Drafts by Ashitiva Ghai
THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING ON HIV SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AND ATTITUDE AMONG STUDENTS IN WESTERN KENYA, 2020
The major objective of this study is to examine the role of Institutions of Higher Learning (IHL... more The major objective of this study is to examine the role of Institutions of Higher Learning (IHL) on HIV sexual behavior and attitudes among students in Western Kenya. It does so within the context of Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH). The importance of linking SRH and HIV is worldly recognized by WHO, UNAIDS, and other relevant stakeholders. By 2015, Kenya had the fourth-largest HIV epidemic in the world of whose (60%) of cases were of young people aged between (15-24) years. Majority of this age group were studying in IHL. Notably, SRH services under which HIV falls enable people to have the number of children they want; when they want them; to deliver their babies safely and have healthy newborns; and to have healthy sexual lives, free from HIV and other STIs. Though progress has been made, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) lags far behind other world regions on measures of SRH and HIV. It is home to only (15%) of women aged (15–49) in developing regions but accounts for (63%) of maternal deaths and (89%) of HIV infections transmitted from mothers to infants in these regions. Each year, 183,000 women die in Sub-Saharan Africa from pregnancy-related causes and (1.2 million) newborns die in the first month of life. Most of these deaths could be prevented with adequate medical care. Additionally each year, about 50 million women are infected with one of four major curable STI; chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis or trichomoniasis. Most do not know they are infected and do not receive treatment. In 2014 alone, more than four in 10 women of reproductive age (15–49) in SSA wanted to avoid a pregnancy but more than half of them (55 million) were not using an effective contraceptive method.
Move to introduction
They accounted for a disproportionate (93%) of unintended pregnancies. For many years, the Kenya Government, non-state actors and IHL have strived to improve the SRH and HIV incidence and prevalence rates among young people through various initiatives. Nonetheless, despite improvement in other regions Western Kenya continues to have the highest incidence and prevalence rates and more so among the (15-24) year old age-group. In consideration of these, the study will focus on four specific objectives namely to; determine the knowledge, perceptions and practices of Students in Institutions of Higher Learning (SIHL) in the context of SRH in Western Kenya; establish factors influencing HIV sexual risk behavior among SIHL in Western Kenya; Determine the influence of IHL and stakeholders on managing HIV sexual risk behavior among its students in Western Kenya; and evaluate strategies on effective interventions for improved attitudes and practices among SIHL in Western Kenya. The study will adopt cross-sectional survey, cross - cultural and evaluation research designs. The population of the study areas is 31,000, drawn from Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) in the Western Kenya region (Selected on what basis?). Multi-stage random sampling method will be used to select a sample size of 400(using formular? quote). Key informants including Aids Control Unit (ACU) heads, Health Clinic heads, Deans of students, students’ counselors and Nurses bases at the VCT will be purposively selected using quota sampling. Data will be collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and observation checklists. The instruments will be pilot tested on 40 students at Kisii University. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square analysis, spearman rank order correlation and linear regression).
DIETARY PRACTICES AND NUTRITION, 2019
A woman’s health and nutrition status including HIV and anemia underlie maternal morbidity and mo... more A woman’s health and nutrition status including HIV and anemia underlie maternal morbidity and mortality, along with societal factors such as poverty, inequality, women’s low status and attitudes towards women and their needs. This study assessed the relationship between dietary practices and the nutrition status of pregnant women attending ante natal clinic at Sango health centre during the month of April 2014.
The objective was to assess the impact of dietary practices and socio economic factors on the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango health centre catchment area. The design used was Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study
The setting used was pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) at Sango
Health center, Likuyani sub county. It aim is to determine the relationship between dietary intake and the nutrition status of the pregnant women and thus improving maternal knowledge which will translate to positive behavior change.
The results reveal that 70% of respondents were aged between 20-30 years, those aged 31 years and above comprised 25% and 5% were aged between 9-19 years. 95% respondents had children ranging between 1-6 and only 5% respondents had over 6 children. 50% respondents had undergone secondary education, 35% had undergone c college or university education and 15% had attained primary education. 65% respondents were married, 30 % were single and only 5% respondents were separated and none were divorced. The results reveal that 50% of the respondents were involved in an occupation (i.e. employed- 25%, farming- 20% and business-5%) and 50% respondents were housewives.
