Although the TiO 2 is one of the most promising materials for its photocatalytic potential relate... more Although the TiO 2 is one of the most promising materials for its photocatalytic potential related to the pollution abatement, it strongly suffers from the low photocatalytic activity if it is used under visible light and not under UV light. Among the various possible modifications, the surface decoration with metal or metal oxides NPs can be a good strategy to increase the potential of TiO 2 in the visible range. In this paper, a sonochemical method that exploits the use of high-energy ultrasounds is suggested to obtain this surface decoration. The support is a commercial and micrometric TiO 2 , cheaper and easier to handling than the nanometric P25. Samples were tested on the photodegradation of toluene and acetone in a gas phase system, using both the UV and LED lamp.
Effect of CO2 saturation and reactor pressure on H2 (full triangles) and CH4 (circles) productivi... more Effect of CO2 saturation and reactor pressure on H2 (full triangles) and CH4 (circles) productivity at pH = 11.4, T = 65 °C. H2 productivity (empty triangles) at pH 5.5, T = 65 °C. Sample 0.1 wt% Au/P25.
Some particular drawbacks due to the industrial use of nano-sized TiO2 (safety, recovery) can be ... more Some particular drawbacks due to the industrial use of nano-sized TiO2 (safety, recovery) can be closed with the choice of micro-sized TiO2 in the anatase form as photocatalytic powder. Good photocatalytic performance in the degradation of three organic dyes in water phase were obtained. Furthermore, tests on industrially prepared photocatalytic tiles, having the surface of porcelain tiles hot-coated with micro-sized TiO2, were also performed. The obtained results can represent a good alternative to TiO2 suspensions and pave the way for the fully industrial use of photocatalysis in environmental remediatio
The degradation of 2-chlorophenol in water was kinetically investigated using the following diere... more The degradation of 2-chlorophenol in water was kinetically investigated using the following dierent techniques, employed either separately or simultaneously, always with the same experimental set-up: light irradiation (315±400 nm), sonication, photocatalysis with dierent types of TiO 2 , photocatalysis with sonication. The in¯uence of the reaction volume and of dierent gas mixtures, containing Ar and O 2 , as well as O 2 /O 3 , was also investigated. Finally, an energetic comparison among these dierent techniques was performed, focused on an industrial application of some of them.
A new reactor in which microwaves (MW), delivered by a coaxial dipole antenna, and ultrasound (US... more A new reactor in which microwaves (MW), delivered by a coaxial dipole antenna, and ultrasound (US), delivered by a metallic horn, can be simultaneously used in a liquid to perform different types of processes, widely referenced in literature, is presented in detail. Calibrations of thermal energy delivered to two liquids having very different dipolar moments (i.e. water and cyclohexane) using MW and US, both separately and simultaneously, are performed by employing the traditional calorimetric method. The main results are: (i) MW and US used simultaneously increase the thermal energy delivered to the two liquids with respect to their separate use, but differently using water or cyclohexane, and (ii) the total power absorbed by polar or non polar liquids is very different, both using MW and US.
Nanocrystalline TiO2samples were prepared by promoting the growth of a sol–gel precursor, in the ... more Nanocrystalline TiO2samples were prepared by promoting the growth of a sol–gel precursor, in the presence of water, under continuous (CW), or pulsed (PW) ultrasound. All the samples turned out to be made of both anatase and brookite polymorphs. Pulsed US treatments determine an increase in the sample surface area and a decrease of the crystallite size, that is also accompanied by a more ordered crystalline structure and the samples appear to be more regular and can be considered to contain a relatively low concentration of lattice defects. These features result in a lower recombination rate between electrons and holes and, therefore, in a good photocatalytic performance toward the degradation of NOxin air. The continuous mode induces, instead, the formation of surface defects (two components are present in XPS Ti 2p3/2region) and consequently yields the best photocatalyst. The analysis of all the characterization data seems to suggest that the relevant parameter imposing the final f...
Page 1. ORIGINAL PAPER Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor complete degradation using TiO2 photocatal... more Page 1. ORIGINAL PAPER Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor complete degradation using TiO2 photocatalysis with ozone Alessandra Colombo Giuseppe Cappelletti Silvia Ardizzone Iolanda Biraghi Claudia L. Bianchi Daniela ...
