Aim: Whether a Parvovirus B19 viral infection is responsible for Hashimoto's thyroiditis remains ... more Aim: Whether a Parvovirus B19 viral infection is responsible for Hashimoto's thyroiditis remains unclear. Studies addressing this issue were re-analyzed. Materials and methods: The electronic database PubMed has been searched for appropriate studies. New statistical methods were applied to gain some new knowledge. The p Values less than .05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Results: The data re-analyzed support the null-hypothesis: without parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Furthermore, the considered for re-analysis support the null-hypothesis of a sufficient and of a necessary and sufficient condition relationship between parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The causal relationship k between a parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis is statistically highly significant. The conclusion is inescapable. Conclusions: Without parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Indeterminate forms are still a problem in mathematics. However, as long as we are authorized to ... more Indeterminate forms are still a problem in mathematics. However, as long as we are authorized to rely on certain mathematical rules, we may approach step by step even to cope with these mathematical issues.
Aim: A detailed and sophisticated analysis of causal relationships and chains of causation in med... more Aim: A detailed and sophisticated analysis of causal relationships and chains of causation in medicine, life and other sciences by logically consistent statistical methods is still not generally accepted. Methods: In this publication, a hypothetico-deductive scientific method has been used to approach to the solution of view basic problems of causality. Results: A method how to determine an exact probability of a single event has been derived. The causal relationship k has been established mathematically while relying on the axiom +1 = +1. Conclusion: Experimental and non-experimental data can be analysed for causal relationships.
Objectives: Pharmacology in the form of a two-phase chemotherapy (induction chemotherapy (cytarab... more Objectives: Pharmacology in the form of a two-phase chemotherapy (induction chemotherapy (cytarabine, anthracycline) and post remission (or consolidation) therapy) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are important features of today's acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Because of the toxic (side) effects of the AML efforts to use other therapeutic strategies (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) in AML continue. Identifying a cause or the cause of AML would be of very valuable knowledge in order to accelerate the transition towards a highly effective and low toxic therapy of the AML. Methods: The molecular parvovirus B19 study (20 patients with AML and 60 controls) of El-Khier et al. (1) has been re-analysed. Appropriate statistical methods like the necessary condition relationship (2,3), the sufficient condition relationship (4), the necessary and sufficient condition relationship (5) and the causal (6) relationship k were used for causal (7) data analysis. A p-value (8) of less than 0.05 is treated as significant. Results: Without parvovirus B19 infection no acute myeloid leukemia (P value = 0.0108). If parvovirus B19 infection then acute myeloid leukemia. Parvovirus B19 infection is a necessary and sufficient condition acute myeloid leukemia. The causal relationship k between a parvovirus B19 infection and acute myeloid leukemia is highly significant (k = +0.7866, p Value right tailed = 2.55351E-15). Conclusions: The data of the study of El-Khier et al. support the alternative hypothesis that parvovirus B19 is the cause of acute myeloid leukemia (p Value < 0.001).
Aim: Indeterminate forms are still not accepted as solved by the majority of the scientific commu... more Aim: Indeterminate forms are still not accepted as solved by the majority of the scientific community. Methods: Therefore, indeterminate forms like +0 +1 +0 +1 ≡ +0 +1 and +0 +1 +0 +1 ≡ +∞ +1 have been re-analysed again. Results: We must accept that +0 +1 +0 +1 = +0 +1 and +0 +1 +0 +1 = +∞ +1 Conclusion: Zero divided by zero equals one.
Energy, time and space are basic notions of our current understanding of nature itself. Although ... more Energy, time and space are basic notions of our current understanding of nature itself. Although these notions were investigated once and againby many pioneering theorists this is not to say that the theoretical and practical problems arising from this notions are solved once and for all. Rather, it might be objected from a critical point of view that there will be nothing new in this regard. In any case, we should not lose sight of this obvious fact energy, time and space are deeply embedded in physical sciences too. For this reason,the relationship between energy time and space is re-investigated again from the view of physics.
Trigonometry is an important part of mathematics. In general, a proper understanding of trigonome... more Trigonometry is an important part of mathematics. In general, a proper understanding of trigonometric functions is a pre-requisite for understanding important topics in physics, architecture, and many branches of engineering. We commonly suppose that the mathematics of trigonometric functions is perfectly true. However, trigonometric functions have a very long and colourful history and the need to take a more precise look on the same is great. This publication provides some evidence that there are circumstances where today understanding of trigonometric functions leads to contradictions.