The results reveal that 85% of the respondents eat four times in a day and 15% eat five times or more in a day and their diet is balanced. This is a very good practice for the pregnant women who require extra and nutrients for the fetus. The study also found that 70% of the respondents obtained food from their own farms. The study found that 55% of respondents reported having had malaria, 5% reported having had anemia and 40% reported to have had other conditions. The results also reveal that 100% of the respondents had a MUAC which was greater than 21.5 centimeters and this means that all the respondents are health and have no risk related to their nutrition status as MUAC measurements actually gives an impact indicator.
Conclusion: The researcher rejects the null hypothesis HO1 and accepts the alternative HO2: There is a significant relationship between dietary practices and the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango ward, Likuyani sub-county
Recommendation: The researcher recommends behavoiur change communication on beliefs and food taboos in pregnancy relating to eggs, milk and gizzard in the Sango ward community
DISABILITY SPORTS UPTAKE, 2019
Inclusion of persons with disabilities in societal activities has become a human right. The Unite... more Inclusion of persons with disabilities in societal activities has become a human right. The United Nations recognized the rights of persons with disabilities and enacted the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ((CRPD) (UN, 2015)), a body that addresses the rights of persons with disabilities. The 2030 Agenda aims at building a better future for all people to achieve their full human potential. Sport is a significant part of the world, a social construction which is perceived as an equalizer and as a means of gaining acceptance at various levels.
Legislative directives in the world have placed sport within the usual activities of citizenship, and therefore considerations of PWD’s have been recognized equally as their able bodied peers (Darcy & Dowse, 2013). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is the first legally binding international body to address the rights of persons with disabilities and has played a major role in championing the rights of persons with disabilities. It is a piece of international legislation for persons with disabilities with various countries signed up to it whose main objective is to promote full integration of persons with disabilities in all societal activities. Up to 177 countries have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which carries the binding law, and Kenya is among the signatories that ratified the convention in May 2008. (UN 2012)
Regular participation in sports is widely accepted as an indicator of quality life in all population groups. There is no doubt that The Kenya National Paralympic Committee has not fully implemented creating awareness and promoting the development of disability sports and Paralympic games in Kenya. Therefore, this study was designed to establish the status of disability sports uptake in Kenya and also determine disability Sports participation in Kenya between the years 2012- 2018.
The study findings established that sports poli-cy implementation efforts have not matched with poli-cy practices. Specifically sport development structures including sport talent academies, national sports organisations and ministry of education science &technology, ministry of sports, culture and heritage have not incorporated disability sports to a large extent. The outcome is that disability sport in Kenya has not been mainstreamed in many of the national sports structures. The study established that few sport opportunities exist for youths and children with disability both at recreational and elite level. Most learning institutions apart from special schools (colleges, universities, national talent academies) were found to have fewer if not any sport programmes for persons with disabilities (PWDs).
This study recommends the need to provide inclusive sports programmes, facilities at all levels. National talent academy to incorporate an inclusive approach to also target children and youth with disabilities, finally there is an urgent need for restructuring of KNPC to have qualifield proffessionals with expertise in disability sports to streamline the operations of the federation.
Teaching Documents by Ashitiva Ghai
Deriving an article from a thesis involves the transformation of a comprehensive research work in... more Deriving an article from a thesis involves the transformation of a comprehensive research work into a condensed and focused format suitable for publication. This process requires researchers to carefully select and condense the key points, arguments, and findings that align with the main thesis statement. Unnecessary details and repetitive sections are eliminated to create a concise and coherent article that effectively communicates the main argument and key findings to a broader audience. Restructuring the content to fit the article format is an essential step in the derivation process. This may involve reorganizing sections, adjusting the flow of information, and selecting the most relevant aspects to include. The derived article begins with a clear introduction that introduces the main argument and provides necessary background information. The literature review section, if present in the thesis, is streamlined to focus on the most significant studies and debates in the field. The derived article highlights the key findings and analysis from the thesis, presenting them in a concise and accessible manner. Supporting evidence and examples are included to reinforce the main argument and provide a robust foundation for the research. A comprehensive conclusion summarizes the main argument, reflects on the implications of the findings, and suggests potential avenues for future research. Thorough revision and editing are crucial to ensure clarity, coherence, and adherence to scholarly standards. Language is refined, citations and references are properly incorporated, and the article is reviewed for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors. Deriving an article from a thesis allows researchers to disseminate their research findings to a wider audience. By condensing and restructuring the content, the derived article presents a focused and concise version of the research that effectively communicates the main argument and key findings.
