0.8 or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) for 6 weeks did not affect GOT, creatinine or cholesterol i... more 0.8 or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) for 6 weeks did not affect GOT, creatinine or cholesterol in serum of rats. When given at 4.0 mg/kg b. wt. for 8 weeks copper nicotinate significantly (P <0.05) increased GOT, GPT, urea, creatinine and cholesterol in serum of rats. Minimal hematological changes were observed particularly when copper nicotinate was given at the high dose for 8 weeks. After administration of copper nicotinate at a dose of 0.8 and 4.0 mg/kg b. wt. copper level increased in the serum. The concentrat of copper in liver and muscle tissue initially increased through the first 2 weeks, but its level decreased within the next 2 weeks and remained almost at this level up to the 10 th week. The present data indicate the safety of copper nicotinate complex when given at a high dose for 6-8 weeks. This was also confirmed by the high LD 50 in mice (1104.17 and 128.33 mg/kg b. wt. after oral and intraperitoneal route respectively.
Ethanolic extracts of 18 medicinal plants traditionally used in Jordan for the treatment of gastr... more Ethanolic extracts of 18 medicinal plants traditionally used in Jordan for the treatment of gastric ulcers were evaluated for their possible anti-ulcer activity. Among the tested plants, 12 extracts lowered the severity of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats with curative ratios ranging from 62.9 to 99.5%. The most active extract was that of Quercus coccifera, with a curative ratio of 99.5%.
1. Disposition kinetics were compared in healthy chickens and in chickens naturally infected with... more 1. Disposition kinetics were compared in healthy chickens and in chickens naturally infected with E. coli following the intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of chloramphenicol in a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight.2. Lower serum chloramphenicol concentrations in diseased chickens were reported after intravenous injection, but they were higher than normal 30 min after intramuscular and oral administration. Following intravenous injection the volume of distribution was increased in diseased chickens.3. The biological half‐life in normal chickens was 8.32 ± 0.5 h and was prolonged in diseased birds (26.21 ± 0.2 h). The body clearance of chloramphenicol was reduced in diseased chickens.4. The rate of absorption of chloramphenicol was delayed after administration via the oral route but the extent of absorption was increased. The maximum concentration was higher and it was reached after a longer time in diseased than in normal chickens after administration by both intramuscular and oral routes.
The antinociceptive effect of methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) of eight Egyptian medic... more The antinociceptive effect of methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) of eight Egyptian medicinal plants was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick test in mice. Oral administration of 400 mg kg −1 methanolic extracts of Convolvulus fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major seeds, Conyza dioscaridis significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the nociception to acetic acid-induced writhes with a protection of 85.5-61.3%. Schouwia thebaica, Diplotaxis acris, Plantago major leaves and Mentha microphylla, in the large dose, showed a protection of 50.8-45.8%, which were significantly different as compared to control. The smaller dose of the tested plant extracts did not protect animals from painful acetic acid stimulation with the exception of Alhagi maurorum. In the tail-flick test, methanolic extracts of Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscaridis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major leaves, Diplotaxis acris and Convolvulus fatmensis in a dose of 400 mg kg −1 produced significant increase in the latency to response of tail to thermal stimulation. Mild or no effect was observed by the small dose with the exception of Diplotaxis acris that had significant antinociceptive effect at the dose of 200 mg kg −1 . The extracts of all tested plants in doses up to 2 g kg −1 b.wt. did not cause any deaths or major signs of acute toxicity. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates and/or glycosides as major constituents.