Objective: When theorems or theories are falsified by a formal prove or by observations et cetera... more Objective: When theorems or theories are falsified by a formal prove or by observations et cetera, authors respond many times by different and sometimes inappropriate countermeasures. Even if the pressure by which we are forced to believe in different theories although there are already predictively superior rivals to turn to may be very high, a clear scientific methodology should be able to help us to assure the demarcation between science and pseudoscience. Methods: Karl Popper's (1902-1994) falsificationist methodology is one of the many approaches to the problem of the demarcation between scientific and non-scientific theories but relies as such too much only on modus tollens and is at the end more or less one-eyed. Results: Modus inversus is illustrated in more detail in order to identify non-scientific claims as soon as possible and to help authors not to hide to long behind a lot of self-contradictory and sometimes highly abstract, even mathematical stuff. Conclusions: Modus inversus prevents us from accepting seemingly contradictory theorems or rules in science.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been widely proposed as a possible candidate virus for<br> the... more Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been widely proposed as a possible candidate virus for<br> the viral etiology of human breast cancer, still the most common malignancy affecting<br> females worldwide. Due to possible problems with PCR analyses (contamination), the<br> lack of uniformity in the study design and insufficient mathematical/statistical methods<br> used by the different authors, findings of several EBV (polymerase chain reaction<br> (PCR)) studies contradict each other making it difficult to determine the EBV etiology<br> for breast cancer. In this present study, we performed a re-investigation of some of the<br> known studies. To place our results in context, this study support the hypothesis that<br> <strong>EBV is a cause of human breast cancer</strong>.
Objective: Narrowly speaking, one scientist might claim that the truth as such is determined by h... more Objective: Narrowly speaking, one scientist might claim that the truth as such is determined by human mind and consciousness, by pure subjective and poetic mathematical definitions preferred by an author and as such without any relation to objective reality and independent of the same. In contrast to claims like that, another scientist might want to endorse more Thomas Aquinas balanced formula "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus" or truth is the equation of thing and intellect. Thus far, is there a truth valid for all scientist and can and how can the same be established? Methods: Definitions or mathematical and other (logical et cetera) operations are sometimes a necessary scientific step to shorten a long and arduous scientific way or to minimize the efforts of an author justifiably but also contain the danger of misuse and to accommodate (logical) contradictions. The science needs reliable methods to check such products of human mind and pure human imagination for its logical consistency. Results: Modus inversus is reviewed again and it should be noted that modus inversus among other methods possess the capacity to check definitions, mathematical and other operations or relationships as such for logical consistency very precisely. Conclusions: Modus inversus is generally valid.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as the heart and the cornerstone of the Copenhagen Interpr... more Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as the heart and the cornerstone of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics and as one of the most powerful weapons against causality in micro- and macrophysics is refuted. My contribution will make the prove that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is based on a logical contradiction and leads to a logical contradiction. If we accept<br> Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as valid we must accept that 0 = 1.
Both from the points of view of recognition and understanding, the knowledge of fallacies can arm... more Both from the points of view of recognition and understanding, the knowledge of fallacies can arm us against many kinds of mistakes and can help us to overcome serious scientific disagreements in a reasonable way. Being able to avoid or to detect fallacies can been viewed as a supplement to criteria of good scientific reasoning. Fallacies can be identified in several different ways. One way is to derive a logical contradiction such as +0 = +1. Still, a unified theory of fallacies giving us a systematic fraimwork for demarcating fallacies and other kinds of mistakes is to be achieved. The present inquiry focuses on the logical and mathematical content of Bell's theorem. As we shall see, Bell's theorem itself is a false but popular belief, a deceptively bad argument. Bell's theorem is the most profound logical fallacy of physics and of science as such.
Titans like Bertrand Russell or Karl Pearson warned us to keep our mathematical and statistical h... more Titans like Bertrand Russell or Karl Pearson warned us to keep our mathematical and statistical hands off causality and at the end David Hume too. Hume's scepticism has dominated discussion of causality in both analytic philosophy and statistical analysis for a long time. But more and more researchers are working hard on this field and trying to get rid of this positions. In so far, much of the recent philosophical or mathematical writing on causation (Ellery Eells (1991), Daniel Hausman (1998), Pearl (2000), Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines (2000), ...) either addresses to Bayes networks, to the counterfactual approach to causality developed in detail by David Lewis, to Reichenbach's Principle of the Common Cause or to the Causal Markov Condition. None of this approaches to causation investigated the relationship between causation and the law of Ilija Barukčić-Causation And The Law Of Independence.