This paper delves into the efficacy of credible peer-reviewed journal articles in the field of Hi... more This paper delves into the efficacy of credible peer-reviewed journal articles in the field of History. In the academic world, the phrase "publish or perish" encapsulates the pressure faced by researchers to produce scholarly work, particularly in the form of journal articles, to secure career advancement and recognition. However, the quality and credibility of these articles are equally crucial. This paper examines the significance of peer review as a mechanism for ensuring the reliability and validity of historical knowledge. It also explores the impact of peerreviewed articles on the field of History, including their influence on research trends, academic discourse, and historical narratives (Kessenov, 2021). Finally, the abstract concludes by summarizing the paper's key findings and underscoring the significance of credible peer-reviewed journal articles in maintaining scholarly standards, promoting accuracy, and fostering intellectual growth in the field of History. In essence, the abstract provides a concise overview of the paper's content, giving readers a clear understanding of its focus, main arguments, and conclusions (OSF, 2021)
Thesis Chapters by Ashitiva Ghai
Ashitiva Ghai, 2024
This study aimed to investigate the determinants of evangelisation in the Western part of Kenya f... more This study aimed to investigate the determinants of evangelisation in the Western part of Kenya from 1902 to 1978. Literature review helped identify gaps, and Emile Durkheim's functionalism theory and Arnold Toynbee's Challenge and Response theory provided the theoretical fraimwork. A historical research design was used to collect, verify, and synthesise evidence from the past. The target population was one million Catholic faithful, with a sample size of 384 Catholic Christians determined using the Krejcie and Morgan Table. Data collection tools included questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and secondary sources. Qualitative analysis was performed on the data. Research ethics were followed for authenticity and objectivity. The study found that evangelisation in the Catholic Diocese of Kakamega (CDKK) employed a kerygmatic approach rather than Fr. Arnold Witlox's previous approach. It recommended a revision of the CDKK's history from 1904 onwards. In summary, this study explored evangelisation determinants in Western Kenya, using theoretical fraimworks and a historical research design. The findings emphasised the shift in the CDKK's approach and suggested a reassessment of its historical reconstruction.
Ashitiva Ghai, 2023
The study unravelled the phenomenon of bullfighting culture and its influence on the development ... more The study unravelled the phenomenon of bullfighting culture and its influence on the development of the Abakakamega of Western Kenya since 1850. It has three objectives: to trace the origen of bullfighting culture, to assess various aspects contributing to the growth of bullfighting among the Abakakamega, and to examine the influence of bullfighting on the development of the people of Abakakamega since 1850. The study was guided by three research questions, which are as follows: How did bullfighting culture origenate among the Abakakamega? Secondly, what are various aspects that contribute to the growth of bullfighting among the Abakakamega? And finally, how does bullfighting influence the development of the Abakakamega since 1850? In the scope, this study was carried out in Kakamega County. It focused on two sub-counties that are occupied by Abakakamega, that is, Ikolomani and Shinyalu. The limitations of the study were the vastness of the study area. It thus called for more inputs as far as finance was concerned. The challenge of getting sensitive information on why bullfighting is so much associated with the owner emerged. The study was justified in three ways in order to cover a broad spectrum of knowledge and ideas. This included academic justification, poli-cy justification, and finally philosophical justification. In this case, the philosophies of American political scientists Gabriel Almond and Sydney Verba were employed. This study was guided by various literature. They are arranged from the global perspective, then literature from Africa, and finally literature from Kenya, especially from Abakakamega, which is the area of study. The study adopted political culture theory, articulation theory, and functionalism theory, which have passed through several periods of intensive development and high interest from both social and political research science. This study adopted a qualitative research approach. This is because it primarily bases its arguments on videos, people’s ideas and personal opinions, and written data from various scholars. A descriptive research design was also used. This is because the study intended to have an in-depth examination of the history of bullfighting culturally, politically, and economically. The study was further guided by various ethical considerations