The depletion of trimethoprim (TRM) and sulphadiazine (SDZ) in egg yolk and egg albumen of laying... more The depletion of trimethoprim (TRM) and sulphadiazine (SDZ) in egg yolk and egg albumen of laying hens was studied after administration of TRM/SDZ combination in a dose of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water for ®ve successive days. TRM and SDZ were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and assayed by HPLC. TRM and SDZ appeared in egg yolk and egg albumen 1 day after administration of 0.2 or 0.4 g l À1 drinking water. Maximum concentration of TRM and SDZ was achieved 1 day after drug withholding. Maximum concentration of TRM was 0.43 and 0.81 lg g À1 in egg yolk and 0.24 and 0.43 lg g À1 in egg albumen after a dose of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water, respectively. Maximum concentration of SDZ was 0.15 and 0.18 lg g À1 in yolk and 0.22 and 0.32 lg g À1 in albumen after administration of the small and the large dose, respectively. TRM was detected up to day 5 and 7 in egg yolk and day 4 and 6 in albumen following the small and large dose, respectively. SDZ was detected up to day 4 and 6 in egg yolk and day 5 and 7 in egg albumen after the small and large dose, respectively. A suggested withdrawal time to tolerance level (0.05 and 0.1 lg g À1 for TRM and SDZ, respectively) is not less than 3 and 4 days after the use of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water, respectively. Ó
The use of food dyes is at least controversial because they are only of essential role. Moreover ... more The use of food dyes is at least controversial because they are only of essential role. Moreover many of them have been related to health problems mainly in children that are considered a very vulnerable group. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin for 4 weeks at doses of 47, 315 and 157.5 mg/kg b. wt. and after 2 weeks all animals were immunostimulated by intra peritoneal injection of sheep RBCs 10% (1 ml/rat). Body weight, relative body weight, total and differential leukocytes count, mononuclear cell count, delayed hypersensitivity, total protein and serum fractions were determined. Results revealed that oral administration of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin did not affect the body weight gain or the spleen weight. On the other hand Sunset Yellow and Curcumin significantly decreased the weight of thymus gland of the rats. Total leukocyte count were not affected while Amaranth and Curcumin-treated rats revealed a significant decrease in neutrophiles and monocytes and a compensatory increase in lymphocytes. Moreover, oral administration of Sunset Yellow revealed a significant decrease in monocyte percent. Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin significantly decreased the delayed hyper sensitivity. Total serum protein, albumin, total globulin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were not affected by administration of the colouring agents. Oral administration of Amaranth increases the density of albumin band. On the other hand oral administration of Curcumin decreases the density of the albumin band. Oral administration of any of the tested colouring agents did not change the density of globulin region as compared to control group. In conclusion we found that both synthetic (Amaranth and Sunset Yellow) and natural (Curcumin) colouring agents used at doses up to 10 times the acceptable daily intake exerted a depressing effect on the cellular but not humoral immune response.
The antidiarrhoeal activity of six Egyptian medicinal plant extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) and ... more The antidiarrhoeal activity of six Egyptian medicinal plant extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) and their effect on motility of isolated rabbit's duodenum was investigated. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts for their active constituents was also carried out by TLC. Oral administration of methanol extract from Conyza dioscoridis (CD) or Alhagi maurorum (AM) in a 200 mg kg −1 dose exhibits a significant antidiarrhoeal effect against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, while Mentha microphylla (MM), Convolvulus arvensis (CA), Conyza linifolia (CL) produced no significant effect. In a dose of 400 mg kg −1 , Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Alhagi maurorum, Zygophyllum album (ZA), and Conyza linifolia produced a significant (P < 0.01) effect, while Convolvulus arvensis produced no antidiarrhoeal effect in rats. Methanol extract of Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Zygophyllum album, and Convolvulus arvensis induced a dose-dependent (0.4-2.8 mg ml −1 ) relaxation of rabbit's duodenal smooth muscle. Alhagi maurorum and Conyza linifolia increased the contractile force in concentrations between 0.4 and 1.6 mg ml −1 . Higher concentrations (>3.2 mg ml −1 ) caused a rapid depressant effect. The depressant effect induced by Alhagi maurorum (in a higher dose) and Zygophyllum album appeared to be due to calcium channel blocking effect, since CaCl 2 could not restore the contractile response of the tissue impregnated in calcium free-medium. However, a ganglionic blocking effect appeared to be a possible mechanism of action of Mentha microphylla and Conyza dioscoridis since a stimulant dose of nicotine could not restore the contractile response of the tissue. The effect of Convolvulus arvensis and Conyza linifolia was not through any of the common mediators. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, unsaturated sterols/triterpenes, carbohydrates, lactones and proteins/amino acids as major constituents.
0.8 or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) for 6 weeks did not affect GOT, creatinine or cholesterol i... more 0.8 or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.) for 6 weeks did not affect GOT, creatinine or cholesterol in serum of rats. When given at 4.0 mg/kg b. wt. for 8 weeks copper nicotinate significantly (P <0.05) increased GOT, GPT, urea, creatinine and cholesterol in serum of rats. Minimal hematological changes were observed particularly when copper nicotinate was given at the high dose for 8 weeks. After administration of copper nicotinate at a dose of 0.8 and 4.0 mg/kg b. wt. copper level increased in the serum. The concentrat of copper in liver and muscle tissue initially increased through the first 2 weeks, but its level decreased within the next 2 weeks and remained almost at this level up to the 10 th week. The present data indicate the safety of copper nicotinate complex when given at a high dose for 6-8 weeks. This was also confirmed by the high LD 50 in mice (1104.17 and 128.33 mg/kg b. wt. after oral and intraperitoneal route respectively.