New industrially produced photocatalytic tiles provide not only good photocatalytic performance, ... more New industrially produced photocatalytic tiles provide not only good photocatalytic performance, but also meet standard requirements with respect to hardness, lack of porosity, vitrified surface, durability. These characteristics were obtained mixing the photocatalytic materials with a commercial SiO 2 -based compound conventionally used to create vitrified surfaces. In the preparation, a commercial micro-TiO 2 was used to avoid the use of traditional nanomaterials in powder form. Anatase form is maintained even after thermal treatments at 680 °C, as confirmed by both band gap and XRPD measurements on the final material. Photocatalytic degradation tests performed in water and air using methylene blue and NO x as a model pollutant, respectively, confirm the good performance of the tiles in both liquid and gas phase.
Iron-based catalysts supported on silica for CO hydrogenation with high amounts of metal (10-50%w... more Iron-based catalysts supported on silica for CO hydrogenation with high amounts of metal (10-50%wt) have been prepared, characterized by BET and SEM and tested. CO conversion and yield to hydrocarbons increase with iron content in catalysts. Depending on the operative conditions Water Gas Shift (WGS) becomes a competitive reaction towards Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The activation energies values highlight the presence of two different chemical regimes. In particular, for 483 < T < 533 K, FT is the main reaction while for 543 < T < 583 K the formation of CO 2 by WGS becomes the predominant reaction.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent components of indoor air pollution. The photocata... more Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent components of indoor air pollution. The photocatalytic degradation could be an interesting method to degrade them. This paper reports the photoactivity study of two classical nano-sized and two micro-sized commercial TiO 2 powdered samples. Photocatalytic tests have been performed following the degradation of acetone, acetaldehyde and toluene in the gas phase under UV light. An accurate study of the intermediate oxidation products was performed. XPS and FTIR analyses allowed to highlight the relationship between TiO 2 surface properties and reactivity toward VOCs explaining the different behavior of the photocatalyst in case of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants.
Catalizadores con un contenido de hierro del 30% en peso, promovidos con K (2,0% en peso) y Cu (3... more Catalizadores con un contenido de hierro del 30% en peso, promovidos con K (2,0% en peso) y Cu (3,75% en peso), fueron sintetizados utilizando tres m\ue9todos: 1) el m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional (TR); 2) El m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional asistido por ultrasonido (US) y 3) El m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional asistido por microondas (MW). Todas las muestras fueron caracterizadas por BET, XRPD, TG-DTA, FT-IR, TPR, SEM y TEM y evaluadas en una planta de laboratorio para la s\uedntesis de Fischer-Tropsch bajo condiciones de operaci\uf3n de 220\ubaC y 20 bar. Los resultados de la caracterizaci\uf3n de los catalizadores indicaron que la morfolog\ueda de las muestras depende en gran medida del m\ue9todo de preparaci\uf3n. Los mejores resultados en t\ue9rminos de rendimiento (41%) y selectividad hacia los hidrocarburos pesados, fueron obtenidos utilizando las microondas; mientras que en t\ue9rminos de conversi\uf3n de CO los mejores resultados fueron obtenidos utilizando ultrasonidos (58%). Las muestras preparadas con m\ue9todos no tradicionales arrojaron mejores resultados, probablemente debido a una distribuci\uf3n m\ue1s amplia y uniforme del Fe en el medio durante la fase de s\uedntesis
Carbon dioxide concentration level is reaching a non-returning point. Carbon capture technologies... more Carbon dioxide concentration level is reaching a non-returning point. Carbon capture technologies are immature and short-term actions are necessary. The conversion of CO 2 into methanol is a technical challenge. Commercial copper-zinc-alumina catalysts convert maximum 7 % carbon dioxide in syngas at high pressures (5 MPa to 10 MPa) and moderate temperatures (473 K to 573 K) into methanol. However, there are not records on the synthesis of methanol at low pressure (P < 2.5 MPa) and without a large excess of hydrogen in the feed. Here, we tested three new catalysts prepared by co-precipitation of copper, zinc and aluminum nitrates (CZA), with strontium, magnesium or calcium as basic promoters to enhance CO 2 conversion to methanol. We discussed the microstructure of the catalysts according to the supersaturation of the relative carbonates formed during the co-precipitation synthesis. Compared to the benchmark, the sample doped with Ca showed higher carbon conversion with all the feed compositions tested (syngas, synthetic biosyngas and CO 2 with H 2 ). CZA doped with Sr is inactive in this reaction.