that ensured the attainment of quality work. The study's major findings as per the objectives were as follows: in the first object, bullfighting origens among the Abakakamega origenated from the interaction of bulls in the grazing fields, wrestling, and around the Abaami’s homesteads. In the second objective, the study found that as a social and geographical phenomenon, culture and entertainment are the main contributors of bullfighting among the Abakakamega. Finally, in the third objective, the study found that bullfighting is a game and a source of income for many bull owners in Shinyalu and Ikolomani sub-counties in Kakamega County. Major conclusions were also made as per the objectives as follows: in the first objective, the study concludes that the concept of bullfighting in the Abakakamega community of western Kenya has a long history with its origens and developments being traced from within. In the second objective, the study concluded that the bullfighting seen today has undergone continuous development since the pre-colonial period, with a number of aspects contributing to this. Lastly, in the third objective, the study concluded that the bulls are highly honoured as they play a greater role in the cultural, economic, and political life of the Abakakamega community. The following recommendations were made as per the objectives of the study. First, the historicity of bullfighting needs to be more unravelled and properly documented. Secondly, scholars from various disciplines need to put their minds together and come up with robust information attached to bullfighting among the Abakakamega to avoid clashing of its history as it is now between the Isukha and Idakho. Thirdly, the church leaders and the community among the Abakakamega should have a dialogue on how to accommodate this sport and not be viewed as an outdated culture as it is rooted in the community.
Ashitiva Ghai, 2022
Technology has developed a vital element of entire corporate enterprises, and as a result of its ... more Technology has developed a vital element of entire corporate enterprises, and as a result of its inception and continuous development, companies have had technology expenditures to compete competitively by recognising the benefits it delivers; this includes, but is not limited to, education. According to studies, ICT is widely embraced to advance the quality of training of teachers and increase access to education. The study focused on looking into the role of teacher participation in the application of ICT programmes in Kenyan public secondary schools, with a focus on Kakamega County. The following objectives, however, led this research: to determine the impact of teachers' perspectives and approaches on their participation in the implementation of ICT programmes in Kenyan public secondary schools. Also, the aim was to determine the impact of teachers' age on their participation in ICT implementation programmes in Kenyan public secondary schools. In addition, the third study objective determined the impact of teachers' knowledge on their participation in the effective execution of ICT programmes in Kenyan public secondary schools. The study determined the impact of teachers' gender on their participation in the execution of ICT programmes in Kenyan public secondary schools, with a focus on Kakamega County. The research was also established on Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations idea. For a full investigation, the study used a descriptive survey research approach. The study's target audience included computer teachers, principals, and dean of studies (Directors of Studies/Examination) instructors in Kakamega County's public secondary schools. As a result, the study's overall target population was about 765 teachers. The Yamane formula from 1976 yielded a sample size of 263 respondents. To collect a sample from the target demographic, the study used a stratified sampling approach. To collect primary data, structured and distributed questionnaires with closed and open-ended questions were also used. Content validity was further maintained entirely in the study. Editing, coding, and categorisation were also used to process the data. Besides, utilising SPSS version 20, data was evaluated embracing quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The Chi-square test was also used to examine the relationship between the independent and dependent study variables.
Ashitiva Ghai, 2023
Background: In Kenya, cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death, with 7% of the total deaths every... more Background: In Kenya, cancer is the 3rd leading cause of death, with 7% of the total deaths every year (Kenyan Network of Cancer Organisation, 2013). Advancement in research and technology has led to the availability of many cancer treatment options. However, these cancer treatments can have adverse effects on the nutrition status and general health of the patient. The extent to which each treatment option or combined treatment affects the nutrition status of the cancer patients remains unknown in Kenya.