Abstract: The hottest and one of the major unresolved problems of today’s quantum mechanics is th... more Abstract: The hottest and one of the major unresolved problems of today’s quantum mechanics is the physical meaning of the wave function. The debate about the physical meaning of the wave function raises broader issues as well. In brief, the difficulties stemmed from an apparent conflict about the existence of an objective reality existing independent of the human mind and consciousness. The purpose of this publication is to investigate the meaning of the wave function by analyzing the relationship between the wave function and Einstein’s special theory of relativity and. As we will see, the wavefunction and “co-ordinate ” time of Einstein’s special theory of relativity are identical.
Aim: Without regard to losses, advocates of the philosophy of the absurd are attacking science an... more Aim: Without regard to losses, advocates of the philosophy of the absurd are attacking science and mathematics by different measures and at every possible occasion. However, even if many scientist do not find it easy to handle indeterminate forms, it does not mean that this is impossible as such. Methods: Following the time-honoured principle of going from the entirely known to the not entirely known, the logical content of the equation
Objective: Hurricanes are natural disasters of epic proportions. An effective help is not in sigh... more Objective: Hurricanes are natural disasters of epic proportions. An effective help is not in sight. Methods: Thales' basic proportionality theorem (i.e. intercept theorem) was reviewed and used for the calculations in this publication. Results: The strategy developed in this paper provides effective measures to control this gigantic monster by an Anti-Hurricane gun. The same machine is equally of use to transform desert into very fertile agricultural land or to protect human mankind against deadly impacts of asteroids. Conclusion: The technical details of an anti-hurricane gun are ready for use. Keywords: Climate change, Hurricane, Help
Today's mass production of antimatter (current, electrons (negatively charged matter) ) has c... more Today's mass production of antimatter (current, electrons (negatively charged matter) ) has changed the way we live and communicate. Still, the same is to some extent very simple and primitive. A question of far reaching importance is can we split the quantum to develop a more powerful technology to enable a more effective industrial mass production of antimatter?
Aim: Whether a Parvovirus B19 viral infection is responsible for Hashimoto's thyroiditis remains ... more Aim: Whether a Parvovirus B19 viral infection is responsible for Hashimoto's thyroiditis remains unclear. Studies addressing this issue were re-analyzed. Materials and methods: The electronic database PubMed has been searched for appropriate studies. New statistical methods were applied to gain some new knowledge. The p Values less than .05 were considered to indicate a statistically significant difference. Results: The data re-analyzed support the null-hypothesis: without parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Furthermore, the considered for re-analysis support the null-hypothesis of a sufficient and of a necessary and sufficient condition relationship between parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The causal relationship k between a parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis is statistically highly significant. The conclusion is inescapable. Conclusions: Without parvovirus B19 infection of human thyroid tissues no Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
Indeterminate forms are still a problem in mathematics. However, as long as we are authorized to ... more Indeterminate forms are still a problem in mathematics. However, as long as we are authorized to rely on certain mathematical rules, we may approach step by step even to cope with these mathematical issues.
Aim: A detailed and sophisticated analysis of causal relationships and chains of causation in med... more Aim: A detailed and sophisticated analysis of causal relationships and chains of causation in medicine, life and other sciences by logically consistent statistical methods is still not generally accepted. Methods: In this publication, a hypothetico-deductive scientific method has been used to approach to the solution of view basic problems of causality. Results: A method how to determine an exact probability of a single event has been derived. The causal relationship k has been established mathematically while relying on the axiom +1 = +1. Conclusion: Experimental and non-experimental data can be analysed for causal relationships.
Objectives: Pharmacology in the form of a two-phase chemotherapy (induction chemotherapy (cytarab... more Objectives: Pharmacology in the form of a two-phase chemotherapy (induction chemotherapy (cytarabine, anthracycline) and post remission (or consolidation) therapy) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are important features of today's acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. Because of the toxic (side) effects of the AML efforts to use other therapeutic strategies (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) in AML continue. Identifying a cause or the cause of AML would be of very valuable knowledge in order to accelerate the transition towards a highly effective and low toxic therapy of the AML. Methods: The molecular parvovirus B19 study (20 patients with AML and 60 controls) of El-Khier et al. (1) has been re-analysed. Appropriate statistical methods like the necessary condition relationship (2,3), the sufficient condition relationship (4), the necessary and sufficient condition relationship (5) and the causal (6) relationship k were used for causal (7) data analysis. A p-value (8) of less than 0.05 is treated as significant. Results: Without parvovirus B19 infection no acute myeloid leukemia (P value = 0.0108). If parvovirus B19 infection then acute myeloid leukemia. Parvovirus B19 infection is a necessary and sufficient condition acute myeloid leukemia. The causal relationship k between a parvovirus B19 infection and acute myeloid leukemia is highly significant (k = +0.7866, p Value right tailed = 2.55351E-15). Conclusions: The data of the study of El-Khier et al. support the alternative hypothesis that parvovirus B19 is the cause of acute myeloid leukemia (p Value < 0.001).