Ultrasound accelerates the free fatty acids esterification rate by reducing the mass transfer res... more Ultrasound accelerates the free fatty acids esterification rate by reducing the mass transfer resistance between methanol in the liquid phase and absorbed organic species on Amberlyst®46 catalyst. The reaction rates of canola oil is three times greater than for tobacco seed oil but half the reaction rate of pure oleic acid as measured in a batch reactor. The beneficial effects of ultrasound vs. the conventional approach are more pronounced at lower temperatures (20°C and 40°C vs. 63°C): at 20°C, the free fatty acids conversion reaches 68% vs. 23% with conventional mechanical stirring. The increased conversion is attributed to acoustic cavitation that increases mass transfer in the vicinity of the active sites. The Eley-Rideal kinetic model in which the concentration of the reacting species is expressed taking into account the mass transfer between the phases is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Ultrasound increases the mass transfer coefficient in the tobacco oil 6 ...
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT) is at the heart of the Biomass-to-Liquids process, one of the attr... more Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT) is at the heart of the Biomass-to-Liquids process, one of the attractive options for the production of clean and carbon-neutral diesel from biomass. The H2/CO molar ratio of synthesis gas produced from biomass is between 1.0 and 1.5 and using this feeding iron based catalysts are more suitable in FT respect the cobalt-based ones [1]. Supported Fe- based catalysts have several advantages (greater surface area, better dispersion of the heat developed by the reaction and better mechanical resistance) compared to massive iron catalysts adopted in the current FT industrial plants. In particular, the optimized components loading was found, in our previous researches [2-3], to correspond to 30 wt% Fe supported on silica and promoted with K (2.0 wt%) and Cu (3.75 wt%). In order to optimize the activity, selectivity and the lifetime of this kind of FT catalyst in work conditions of biosyngas feeding, a series of experimental runs were performed with different reactor temperatures and different inlet H2/CO ratios. FT reaction activity tests were carried out in a fixed bed tubular reactor, using 1 g of fresh catalyst mixed with 1 g of diluting material (\u3b1-Al2O3, Fluka). All the catalysts were reduced in situ by a flow of H2/CO (2/1) at 350\ub0C, 500 kPa for 4 h and tested with the standard conditions of 46.8 Nml min-1 flow of syngas (H2/CO ratio of 1/1; 1.5/1 and 2/1) plus 5.0 Nml min-1 of N2 as internal standard, at 2MPa and T= 230, 250 and 260\ub0C for 90 h, as detailed in [2, 3]. FT results confirm the good activity of these samples (CO conversion and hydrocarbons selectivity) with low H2/CO feedings. On the basis of the collected data, a rigorous simulation of the FT synthesis reactor has been developed for different purposes: (i) to support the experimentations and their planning; (ii) to predict the reactor yield and conversion; (iii) to optimize the performance of the reactor system with different operating conditions; and (iv) to calculate novel reliable kinetic parameters based on the experimental data fitting by means of model-based nonlinear regression techniques. To do so, the FT reactor is modeled as a catalytic plug-flow reactor using mass and energy balances and reaction kinetics for Fe-based catalyst defined by Zimmerman and Bukur [4] leading to an ordinary differential equation system with structured Jacobian. Lumping techniques have been used to model heavy hydrocarbons. The system is solved by means of dedicated solvers to handle stiffness and nonlinearities of heterogeneous reactive systems [5]. References. [1] W. Van Steen & M. Claeys (2008): Chem. Eng. Technol., 31, 655-666; [2] C. Pirola, C.L. Bianchi, V. Ragaini (2009): Catal. Communications, 10, 823-827; [3] C. Pirola, C.L. Bianchi, A. Di Michele, P. Diodati, S, Vitali, V. Ragaini (2009): Catal. Letters, 131, 294-304; [4] W.H. Zimmerman, D.B. Bukur (1990): Can. J. Chem. Eng., 68, 292-301; [5] F. Manenti, I. Dones, G. Buzzi-Ferraris, H.A. Preisig (2009): Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 9979-9984
Although the TiO 2 is one of the most promising materials for its photocatalytic potential relate... more Although the TiO 2 is one of the most promising materials for its photocatalytic potential related to the pollution abatement, it strongly suffers from the low photocatalytic activity if it is used under visible light and not under UV light. Among the various possible modifications, the surface decoration with metal or metal oxides NPs can be a good strategy to increase the potential of TiO 2 in the visible range. In this paper, a sonochemical method that exploits the use of high-energy ultrasounds is suggested to obtain this surface decoration. The support is a commercial and micrometric TiO 2 , cheaper and easier to handling than the nanometric P25. Samples were tested on the photodegradation of toluene and acetone in a gas phase system, using both the UV and LED lamp.
