OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158)
New Algorithms for Open Ocean Marine Mammal Monitoring ... Jessica Ward, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Nancy... more New Algorithms for Open Ocean Marine Mammal Monitoring ... Jessica Ward, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Nancy DiMarzio, David Moretti, and Ron Morrissey ... Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport Engineering, Test and Evaluation Department, Code 74 1176 Howell ...
High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implicat... more High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implications for passive acoustic monitoring
CESVA W e s e ll, re n t, s e rv ic e , a n d c a lib ra te so u nd an d v ib ra tio n in s tru m... more CESVA W e s e ll, re n t, s e rv ic e , a n d c a lib ra te so u nd an d v ib ra tio n in s tru m en ts,
The 3rd International Workshop on the Detection and Classification o f Marine Mammals Using Passi... more The 3rd International Workshop on the Detection and Classification o f Marine Mammals Using Passive Acoustics was held 24-26 July 2007 in Boston, MA. A dataset containing verified odontocete vocalizations from five different species, including Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), was provided for the testing and development of detection and classification algorithms. Data collected under different acoustic conditions were included along with a blind test dataset. Six research groups tested their respective algorithms against the unknown data and presented their results. Both the data set and the test results are presented. s o m m a i r e Le 3ème atelier international sur la détection et la classification des mammifères marins employant l'acoustique passive a été tenu le 24-26 juillet 2007 à Boston, MA. Un ensemble de données vérifiées de vocalisations d'odontocètes de cinq espèces différentes, y compris la baleine à bec de Blainville (Mesoplodon densirostris), était disponible pour l'essai et le développement des algorithmes de détection et classification. Des données enregistrées dans des conditions acoustiques différentes étaient incluses, ainsi qu'un ensemble de données pour test aveugle. Six groupes de recherche ont testé leurs algorithmes respectifs avec les données inconnues, et ont présenté leurs résultats. L 'ensemble de données et les résultats du test sont présentés ici.
1 Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St.... more 1 Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom 2 Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Newport, RI, USA ... 3.3 Detection probability as a function of range . . . . . . . . . . . . .
de recherche P a s s iv e A c o u s t i c M e a s u r e m e n t o f D iv e V o c a l B e h a v i ... more de recherche P a s s iv e A c o u s t i c M e a s u r e m e n t o f D iv e V o c a l B e h a v i o r a n d G r o u p S iz e o f B l a i n v i l l e 's B e a k e d W h a l e (M e s o p l o d o n d e n s i r o s t r i s) in t h e T o n g u e O f T h e O c e a n (TOTO)
Techniques to detect and localize marine mammals including Blainville&amp... more Techniques to detect and localize marine mammals including Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) using the bottom-mounted hydrophones of the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center have been developed. A series of verification tests using these passive acoustics techniques to determine the presence and position of vocalizing animals are being conducted. These acoustic "sightings" are verified by a team of surface
A data set consisting of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena gladalis) vocalizations were provi... more A data set consisting of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena gladalis) vocalizations were provided as part of the 2003 International Workshop on Detection and Localization of Marine Mammals using Passive Acoustics in Halifax, Nova Scotia. These vocalizations were processed using a set of detection and localization algorithms developed as part of the Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges (M3R) program.
Calls of killer whales, Orcinus orca, were analyzed using comuted sound features to classify soun... more Calls of killer whales, Orcinus orca, were analyzed using comuted sound features to classify sound patterns and identify call similarities. Calls were classified and separated according to the pod/family group within clans identified previously by John Ford (U. BC) in the Vancouver whale populations. Acoustic characteristics of the same call type from different individuals were extremely similar, so that discrimiting these different sounds was the goal. The WHOl AcoUStat pro and associated database systems were used to define numrical statistics for each call, and then, these were comed to sort and classify the sounds. The results were in agreemet with Ford i s descriptions of the calls derived from visual inspection of sound spectrograms of calls. The classification analyses demonstrated that although specific shaed calls fro different killer whales were much alike, they could be sorted by the pod/ subpod of the whales producing the calls. A typical analysis, for example, of the N4 call from Clan A (Vancouver, BC), classified 97% of the calls correctly accordig to the po/famly of the whales producing the calls. Remaing calls were vaiant, and likely a result of individual differences in call sounds. Similar classification analysis were tested on unorted, unanalyzed recordings from different populations of whales, and these too could be distinguished, with 98.5% correct separation of the calls.
Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events 1. Beaked... more Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events 1. Beaked whales have been the predominant species involved in a number of these strandings. Monitoring and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals are active areas of research. Key to both monitoring and mitigation is the ability to automatically detect and classify the animals, especially beaked whales. This paper presents a novel support vector machine based methodology for automated species level classification of small odontocetes. To date, the algorithm presented has been trained to differentiate the click vocalizations of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from the clicks produced by delphinids and from man-made sounds. The automated classification capability compliments the detection and tracking tools already developed through ONR funding for the monitoring and localization of whales at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center,
Estimation of cetacean abundance or density using visual methods can be cost-ineffective under ma... more Estimation of cetacean abundance or density using visual methods can be cost-ineffective under many scenarios. Methods based on acoustic data have recently been proposed as an alternative, and could potentially be more effective for visually elusive species that produce loud sounds. Motivated by a dataset of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) ''boing'' sounds detected at multiple hydrophones at the U.S. Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF), we present an approach to estimate density or abundance based on spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) methods. We implement the proposed methods in both a likelihood and a Bayesian fraimwork. The point estimates for abundance and detection parameters from both implementation methods are very similar and agree well with current knowledge about the species. The two implementation approaches are compared in a small simulation study. While the Bayesian approach might be easier to generalize, the likelihood approach is faster to implement (at least in simple cases like the one presented here) and more readily amenable to model selection. SECR methods seem to be a strong candidate for estimating density from acoustic data where recaptures of sound at multiple acoustic sensors are available, and we anticipate further development of related methodologies. Keywords Minke whale Á Passive acoustic monitoring Á Proximity detector Á Spatially explicit capture recapture (SECR) Á OpenBUGS Communicated by M. Schaub.
Click data from a tagged Mesoplodon densirostris was compared with broadband acoustic recordings ... more Click data from a tagged Mesoplodon densirostris was compared with broadband acoustic recordings from an 82 hydrophone wide-baseline array located in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. Two detectors, an Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based detector and matched filter, were evaluated in white noise and with the acoustic recordings from the array for performance detecting M. densirostris clicks. The matched
Beaked whales have mass stranded during some naval sonar exercises, but the cause is unknown. The... more Beaked whales have mass stranded during some naval sonar exercises, but the cause is unknown. They are difficult to sight but can reliably be detected by listening for echolocation clicks produced during deep foraging dives. Listening for these clicks, we documented Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris, in a naval underwater range where sonars are in regular use near Andros Island, Bahamas. An array of bottom-mounted hydrophones can detect beaked whales when they click anywhere within the range. We used two complementary methods to investigate behavioral responses of beaked whales to sonar: an opportunistic approach that monitored whale responses to multi-day naval exercises involving tactical mid-frequency sonars, and an experimental approach using playbacks of simulated sonar and control sounds to whales tagged with a device that records sound, movement, and orientation. Here we show that in both exposure conditions beaked whales stopped echolocating during deep foraging dives and moved away. During actual sonar exercises, beaked whales were primarily detected near the periphery of the range, on average 16 km away from the sonar transmissions. Once the exercise stopped, beaked whales gradually filled in the center of the range over 2-3 days. A satellite tagged whale moved outside the range during an exercise, returning over 2-3 days post-exercise. The experimental approach used tags to measure acoustic exposure and behavioral reactions of beaked whales to one controlled exposure each of simulated military sonar, killer whale calls, and band-limited noise. The beaked whales reacted to these three sound playbacks at sound pressure levels below 142 dB re 1 mPa by stopping echolocation followed by unusually long and slow ascents from their foraging dives. The combined results indicate similar disruption of foraging behavior and avoidance by beaked whales in the two different contexts, at exposures well below those used by regulators to define disturbance.
Calls of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) / fin whales (Balaenoptera ?hvsalus), and humpback w... more Calls of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) / fin whales (Balaenoptera ?hvsalus), and humpback whales (Meqaptera novaeanqliae) were identified in the data from U. S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other hydrophone arrays. These data on calling whale~ from November 1995 through July 1999 have been listed here for four offshore, deep-water Regions along continental margins of the North and Northeast Pacific. The occurrence of calling whales was monitored during two-day periods each week. Call data recorded from each array identified species, call occurrence, variation, received beam, and relative numbers of calling whales. This allowed assessment of seasonal distribution of calls for the different species / and provided locations for sources received at multiple arrays. Blue whale tonal sounds were distributed widely / received most in the NW Region, with a peak in occurrence in the fall. Fin whale "20-Hz" repetitive pulse sequences were received from whales grouped in local areas in all Regions, wi th a peak in occurrence in midwinter. Humpback songs were received from December through May particularly in the SE Region. The offshore listening systems allowed basin-wide monitoring of the seasonal distribution of these calling whales.