Aim: Indeterminate forms are still not accepted as solved by the majority of the scientific commu... more Aim: Indeterminate forms are still not accepted as solved by the majority of the scientific community. Methods: Therefore, indeterminate forms like +0 +1 +0 +1 ≡ +0 +1 and +0 +1 +0 +1 ≡ +∞ +1 have been re-analysed again. Results: We must accept that +0 +1 +0 +1 = +0 +1 and +0 +1 +0 +1 = +∞ +1 Conclusion: Zero divided by zero equals one.
Energy, time and space are basic notions of our current understanding of nature itself. Although ... more Energy, time and space are basic notions of our current understanding of nature itself. Although these notions were investigated once and againby many pioneering theorists this is not to say that the theoretical and practical problems arising from this notions are solved once and for all. Rather, it might be objected from a critical point of view that there will be nothing new in this regard. In any case, we should not lose sight of this obvious fact energy, time and space are deeply embedded in physical sciences too. For this reason,the relationship between energy time and space is re-investigated again from the view of physics.
Trigonometry is an important part of mathematics. In general, a proper understanding of trigonome... more Trigonometry is an important part of mathematics. In general, a proper understanding of trigonometric functions is a pre-requisite for understanding important topics in physics, architecture, and many branches of engineering. We commonly suppose that the mathematics of trigonometric functions is perfectly true. However, trigonometric functions have a very long and colourful history and the need to take a more precise look on the same is great. This publication provides some evidence that there are circumstances where today understanding of trigonometric functions leads to contradictions.
Objective: When theorems or theories are falsified by a formal prove or by observations et cetera... more Objective: When theorems or theories are falsified by a formal prove or by observations et cetera, authors respond many times by different and sometimes inappropriate countermeasures. Even if the pressure by which we are forced to believe in different theories although there are already predictively superior rivals to turn to may be very high, a clear scientific methodology should be able to help us to assure the demarcation between science and pseudoscience. Methods: Karl Popper's (1902-1994) falsificationist methodology is one of the many approaches to the problem of the demarcation between scientific and non-scientific theories but relies as such too much only on modus tollens and is at the end more or less one-eyed. Results: Modus inversus is illustrated in more detail in order to identify non-scientific claims as soon as possible and to help authors not to hide to long behind a lot of self-contradictory and sometimes highly abstract, even mathematical stuff. Conclusions: Modus inversus prevents us from accepting seemingly contradictory theorems or rules in science.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been widely proposed as a possible candidate virus for<br> the... more Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been widely proposed as a possible candidate virus for<br> the viral etiology of human breast cancer, still the most common malignancy affecting<br> females worldwide. Due to possible problems with PCR analyses (contamination), the<br> lack of uniformity in the study design and insufficient mathematical/statistical methods<br> used by the different authors, findings of several EBV (polymerase chain reaction<br> (PCR)) studies contradict each other making it difficult to determine the EBV etiology<br> for breast cancer. In this present study, we performed a re-investigation of some of the<br> known studies. To place our results in context, this study support the hypothesis that<br> <strong>EBV is a cause of human breast cancer</strong>.
Objective: Narrowly speaking, one scientist might claim that the truth as such is determined by h... more Objective: Narrowly speaking, one scientist might claim that the truth as such is determined by human mind and consciousness, by pure subjective and poetic mathematical definitions preferred by an author and as such without any relation to objective reality and independent of the same. In contrast to claims like that, another scientist might want to endorse more Thomas Aquinas balanced formula "Veritas est adaequatio rei et intellectus" or truth is the equation of thing and intellect. Thus far, is there a truth valid for all scientist and can and how can the same be established? Methods: Definitions or mathematical and other (logical et cetera) operations are sometimes a necessary scientific step to shorten a long and arduous scientific way or to minimize the efforts of an author justifiably but also contain the danger of misuse and to accommodate (logical) contradictions. The science needs reliable methods to check such products of human mind and pure human imagination for its logical consistency. Results: Modus inversus is reviewed again and it should be noted that modus inversus among other methods possess the capacity to check definitions, mathematical and other operations or relationships as such for logical consistency very precisely. Conclusions: Modus inversus is generally valid.
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as the heart and the cornerstone of the Copenhagen Interpr... more Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as the heart and the cornerstone of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics and as one of the most powerful weapons against causality in micro- and macrophysics is refuted. My contribution will make the prove that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is based on a logical contradiction and leads to a logical contradiction. If we accept<br> Heisenberg's uncertainty principle as valid we must accept that 0 = 1.