Effect of CO2 saturation and reactor pressure on H2 (full triangles) and CH4 (circles) productivi... more Effect of CO2 saturation and reactor pressure on H2 (full triangles) and CH4 (circles) productivity at pH = 11.4, T = 65 °C. H2 productivity (empty triangles) at pH 5.5, T = 65 °C. Sample 0.1 wt% Au/P25.
Some particular drawbacks due to the industrial use of nano-sized TiO2 (safety, recovery) can be ... more Some particular drawbacks due to the industrial use of nano-sized TiO2 (safety, recovery) can be closed with the choice of micro-sized TiO2 in the anatase form as photocatalytic powder. Good photocatalytic performance in the degradation of three organic dyes in water phase were obtained. Furthermore, tests on industrially prepared photocatalytic tiles, having the surface of porcelain tiles hot-coated with micro-sized TiO2, were also performed. The obtained results can represent a good alternative to TiO2 suspensions and pave the way for the fully industrial use of photocatalysis in environmental remediatio
The degradation of 2-chlorophenol in water was kinetically investigated using the following diere... more The degradation of 2-chlorophenol in water was kinetically investigated using the following dierent techniques, employed either separately or simultaneously, always with the same experimental set-up: light irradiation (315±400 nm), sonication, photocatalysis with dierent types of TiO 2 , photocatalysis with sonication. The in¯uence of the reaction volume and of dierent gas mixtures, containing Ar and O 2 , as well as O 2 /O 3 , was also investigated. Finally, an energetic comparison among these dierent techniques was performed, focused on an industrial application of some of them.
A new reactor in which microwaves (MW), delivered by a coaxial dipole antenna, and ultrasound (US... more A new reactor in which microwaves (MW), delivered by a coaxial dipole antenna, and ultrasound (US), delivered by a metallic horn, can be simultaneously used in a liquid to perform different types of processes, widely referenced in literature, is presented in detail. Calibrations of thermal energy delivered to two liquids having very different dipolar moments (i.e. water and cyclohexane) using MW and US, both separately and simultaneously, are performed by employing the traditional calorimetric method. The main results are: (i) MW and US used simultaneously increase the thermal energy delivered to the two liquids with respect to their separate use, but differently using water or cyclohexane, and (ii) the total power absorbed by polar or non polar liquids is very different, both using MW and US.
Nanocrystalline TiO2samples were prepared by promoting the growth of a sol–gel precursor, in the ... more Nanocrystalline TiO2samples were prepared by promoting the growth of a sol–gel precursor, in the presence of water, under continuous (CW), or pulsed (PW) ultrasound. All the samples turned out to be made of both anatase and brookite polymorphs. Pulsed US treatments determine an increase in the sample surface area and a decrease of the crystallite size, that is also accompanied by a more ordered crystalline structure and the samples appear to be more regular and can be considered to contain a relatively low concentration of lattice defects. These features result in a lower recombination rate between electrons and holes and, therefore, in a good photocatalytic performance toward the degradation of NOxin air. The continuous mode induces, instead, the formation of surface defects (two components are present in XPS Ti 2p3/2region) and consequently yields the best photocatalyst. The analysis of all the characterization data seems to suggest that the relevant parameter imposing the final f...
Page 1. ORIGINAL PAPER Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor complete degradation using TiO2 photocatal... more Page 1. ORIGINAL PAPER Bisphenol A endocrine disruptor complete degradation using TiO2 photocatalysis with ozone Alessandra Colombo Giuseppe Cappelletti Silvia Ardizzone Iolanda Biraghi Claudia L. Bianchi Daniela ...