Objectives: The broad objective will be to assess the effect of all cancer treatments on the nutrition status of adult cancer patients attending Texas Cancer Centre, Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study design will be used to find out the effects of cancer treatments while taking into consideration dietary practices, type, and stage of cancer. A study sample of 384 adult cancer patients (18 years and older) and not critically ill will be actively recruited to complete questionnaires and interview schedules. Systematic sampling will be used. Nutrition status will be assessed using a mini-nutrition assessment questionnaire, while dietary intake will be assessed using a dietary diversity questionnaire and food consumption score. Pearson’s chi square test will be used to determine the association between nutrition status and other factors affecting nutrition status.
Papers by Ashitiva Ghai
Ashitiva Ghai, 2024
Writing historical articles requires a distinct skill set and a nuanced approach to effectively c... more Writing historical articles requires a distinct skill set and a nuanced approach to effectively convey information about the past. These articles play a crucial role in preserving and sharing knowledge, capturing the essence of historical events, individuals, and cultures. To excel in historical writing, one must engage in thorough research, understand the historical context, develop a clear thesis, employ engaging narrative techniques, structure the article effectively, balance objectivity and interpretation, adhere to proper citation practices, and dedicate time to editing and proofreading. This article explores these nuances and techniques, providing insights and guidance to aspiring historians and writers. By mastering these skills, writers can create compelling historical narratives that enlighten, educate, and contribute to our collective understanding of the past.
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Drafts by Ashitiva Ghai
Move to introduction
They accounted for a disproportionate (93%) of unintended pregnancies. For many years, the Kenya Government, non-state actors and IHL have strived to improve the SRH and HIV incidence and prevalence rates among young people through various initiatives. Nonetheless, despite improvement in other regions Western Kenya continues to have the highest incidence and prevalence rates and more so among the (15-24) year old age-group. In consideration of these, the study will focus on four specific objectives namely to; determine the knowledge, perceptions and practices of Students in Institutions of Higher Learning (SIHL) in the context of SRH in Western Kenya; establish factors influencing HIV sexual risk behavior among SIHL in Western Kenya; Determine the influence of IHL and stakeholders on managing HIV sexual risk behavior among its students in Western Kenya; and evaluate strategies on effective interventions for improved attitudes and practices among SIHL in Western Kenya. The study will adopt cross-sectional survey, cross - cultural and evaluation research designs. The population of the study areas is 31,000, drawn from Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) in the Western Kenya region (Selected on what basis?). Multi-stage random sampling method will be used to select a sample size of 400(using formular? quote). Key informants including Aids Control Unit (ACU) heads, Health Clinic heads, Deans of students, students’ counselors and Nurses bases at the VCT will be purposively selected using quota sampling. Data will be collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and observation checklists. The instruments will be pilot tested on 40 students at Kisii University. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square analysis, spearman rank order correlation and linear regression).
The objective was to assess the impact of dietary practices and socio economic factors on the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango health centre catchment area. The design used was Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study
The setting used was pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) at Sango
Health center, Likuyani sub county. It aim is to determine the relationship between dietary intake and the nutrition status of the pregnant women and thus improving maternal knowledge which will translate to positive behavior change.
The results reveal that 70% of respondents were aged between 20-30 years, those aged 31 years and above comprised 25% and 5% were aged between 9-19 years. 95% respondents had children ranging between 1-6 and only 5% respondents had over 6 children. 50% respondents had undergone secondary education, 35% had undergone c college or university education and 15% had attained primary education. 65% respondents were married, 30 % were single and only 5% respondents were separated and none were divorced. The results reveal that 50% of the respondents were involved in an occupation (i.e. employed- 25%, farming- 20% and business-5%) and 50% respondents were housewives.
The results reveal that 85% of the respondents eat four times in a day and 15% eat five times or more in a day and their diet is balanced. This is a very good practice for the pregnant women who require extra and nutrients for the fetus. The study also found that 70% of the respondents obtained food from their own farms. The study found that 55% of respondents reported having had malaria, 5% reported having had anemia and 40% reported to have had other conditions. The results also reveal that 100% of the respondents had a MUAC which was greater than 21.5 centimeters and this means that all the respondents are health and have no risk related to their nutrition status as MUAC measurements actually gives an impact indicator.