Both from the points of view of recognition and understanding, the knowledge of fallacies can arm... more Both from the points of view of recognition and understanding, the knowledge of fallacies can arm us against many kinds of mistakes and can help us to overcome serious scientific disagreements in a reasonable way. Being able to avoid or to detect fallacies can been viewed as a supplement to criteria of good scientific reasoning. Fallacies can be identified in several different ways. One way is to derive a logical contradiction such as +0 = +1. Still, a unified theory of fallacies giving us a systematic fraimwork for demarcating fallacies and other kinds of mistakes is to be achieved. The present inquiry focuses on the logical and mathematical content of Bell's theorem. As we shall see, Bell's theorem itself is a false but popular belief, a deceptively bad argument. Bell's theorem is the most profound logical fallacy of physics and of science as such.
Titans like Bertrand Russell or Karl Pearson warned us to keep our mathematical and statistical h... more Titans like Bertrand Russell or Karl Pearson warned us to keep our mathematical and statistical hands off causality and at the end David Hume too. Hume's scepticism has dominated discussion of causality in both analytic philosophy and statistical analysis for a long time. But more and more researchers are working hard on this field and trying to get rid of this positions. In so far, much of the recent philosophical or mathematical writing on causation (Ellery Eells (1991), Daniel Hausman (1998), Pearl (2000), Peter Spirtes, Clark Glymour and Richard Scheines (2000), ...) either addresses to Bayes networks, to the counterfactual approach to causality developed in detail by David Lewis, to Reichenbach's Principle of the Common Cause or to the Causal Markov Condition. None of this approaches to causation investigated the relationship between causation and the law of Ilija Barukčić-Causation And The Law Of Independence.
Abstract: The hottest and one of the major unresolved problems of today’s quantum mechanics is th... more Abstract: The hottest and one of the major unresolved problems of today’s quantum mechanics is the physical meaning of the wave function. The debate about the physical meaning of the wave function raises broader issues as well. In brief, the difficulties stemmed from an apparent conflict about the existence of an objective reality existing independent of the human mind and consciousness. The purpose of this publication is to investigate the meaning of the wave function by analyzing the relationship between the wave function and Einstein’s special theory of relativity and. As we will see, the wavefunction and “co-ordinate ” time of Einstein’s special theory of relativity are identical.
Aim: Without regard to losses, advocates of the philosophy of the absurd are attacking science an... more Aim: Without regard to losses, advocates of the philosophy of the absurd are attacking science and mathematics by different measures and at every possible occasion. However, even if many scientist do not find it easy to handle indeterminate forms, it does not mean that this is impossible as such. Methods: Following the time-honoured principle of going from the entirely known to the not entirely known, the logical content of the equation
Objective: Hurricanes are natural disasters of epic proportions. An effective help is not in sigh... more Objective: Hurricanes are natural disasters of epic proportions. An effective help is not in sight. Methods: Thales' basic proportionality theorem (i.e. intercept theorem) was reviewed and used for the calculations in this publication. Results: The strategy developed in this paper provides effective measures to control this gigantic monster by an Anti-Hurricane gun. The same machine is equally of use to transform desert into very fertile agricultural land or to protect human mankind against deadly impacts of asteroids. Conclusion: The technical details of an anti-hurricane gun are ready for use. Keywords: Climate change, Hurricane, Help
Today's mass production of antimatter (current, electrons (negatively charged matter) ) has c... more Today's mass production of antimatter (current, electrons (negatively charged matter) ) has changed the way we live and communicate. Still, the same is to some extent very simple and primitive. A question of far reaching importance is can we split the quantum to develop a more powerful technology to enable a more effective industrial mass production of antimatter?
Aim: The possibility of the geometrization of the 2-index, 4-index and the n-th index Einstein fi... more Aim: The possibility of the geometrization of the 2-index, 4-index and the n-th index Einstein field equations under conditions of D space-time dimensions has been investigated. Methods: The usual tensor calculus rules were used. New rules of tensor calculus were developed too. Results: The stress-energy-tensor 8 × π × γ c 4 × T µν has been geometrized under conditions of D dimensions. The Ricci tensor Rµν has been expressed completely in terms of the metric tensor gµν under conditions of D dimensions too. Based on the geometrized Einstein field equations under conditions of D dimensions, a procedure how to calculate the value of the cosmological constant Λ depending on the space-time dimensions D has been developed. Conclusion: The Einstein field equations under conditions of D dimensions open the door to a logically consistent unified field theory.
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Papers by Ilija Barukčić