adverse health effects is a critical issue. The purpose of this research was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of exposure to iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) in groundwater resources of Sari city, Iran. The concentrations of the trace elements in a total number of 66 samples from the groundwater sources were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The hazard index (HI) levels of exposure to the trace elements from the groundwater sources for adults, teenagers, and children were 0.65, 0.83, and 1.08, respectively. The carcinogenic risk values of Cr and As in the groundwater sources for children, teenagers, and adults were 0.0001, 0.00009, 0.00007, 0.0003, 0.0002, and 0.0001, respectively, causing a total carcinogenic risk value higher than the acceptable range, and removing Cr and As from the groundwater resources is recommended for safe community water supply.
Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21st century. This study aimed to ... more Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affected...
Background and purpose: Consumption of bottled water is increasing in the world and there are man... more Background and purpose: Consumption of bottled water is increasing in the world and there are many concerns about the migration of phthalate esters into bottled water. These compounds are risky for consumers. This study investigated the concentration of phthalate esters in bottled water in polyethylene terephthalate containers in different storage conditions. Materials and methods: Bottled water samples were stored in different conditions and then the phthalate esters were analyzed by gas extraction liquid-liquid-aqueous extraction (ALLME) method and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Data analysis was done in SPSS V24. Results: Findings showed that the average concentrations of 5 phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP) in different conditions increased by an average of 392.84% compared to the initial levels in control samples. Diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations in bottles of drinking water incubated at 42°c for 15 days and 25°c for 75 days were 10.33 a...
Negah Institute for Social Research & Scientific Communication, 2021
Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to... more Climate change is a significant threat to global health in the 21 st century. This study aimed to investigate climate change and its health consequences in order to increase public awareness. This review study examined the climate change and its effects on human health by reviewing the literature and research conducted worldwide. According to the results, diseases associated with increased temperature and heatwaves include heat stroke, dehydration, heart and respiratory diseases. The most important diseases associated with rising sea levels and floods include harmful waterborne diseases, injuries, respiratory diseases, and mental health problems. The diseases caused by global warming include vector-borne diseases such as malaria and Lyme disease. Problems caused by forest fires include those caused by air quality degradation like respiratory diseases and mental illnesses. In general, vulnerable groups such as minors, the elderly, the disabled, pregnant women, are prone to be affecte...
Background & objective: Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture has been limited due t... more Background & objective: Direct application of sewage sludge in agriculture has been limited due to the presence of pathogens, inappropriate fermentation of organic waste and the presence of heavy metals. Co-composting of sewage sludge with biological waste is a method to reuse waste that leads safe disposal of sludge and waste. The purpose of this study was to review the advantages of co-compost and the possibility of compost production from a mixture of sewage sludge and biological waste. Method: In this paper, various methods for the production of co-compost were also reviewed. In this paper several factors including composting process optimization, compost controlling agents, co-composting raw materials and use of sewage sludge and biological wastewater, in the preparation of compost were evaluated as well as the role of co-compost in the challenge of agricultural wastewaters. Results: The raw sludge in a compost with organic waste, along with biochemical solids (fat, protein, and cellulose), are pure in terms of process evolution, the destruction of biochemical compounds in composting materials, the potential for pathogen inactivation, nutrient retention and improved biological activity. Proper management of municipal sewage treatment, organic and biological waste produced in the agro-industry play an important role in promoting the community health and the environment. The high cost of biological waste disposal, its environmental impacts, and the many risks associated with the use of chemical fertilizers are the problems due to ignorance compost production. Conclusion: Therefore, producing compost and co-comosting should be considered to promot environmental health.
Background: There are many concerns about the migration of phthalates into bottled water. These c... more Background: There are many concerns about the migration of phthalates into bottled water. These compounds are hazardous to consumers. In this study, the risk factors of the use of various brands of drinking water bottled in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers under different storage conditions were examined. Methods: Phthalate esters were measured and analyzed using air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (AALLME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Subsequently, the risk of exposure to the desired compounds was evaluated by calculating the risk factor and excess cancer risk. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 24 software. Results: The average concentration of phthalate esters (DEHP, DBP, DIBP, DEP, and DMP) after 5 and 15 days of storage at incubator temperature of 42°C, and after 15, 45, and 75 days at incubator temperature of 25°C by increasing the initial level of the conditions was 7.28, 8.99, 1.78, 5.6, 6.45, and 8.55 ppb, respectively...
Background: Today, bottled water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low... more Background: Today, bottled water is used in many countries of the world due to its relatively low cost, better taste, ease of access and low levels of impurities. In unfavorable conditions, the maintenance of microorganisms due to hydrophobicity and adherence to bottles and as a result of increased lipolytic activity can lead to undesirable changes in color, taste and odor, and in cases of more severe load, microbial contamination may cause unhealthy water and flooding. In this study, the presence or absence of coliform in a number of bottled water brands was examined. Methods: The microbial quality of 10 markers of bottled water present in the market of Sari that was randomly selected from each mark and three samples was examined. The samples were analyzed using the coliform-presence/absence (P-A) test. The results were compared with national standards and the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 and EXCEL. Results: Samples showed no microbial contamination Also, coliform and fecal coliforms were not observed in any of the samples. Finally, it was revealed that all cases were in accordance with national standards and WHO guidelines. Conclusion: Increasing the health indexes of places, food supply and distribution centers, and maintaining health conditions and measures that have been considered especially in the recent years on the health of bottled water, have greatly reduced the problems.
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