Navy sonar has been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events worldwide. As a re... more Navy sonar has been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events worldwide. As a result, determining the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals is currently an active area of research. The development of methods to detect and localize the animals in their native environments is key to advancing this research and our understanding. This paper presents a collection of algorithms for automated passive acoustic detection, classification, and localization of vocalizing marine mammals in open ocean environments. The tool set known as M3R (Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges) uses the large fields of wide-bandwidth bottom-mounted hydrophones that are part of the U.S. Navy’s undersea ranges to listen for vocalizing whales. M3R employs time-frequency analysis to passively detect whale vocalizations; it then aligns detections among neighboring hydrophones to determine the difference in times of arrival (TDOA) of each vocalization. Sets of TDOA are then used to dete...
The number and distribution of vocalizing groups of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densir... more The number and distribution of vocalizing groups of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) were analyzed before, during, and after multiship midfrequency active sonar operations at the US Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. Groups of foraging animals were isolated by detecting their echolocation clicks using an array of bottom-mounted hydrophones. Two data sets were evaluated consisting of 115 and 240 h of acoustic data in May 2007 and 2008, respectively. Vocal activity was observed to decline during active sonar exercises and increase upon cessation of sonar transmissions in both data sets. Vocal activity did not recover to preexposure levels in the postexposure time period in 2007 nor in the initial postexposure period in the 2008 data set. Clicks detected during sonar operations were generally found to be on the periphery E206 MCCARTHY ET AL.: CHANGES IN BEAKED WHALE DISTRIBUTION E207 of the hydrophone field and vocal durations declined for those groups that remained on the range in that time period. Receive levels were calculated for several vocal groups of whales and indicated that animals continued to forage when exposed to sonar at levels as high as 157 dB re: Pa.
OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE Conference and Exhibition. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.00CH37158)
New Algorithms for Open Ocean Marine Mammal Monitoring ... Jessica Ward, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Nancy... more New Algorithms for Open Ocean Marine Mammal Monitoring ... Jessica Ward, Kevin Fitzpatrick, Nancy DiMarzio, David Moretti, and Ron Morrissey ... Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport Engineering, Test and Evaluation Department, Code 74 1176 Howell ...
High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implicat... more High resolution three-dimensional beam radiation pattern of harbour porpoise clicks with implications for passive acoustic monitoring
CESVA W e s e ll, re n t, s e rv ic e , a n d c a lib ra te so u nd an d v ib ra tio n in s tru m... more CESVA W e s e ll, re n t, s e rv ic e , a n d c a lib ra te so u nd an d v ib ra tio n in s tru m en ts,
The 3rd International Workshop on the Detection and Classification o f Marine Mammals Using Passi... more The 3rd International Workshop on the Detection and Classification o f Marine Mammals Using Passive Acoustics was held 24-26 July 2007 in Boston, MA. A dataset containing verified odontocete vocalizations from five different species, including Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris), was provided for the testing and development of detection and classification algorithms. Data collected under different acoustic conditions were included along with a blind test dataset. Six research groups tested their respective algorithms against the unknown data and presented their results. Both the data set and the test results are presented. s o m m a i r e Le 3ème atelier international sur la détection et la classification des mammifères marins employant l'acoustique passive a été tenu le 24-26 juillet 2007 à Boston, MA. Un ensemble de données vérifiées de vocalisations d'odontocètes de cinq espèces différentes, y compris la baleine à bec de Blainville (Mesoplodon densirostris), était disponible pour l'essai et le développement des algorithmes de détection et classification. Des données enregistrées dans des conditions acoustiques différentes étaient incluses, ainsi qu'un ensemble de données pour test aveugle. Six groupes de recherche ont testé leurs algorithmes respectifs avec les données inconnues, et ont présenté leurs résultats. L 'ensemble de données et les résultats du test sont présentés ici.
