Papers by Bintang Nuraeni
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, Jan 6, 2023
Recycling of Li-ion battery cathode materials using carbon from the anode materials via carbother... more Recycling of Li-ion battery cathode materials using carbon from the anode materials via carbothermic reduction would provide a reduction process option that could be carried out without introducing any external reactants. From this basis, this study investigated and examined the kinetics of carbothermic reduction of LiCoO 2 at 700 °C to 1100 °C under inert atmosphere up to 240 minutes reaction time using an isothermal mass change analysis combined with detailed microstructure evolution observation. The overall reduction mechanism appeared to involve diffusion of oxygen in LiCoO 2 during its thermal decomposition in the first stage, followed by the nucleation of cobalt in the second stage. The activation energy of the diffusion and nucleation stages were calculated to be 121 and 95 kJ/mol, respectively. The microstructure analyses showed a complex evolution of phases. At 700 °C to 900 °C, Li 2 CO 3 and Co phases were observed as the product of the reductions; while at 1000 °C to 1100 °C, Li 2 O and Co phases were observed. The information and data obtained are useful when comparing different recycling methods and optimizing the carbothermic reduction parameters for recycling cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries.
Sustainable Materials and Technologies, Dec 1, 2022
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
Hydrogen is an alternative reductant to replace carbon for the production of metals. Reduction by... more Hydrogen is an alternative reductant to replace carbon for the production of metals. Reduction by hydrogen has advantages compared to carbothermic reduction, such as faster reaction rate and cleaner by-product (water vapor). This study investigated the application of hydrogen reduction for recycling and recovering cobalt and lithium from Li-ion battery cathode material (LiCoO2). The study consisted of thermodynamic simulations of the reactions and microstructure evolution analysis from experimental work to propose mechanisms of the reduction process. The thermodynamic assessment predicted that metallic Co could be generated from 400 °C and was stable up to 1200 °C, but strongly dependent on the molar amount of H2. The final experimental reduction products of lithium and cobalt were found to vary and consisted of Li2O, LiOH, Li2O2 and Co, CoO, Co3O4, respectively. The experimental work revealed that the overall reduction mechanism is uniquely characterized by the reduction temperatur...
Sustainable Materials and Technologies
The minerals, metals & materials series, 2023
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B
Recycling of Li-ion battery cathode materials using carbon from the anode materials via carbother... more Recycling of Li-ion battery cathode materials using carbon from the anode materials via carbothermic reduction would provide a reduction process option that could be carried out without introducing any external reactants. From this basis, this study investigated and examined the kinetics of carbothermic reduction of LiCoO 2 at 700 °C to 1100 °C under inert atmosphere up to 240 minutes reaction time using an isothermal mass change analysis combined with detailed microstructure evolution observation. The overall reduction mechanism appeared to involve diffusion of oxygen in LiCoO 2 during its thermal decomposition in the first stage, followed by the nucleation of cobalt in the second stage. The activation energy of the diffusion and nucleation stages were calculated to be 121 and 95 kJ/mol, respectively. The microstructure analyses showed a complex evolution of phases. At 700 °C to 900 °C, Li 2 CO 3 and Co phases were observed as the product of the reductions; while at 1000 °C to 1100 °C, Li 2 O and Co phases were observed. The information and data obtained are useful when comparing different recycling methods and optimizing the carbothermic reduction parameters for recycling cathode materials from spent Li-ion batteries.
International Journal of Industrial Research and Applied Engineering, 2018
The analysis of the mixture of anthouse plant (Myrmecodia pendans) and red pepper vine (Piper orn... more The analysis of the mixture of anthouse plant (Myrmecodia pendans) and red pepper vine (Piper ornatum) in H 2 SO 4 1M solution had been studied by weight loss, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Spectrometer test. The Myrmecodia pendans and Piper ornatum were chosen because they contain antioxidants that can inhibit the corrosion rate. The specimen used in this study was API 5L Grade B steel in H2SO4 1M solution. The compositions used in this study were 100% MP : 0% PO, 75% MP : 25% PO, 50% MP : 50% PO, 25% MP : 75% PO, and 0% MP : 100% PO (MP: Myrmecodia pendans, PO: Piper ornatum). FTIR testing result shows that a passive layer was formed by O, H, and N bonds. The weight loss method shows that the highest efficiency of 52.43% was achieved by 50% MP : 50% PO mix composition. Polarization testing shows that the corrosion rate decreased drastically with the addition of 50% MP : 50% PO mix composition, i.e., from 36.32 mpy to 7.93 mpy, due to the passive layer formed on the steel surface. EIS results show the presence of resistance solution (Rs), charge transfer resistance (Rct), and CPE. The adsorption free energy value of the mixture of Myrmecodia pendans and Piper ornatum was -10.02 kJ/mol and it was a physical adsorption.
The minerals, metals & materials series, 2024
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Papers by Bintang Nuraeni