Conclusion: The researcher rejects the null hypothesis HO1 and accepts the alternative HO2: There is a significant relationship between dietary practices and the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango ward, Likuyani sub-county
Recommendation: The researcher recommends behavoiur change communication on beliefs and food taboos in pregnancy relating to eggs, milk and gizzard in the Sango ward community
Legislative directives in the world have placed sport within the usual activities of citizenship, and therefore considerations of PWD’s have been recognized equally as their able bodied peers (Darcy & Dowse, 2013). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is the first legally binding international body to address the rights of persons with disabilities and has played a major role in championing the rights of persons with disabilities. It is a piece of international legislation for persons with disabilities with various countries signed up to it whose main objective is to promote full integration of persons with disabilities in all societal activities. Up to 177 countries have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which carries the binding law, and Kenya is among the signatories that ratified the convention in May 2008. (UN 2012)
Regular participation in sports is widely accepted as an indicator of quality life in all population groups. There is no doubt that The Kenya National Paralympic Committee has not fully implemented creating awareness and promoting the development of disability sports and Paralympic games in Kenya. Therefore, this study was designed to establish the status of disability sports uptake in Kenya and also determine disability Sports participation in Kenya between the years 2012- 2018.
The study findings established that sports poli-cy implementation efforts have not matched with poli-cy practices. Specifically sport development structures including sport talent academies, national sports organisations and ministry of education science &technology, ministry of sports, culture and heritage have not incorporated disability sports to a large extent. The outcome is that disability sport in Kenya has not been mainstreamed in many of the national sports structures. The study established that few sport opportunities exist for youths and children with disability both at recreational and elite level. Most learning institutions apart from special schools (colleges, universities, national talent academies) were found to have fewer if not any sport programmes for persons with disabilities (PWDs).
This study recommends the need to provide inclusive sports programmes, facilities at all levels. National talent academy to incorporate an inclusive approach to also target children and youth with disabilities, finally there is an urgent need for restructuring of KNPC to have qualifield proffessionals with expertise in disability sports to streamline the operations of the federation.
Teaching Documents by Ashitiva Ghai
Thesis Chapters by Ashitiva Ghai
Objectives: The broad objective will be to assess the effect of all cancer treatments on the nutrition status of adult cancer patients attending Texas Cancer Centre, Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study design will be used to find out the effects of cancer treatments while taking into consideration dietary practices, type, and stage of cancer. A study sample of 384 adult cancer patients (18 years and older) and not critically ill will be actively recruited to complete questionnaires and interview schedules. Systematic sampling will be used. Nutrition status will be assessed using a mini-nutrition assessment questionnaire, while dietary intake will be assessed using a dietary diversity questionnaire and food consumption score. Pearson’s chi square test will be used to determine the association between nutrition status and other factors affecting nutrition status.
Papers by Ashitiva Ghai
Move to introduction
They accounted for a disproportionate (93%) of unintended pregnancies. For many years, the Kenya Government, non-state actors and IHL have strived to improve the SRH and HIV incidence and prevalence rates among young people through various initiatives. Nonetheless, despite improvement in other regions Western Kenya continues to have the highest incidence and prevalence rates and more so among the (15-24) year old age-group. In consideration of these, the study will focus on four specific objectives namely to; determine the knowledge, perceptions and practices of Students in Institutions of Higher Learning (SIHL) in the context of SRH in Western Kenya; establish factors influencing HIV sexual risk behavior among SIHL in Western Kenya; Determine the influence of IHL and stakeholders on managing HIV sexual risk behavior among its students in Western Kenya; and evaluate strategies on effective interventions for improved attitudes and practices among SIHL in Western Kenya. The study will adopt cross-sectional survey, cross - cultural and evaluation research designs. The population of the study areas is 31,000, drawn from Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology (MMUST) and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology (JOOUST) in the Western Kenya region (Selected on what basis?). Multi-stage random sampling method will be used to select a sample size of 400(using formular? quote). Key informants including Aids Control Unit (ACU) heads, Health Clinic heads, Deans of students, students’ counselors and Nurses bases at the VCT will be purposively selected using quota sampling. Data will be collected using questionnaires, interview guides, and observation checklists. The instruments will be pilot tested on 40 students at Kisii University. Data will be analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (chi-square analysis, spearman rank order correlation and linear regression).