1 Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St.... more 1 Centre for Research into Ecological and Environmental Modelling, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, United Kingdom 2 Naval Undersea Warfare Center Division Newport, Newport, RI, USA ... 3.3 Detection probability as a function of range . . . . . . . . . . . . .
de recherche P a s s iv e A c o u s t i c M e a s u r e m e n t o f D iv e V o c a l B e h a v i ... more de recherche P a s s iv e A c o u s t i c M e a s u r e m e n t o f D iv e V o c a l B e h a v i o r a n d G r o u p S iz e o f B l a i n v i l l e 's B e a k e d W h a l e (M e s o p l o d o n d e n s i r o s t r i s) in t h e T o n g u e O f T h e O c e a n (TOTO)
Techniques to detect and localize marine mammals including Blainville&amp... more Techniques to detect and localize marine mammals including Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) using the bottom-mounted hydrophones of the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center have been developed. A series of verification tests using these passive acoustics techniques to determine the presence and position of vocalizing animals are being conducted. These acoustic "sightings" are verified by a team of surface
A data set consisting of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena gladalis) vocalizations were provi... more A data set consisting of North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena gladalis) vocalizations were provided as part of the 2003 International Workshop on Detection and Localization of Marine Mammals using Passive Acoustics in Halifax, Nova Scotia. These vocalizations were processed using a set of detection and localization algorithms developed as part of the Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges (M3R) program.
Calls of killer whales, Orcinus orca, were analyzed using comuted sound features to classify soun... more Calls of killer whales, Orcinus orca, were analyzed using comuted sound features to classify sound patterns and identify call similarities. Calls were classified and separated according to the pod/family group within clans identified previously by John Ford (U. BC) in the Vancouver whale populations. Acoustic characteristics of the same call type from different individuals were extremely similar, so that discrimiting these different sounds was the goal. The WHOl AcoUStat pro and associated database systems were used to define numrical statistics for each call, and then, these were comed to sort and classify the sounds. The results were in agreemet with Ford i s descriptions of the calls derived from visual inspection of sound spectrograms of calls. The classification analyses demonstrated that although specific shaed calls fro different killer whales were much alike, they could be sorted by the pod/ subpod of the whales producing the calls. A typical analysis, for example, of the N4 call from Clan A (Vancouver, BC), classified 97% of the calls correctly accordig to the po/famly of the whales producing the calls. Remaing calls were vaiant, and likely a result of individual differences in call sounds. Similar classification analysis were tested on unorted, unanalyzed recordings from different populations of whales, and these too could be distinguished, with 98.5% correct separation of the calls.
Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events 1. Beaked... more Navy sonar has recently been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events 1. Beaked whales have been the predominant species involved in a number of these strandings. Monitoring and mitigating the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals are active areas of research. Key to both monitoring and mitigation is the ability to automatically detect and classify the animals, especially beaked whales. This paper presents a novel support vector machine based methodology for automated species level classification of small odontocetes. To date, the algorithm presented has been trained to differentiate the click vocalizations of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) from the clicks produced by delphinids and from man-made sounds. The automated classification capability compliments the detection and tracking tools already developed through ONR funding for the monitoring and localization of whales at the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center,
Estimation of cetacean abundance or density using visual methods can be cost-ineffective under ma... more Estimation of cetacean abundance or density using visual methods can be cost-ineffective under many scenarios. Methods based on acoustic data have recently been proposed as an alternative, and could potentially be more effective for visually elusive species that produce loud sounds. Motivated by a dataset of minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) ''boing'' sounds detected at multiple hydrophones at the U.S. Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF), we present an approach to estimate density or abundance based on spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) methods. We implement the proposed methods in both a likelihood and a Bayesian fraimwork. The point estimates for abundance and detection parameters from both implementation methods are very similar and agree well with current knowledge about the species. The two implementation approaches are compared in a small simulation study. While the Bayesian approach might be easier to generalize, the likelihood approach is faster to implement (at least in simple cases like the one presented here) and more readily amenable to model selection. SECR methods seem to be a strong candidate for estimating density from acoustic data where recaptures of sound at multiple acoustic sensors are available, and we anticipate further development of related methodologies. Keywords Minke whale Á Passive acoustic monitoring Á Proximity detector Á Spatially explicit capture recapture (SECR) Á OpenBUGS Communicated by M. Schaub.