New industrially produced photocatalytic tiles provide not only good photocatalytic performance, ... more New industrially produced photocatalytic tiles provide not only good photocatalytic performance, but also meet standard requirements with respect to hardness, lack of porosity, vitrified surface, durability. These characteristics were obtained mixing the photocatalytic materials with a commercial SiO 2 -based compound conventionally used to create vitrified surfaces. In the preparation, a commercial micro-TiO 2 was used to avoid the use of traditional nanomaterials in powder form. Anatase form is maintained even after thermal treatments at 680 °C, as confirmed by both band gap and XRPD measurements on the final material. Photocatalytic degradation tests performed in water and air using methylene blue and NO x as a model pollutant, respectively, confirm the good performance of the tiles in both liquid and gas phase.
Iron-based catalysts supported on silica for CO hydrogenation with high amounts of metal (10-50%w... more Iron-based catalysts supported on silica for CO hydrogenation with high amounts of metal (10-50%wt) have been prepared, characterized by BET and SEM and tested. CO conversion and yield to hydrocarbons increase with iron content in catalysts. Depending on the operative conditions Water Gas Shift (WGS) becomes a competitive reaction towards Fischer Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The activation energies values highlight the presence of two different chemical regimes. In particular, for 483 < T < 533 K, FT is the main reaction while for 543 < T < 583 K the formation of CO 2 by WGS becomes the predominant reaction.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent components of indoor air pollution. The photocata... more Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are prevalent components of indoor air pollution. The photocatalytic degradation could be an interesting method to degrade them. This paper reports the photoactivity study of two classical nano-sized and two micro-sized commercial TiO 2 powdered samples. Photocatalytic tests have been performed following the degradation of acetone, acetaldehyde and toluene in the gas phase under UV light. An accurate study of the intermediate oxidation products was performed. XPS and FTIR analyses allowed to highlight the relationship between TiO 2 surface properties and reactivity toward VOCs explaining the different behavior of the photocatalyst in case of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pollutants.
Catalizadores con un contenido de hierro del 30% en peso, promovidos con K (2,0% en peso) y Cu (3... more Catalizadores con un contenido de hierro del 30% en peso, promovidos con K (2,0% en peso) y Cu (3,75% en peso), fueron sintetizados utilizando tres m\ue9todos: 1) el m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional (TR); 2) El m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional asistido por ultrasonido (US) y 3) El m\ue9todo de impregnaci\uf3n tradicional asistido por microondas (MW). Todas las muestras fueron caracterizadas por BET, XRPD, TG-DTA, FT-IR, TPR, SEM y TEM y evaluadas en una planta de laboratorio para la s\uedntesis de Fischer-Tropsch bajo condiciones de operaci\uf3n de 220\ubaC y 20 bar. Los resultados de la caracterizaci\uf3n de los catalizadores indicaron que la morfolog\ueda de las muestras depende en gran medida del m\ue9todo de preparaci\uf3n. Los mejores resultados en t\ue9rminos de rendimiento (41%) y selectividad hacia los hidrocarburos pesados, fueron obtenidos utilizando las microondas; mientras que en t\ue9rminos de conversi\uf3n de CO los mejores resultados fueron obtenidos utilizando ultrasonidos (58%). Las muestras preparadas con m\ue9todos no tradicionales arrojaron mejores resultados, probablemente debido a una distribuci\uf3n m\ue1s amplia y uniforme del Fe en el medio durante la fase de s\uedntesis
Carbon dioxide concentration level is reaching a non-returning point. Carbon capture technologies... more Carbon dioxide concentration level is reaching a non-returning point. Carbon capture technologies are immature and short-term actions are necessary. The conversion of CO 2 into methanol is a technical challenge. Commercial copper-zinc-alumina catalysts convert maximum 7 % carbon dioxide in syngas at high pressures (5 MPa to 10 MPa) and moderate temperatures (473 K to 573 K) into methanol. However, there are not records on the synthesis of methanol at low pressure (P < 2.5 MPa) and without a large excess of hydrogen in the feed. Here, we tested three new catalysts prepared by co-precipitation of copper, zinc and aluminum nitrates (CZA), with strontium, magnesium or calcium as basic promoters to enhance CO 2 conversion to methanol. We discussed the microstructure of the catalysts according to the supersaturation of the relative carbonates formed during the co-precipitation synthesis. Compared to the benchmark, the sample doped with Ca showed higher carbon conversion with all the feed compositions tested (syngas, synthetic biosyngas and CO 2 with H 2 ). CZA doped with Sr is inactive in this reaction.