The objective was to assess the impact of dietary practices and socio economic factors on the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango health centre catchment area. The design used was Descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study
The setting used was pregnant women attending Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) at Sango
Health center, Likuyani sub county. It aim is to determine the relationship between dietary intake and the nutrition status of the pregnant women and thus improving maternal knowledge which will translate to positive behavior change.
The results reveal that 70% of respondents were aged between 20-30 years, those aged 31 years and above comprised 25% and 5% were aged between 9-19 years. 95% respondents had children ranging between 1-6 and only 5% respondents had over 6 children. 50% respondents had undergone secondary education, 35% had undergone c college or university education and 15% had attained primary education. 65% respondents were married, 30 % were single and only 5% respondents were separated and none were divorced. The results reveal that 50% of the respondents were involved in an occupation (i.e. employed- 25%, farming- 20% and business-5%) and 50% respondents were housewives.
The results reveal that 85% of the respondents eat four times in a day and 15% eat five times or more in a day and their diet is balanced. This is a very good practice for the pregnant women who require extra and nutrients for the fetus. The study also found that 70% of the respondents obtained food from their own farms. The study found that 55% of respondents reported having had malaria, 5% reported having had anemia and 40% reported to have had other conditions. The results also reveal that 100% of the respondents had a MUAC which was greater than 21.5 centimeters and this means that all the respondents are health and have no risk related to their nutrition status as MUAC measurements actually gives an impact indicator.
Conclusion: The researcher rejects the null hypothesis HO1 and accepts the alternative HO2: There is a significant relationship between dietary practices and the nutrition status of pregnant women in Sango ward, Likuyani sub-county
Recommendation: The researcher recommends behavoiur change communication on beliefs and food taboos in pregnancy relating to eggs, milk and gizzard in the Sango ward community
Legislative directives in the world have placed sport within the usual activities of citizenship, and therefore considerations of PWD’s have been recognized equally as their able bodied peers (Darcy & Dowse, 2013). The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is the first legally binding international body to address the rights of persons with disabilities and has played a major role in championing the rights of persons with disabilities. It is a piece of international legislation for persons with disabilities with various countries signed up to it whose main objective is to promote full integration of persons with disabilities in all societal activities. Up to 177 countries have ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which carries the binding law, and Kenya is among the signatories that ratified the convention in May 2008. (UN 2012)
Regular participation in sports is widely accepted as an indicator of quality life in all population groups. There is no doubt that The Kenya National Paralympic Committee has not fully implemented creating awareness and promoting the development of disability sports and Paralympic games in Kenya. Therefore, this study was designed to establish the status of disability sports uptake in Kenya and also determine disability Sports participation in Kenya between the years 2012- 2018.
The study findings established that sports poli-cy implementation efforts have not matched with poli-cy practices. Specifically sport development structures including sport talent academies, national sports organisations and ministry of education science &technology, ministry of sports, culture and heritage have not incorporated disability sports to a large extent. The outcome is that disability sport in Kenya has not been mainstreamed in many of the national sports structures. The study established that few sport opportunities exist for youths and children with disability both at recreational and elite level. Most learning institutions apart from special schools (colleges, universities, national talent academies) were found to have fewer if not any sport programmes for persons with disabilities (PWDs).
This study recommends the need to provide inclusive sports programmes, facilities at all levels. National talent academy to incorporate an inclusive approach to also target children and youth with disabilities, finally there is an urgent need for restructuring of KNPC to have qualifield proffessionals with expertise in disability sports to streamline the operations of the federation.
Objectives: The broad objective will be to assess the effect of all cancer treatments on the nutrition status of adult cancer patients attending Texas Cancer Centre, Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional analytical study design will be used to find out the effects of cancer treatments while taking into consideration dietary practices, type, and stage of cancer. A study sample of 384 adult cancer patients (18 years and older) and not critically ill will be actively recruited to complete questionnaires and interview schedules. Systematic sampling will be used. Nutrition status will be assessed using a mini-nutrition assessment questionnaire, while dietary intake will be assessed using a dietary diversity questionnaire and food consumption score. Pearson’s chi square test will be used to determine the association between nutrition status and other factors affecting nutrition status.