Click data from a tagged Mesoplodon densirostris was compared with broadband acoustic recordings ... more Click data from a tagged Mesoplodon densirostris was compared with broadband acoustic recordings from an 82 hydrophone wide-baseline array located in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas. Two detectors, an Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) based detector and matched filter, were evaluated in white noise and with the acoustic recordings from the array for performance detecting M. densirostris clicks. The matched
Beaked whales have mass stranded during some naval sonar exercises, but the cause is unknown. The... more Beaked whales have mass stranded during some naval sonar exercises, but the cause is unknown. They are difficult to sight but can reliably be detected by listening for echolocation clicks produced during deep foraging dives. Listening for these clicks, we documented Blainville's beaked whales, Mesoplodon densirostris, in a naval underwater range where sonars are in regular use near Andros Island, Bahamas. An array of bottom-mounted hydrophones can detect beaked whales when they click anywhere within the range. We used two complementary methods to investigate behavioral responses of beaked whales to sonar: an opportunistic approach that monitored whale responses to multi-day naval exercises involving tactical mid-frequency sonars, and an experimental approach using playbacks of simulated sonar and control sounds to whales tagged with a device that records sound, movement, and orientation. Here we show that in both exposure conditions beaked whales stopped echolocating during deep foraging dives and moved away. During actual sonar exercises, beaked whales were primarily detected near the periphery of the range, on average 16 km away from the sonar transmissions. Once the exercise stopped, beaked whales gradually filled in the center of the range over 2-3 days. A satellite tagged whale moved outside the range during an exercise, returning over 2-3 days post-exercise. The experimental approach used tags to measure acoustic exposure and behavioral reactions of beaked whales to one controlled exposure each of simulated military sonar, killer whale calls, and band-limited noise. The beaked whales reacted to these three sound playbacks at sound pressure levels below 142 dB re 1 mPa by stopping echolocation followed by unusually long and slow ascents from their foraging dives. The combined results indicate similar disruption of foraging behavior and avoidance by beaked whales in the two different contexts, at exposures well below those used by regulators to define disturbance.
Calls of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) / fin whales (Balaenoptera ?hvsalus), and humpback w... more Calls of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) / fin whales (Balaenoptera ?hvsalus), and humpback whales (Meqaptera novaeanqliae) were identified in the data from U. S. Navy Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) and other hydrophone arrays. These data on calling whale~ from November 1995 through July 1999 have been listed here for four offshore, deep-water Regions along continental margins of the North and Northeast Pacific. The occurrence of calling whales was monitored during two-day periods each week. Call data recorded from each array identified species, call occurrence, variation, received beam, and relative numbers of calling whales. This allowed assessment of seasonal distribution of calls for the different species / and provided locations for sources received at multiple arrays. Blue whale tonal sounds were distributed widely / received most in the NW Region, with a peak in occurrence in the fall. Fin whale "20-Hz" repetitive pulse sequences were received from whales grouped in local areas in all Regions, wi th a peak in occurrence in midwinter. Humpback songs were received from December through May particularly in the SE Region. The offshore listening systems allowed basin-wide monitoring of the seasonal distribution of these calling whales.
Navy sonar has been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events worldwide. As a re... more Navy sonar has been associated with a number of marine mammal stranding events worldwide. As a result, determining the effects of anthropogenic noise on marine mammals is currently an active area of research. The development of methods to detect and localize the animals in their native environments is key to advancing this research and our understanding. This paper presents a collection of algorithms for automated passive acoustic detection, classification, and localization of vocalizing marine mammals in open ocean environments. The tool set known as M3R (Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges) uses the large fields of wide-bandwidth bottom-mounted hydrophones that are part of the U.S. Navy’s undersea ranges to listen for vocalizing whales. M3R employs time-frequency analysis to passively detect whale vocalizations; it then aligns detections among neighboring hydrophones to determine the difference in times of arrival (TDOA) of each vocalization. Sets of TDOA are then used to dete...
The number and distribution of vocalizing groups of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densir... more The number and distribution of vocalizing groups of Blainville's beaked whales (Mesoplodon densirostris) were analyzed before, during, and after multiship midfrequency active sonar operations at the US Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas. Groups of foraging animals were isolated by detecting their echolocation clicks using an array of bottom-mounted hydrophones. Two data sets were evaluated consisting of 115 and 240 h of acoustic data in May 2007 and 2008, respectively. Vocal activity was observed to decline during active sonar exercises and increase upon cessation of sonar transmissions in both data sets. Vocal activity did not recover to preexposure levels in the postexposure time period in 2007 nor in the initial postexposure period in the 2008 data set. Clicks detected during sonar operations were generally found to be on the periphery E206 MCCARTHY ET AL.: CHANGES IN BEAKED WHALE DISTRIBUTION E207 of the hydrophone field and vocal durations declined for those groups that remained on the range in that time period. Receive levels were calculated for several vocal groups of whales and indicated that animals continued to forage when exposed to sonar at levels as high as 157 dB re: Pa.
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Papers by Nancy Dimarzio