Ultrasound accelerates the free fatty acids esterification rate by reducing the mass transfer res... more Ultrasound accelerates the free fatty acids esterification rate by reducing the mass transfer resistance between methanol in the liquid phase and absorbed organic species on Amberlyst®46 catalyst. The reaction rates of canola oil is three times greater than for tobacco seed oil but half the reaction rate of pure oleic acid as measured in a batch reactor. The beneficial effects of ultrasound vs. the conventional approach are more pronounced at lower temperatures (20°C and 40°C vs. 63°C): at 20°C, the free fatty acids conversion reaches 68% vs. 23% with conventional mechanical stirring. The increased conversion is attributed to acoustic cavitation that increases mass transfer in the vicinity of the active sites. The Eley-Rideal kinetic model in which the concentration of the reacting species is expressed taking into account the mass transfer between the phases is in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Ultrasound increases the mass transfer coefficient in the tobacco oil 6 ...
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT) is at the heart of the Biomass-to-Liquids process, one of the attr... more Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FT) is at the heart of the Biomass-to-Liquids process, one of the attractive options for the production of clean and carbon-neutral diesel from biomass. The H2/CO molar ratio of synthesis gas produced from biomass is between 1.0 and 1.5 and using this feeding iron based catalysts are more suitable in FT respect the cobalt-based ones [1]. Supported Fe- based catalysts have several advantages (greater surface area, better dispersion of the heat developed by the reaction and better mechanical resistance) compared to massive iron catalysts adopted in the current FT industrial plants. In particular, the optimized components loading was found, in our previous researches [2-3], to correspond to 30 wt% Fe supported on silica and promoted with K (2.0 wt%) and Cu (3.75 wt%). In order to optimize the activity, selectivity and the lifetime of this kind of FT catalyst in work conditions of biosyngas feeding, a series of experimental runs were performed with different reactor temperatures and different inlet H2/CO ratios. FT reaction activity tests were carried out in a fixed bed tubular reactor, using 1 g of fresh catalyst mixed with 1 g of diluting material (\u3b1-Al2O3, Fluka). All the catalysts were reduced in situ by a flow of H2/CO (2/1) at 350\ub0C, 500 kPa for 4 h and tested with the standard conditions of 46.8 Nml min-1 flow of syngas (H2/CO ratio of 1/1; 1.5/1 and 2/1) plus 5.0 Nml min-1 of N2 as internal standard, at 2MPa and T= 230, 250 and 260\ub0C for 90 h, as detailed in [2, 3]. FT results confirm the good activity of these samples (CO conversion and hydrocarbons selectivity) with low H2/CO feedings. On the basis of the collected data, a rigorous simulation of the FT synthesis reactor has been developed for different purposes: (i) to support the experimentations and their planning; (ii) to predict the reactor yield and conversion; (iii) to optimize the performance of the reactor system with different operating conditions; and (iv) to calculate novel reliable kinetic parameters based on the experimental data fitting by means of model-based nonlinear regression techniques. To do so, the FT reactor is modeled as a catalytic plug-flow reactor using mass and energy balances and reaction kinetics for Fe-based catalyst defined by Zimmerman and Bukur [4] leading to an ordinary differential equation system with structured Jacobian. Lumping techniques have been used to model heavy hydrocarbons. The system is solved by means of dedicated solvers to handle stiffness and nonlinearities of heterogeneous reactive systems [5]. References. [1] W. Van Steen & M. Claeys (2008): Chem. Eng. Technol., 31, 655-666; [2] C. Pirola, C.L. Bianchi, V. Ragaini (2009): Catal. Communications, 10, 823-827; [3] C. Pirola, C.L. Bianchi, A. Di Michele, P. Diodati, S, Vitali, V. Ragaini (2009): Catal. Letters, 131, 294-304; [4] W.H. Zimmerman, D.B. Bukur (1990): Can. J. Chem. Eng., 68, 292-301; [5] F. Manenti, I. Dones, G. Buzzi-Ferraris, H.A. Preisig (2009): Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 9979-9984
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