Ethanolic extracts of 18 medicinal plants traditionally used in Jordan for the treatment of gastr... more Ethanolic extracts of 18 medicinal plants traditionally used in Jordan for the treatment of gastric ulcers were evaluated for their possible anti-ulcer activity. Among the tested plants, 12 extracts lowered the severity of ethanol-induced gastric damage in rats with curative ratios ranging from 62.9 to 99.5%. The most active extract was that of Quercus coccifera, with a curative ratio of 99.5%.
1. Disposition kinetics were compared in healthy chickens and in chickens naturally infected with... more 1. Disposition kinetics were compared in healthy chickens and in chickens naturally infected with E. coli following the intravenous, intramuscular and oral administration of chloramphenicol in a single dose of 20 mg/kg body weight.2. Lower serum chloramphenicol concentrations in diseased chickens were reported after intravenous injection, but they were higher than normal 30 min after intramuscular and oral administration. Following intravenous injection the volume of distribution was increased in diseased chickens.3. The biological half‐life in normal chickens was 8.32 ± 0.5 h and was prolonged in diseased birds (26.21 ± 0.2 h). The body clearance of chloramphenicol was reduced in diseased chickens.4. The rate of absorption of chloramphenicol was delayed after administration via the oral route but the extent of absorption was increased. The maximum concentration was higher and it was reached after a longer time in diseased than in normal chickens after administration by both intramuscular and oral routes.
The antinociceptive effect of methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) of eight Egyptian medic... more The antinociceptive effect of methanolic extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) of eight Egyptian medicinal plants was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and tail-flick test in mice. Oral administration of 400 mg kg −1 methanolic extracts of Convolvulus fatmensis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major seeds, Conyza dioscaridis significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the nociception to acetic acid-induced writhes with a protection of 85.5-61.3%. Schouwia thebaica, Diplotaxis acris, Plantago major leaves and Mentha microphylla, in the large dose, showed a protection of 50.8-45.8%, which were significantly different as compared to control. The smaller dose of the tested plant extracts did not protect animals from painful acetic acid stimulation with the exception of Alhagi maurorum. In the tail-flick test, methanolic extracts of Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscaridis, Alhagi maurorum, Plantago major leaves, Diplotaxis acris and Convolvulus fatmensis in a dose of 400 mg kg −1 produced significant increase in the latency to response of tail to thermal stimulation. Mild or no effect was observed by the small dose with the exception of Diplotaxis acris that had significant antinociceptive effect at the dose of 200 mg kg −1 . The extracts of all tested plants in doses up to 2 g kg −1 b.wt. did not cause any deaths or major signs of acute toxicity. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of unsaturated sterols, triterpenes, tannins, flavonoids and carbohydrates and/or glycosides as major constituents.
The depletion of trimethoprim (TRM) and sulphadiazine (SDZ) in egg yolk and egg albumen of laying... more The depletion of trimethoprim (TRM) and sulphadiazine (SDZ) in egg yolk and egg albumen of laying hens was studied after administration of TRM/SDZ combination in a dose of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water for ®ve successive days. TRM and SDZ were extracted using a solid-phase extraction method and assayed by HPLC. TRM and SDZ appeared in egg yolk and egg albumen 1 day after administration of 0.2 or 0.4 g l À1 drinking water. Maximum concentration of TRM and SDZ was achieved 1 day after drug withholding. Maximum concentration of TRM was 0.43 and 0.81 lg g À1 in egg yolk and 0.24 and 0.43 lg g À1 in egg albumen after a dose of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water, respectively. Maximum concentration of SDZ was 0.15 and 0.18 lg g À1 in yolk and 0.22 and 0.32 lg g À1 in albumen after administration of the small and the large dose, respectively. TRM was detected up to day 5 and 7 in egg yolk and day 4 and 6 in albumen following the small and large dose, respectively. SDZ was detected up to day 4 and 6 in egg yolk and day 5 and 7 in egg albumen after the small and large dose, respectively. A suggested withdrawal time to tolerance level (0.05 and 0.1 lg g À1 for TRM and SDZ, respectively) is not less than 3 and 4 days after the use of 0.2 and 0.4 g l À1 drinking water, respectively. Ó
The use of food dyes is at least controversial because they are only of essential role. Moreover ... more The use of food dyes is at least controversial because they are only of essential role. Moreover many of them have been related to health problems mainly in children that are considered a very vulnerable group. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of oral administration of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin for 4 weeks at doses of 47, 315 and 157.5 mg/kg b. wt. and after 2 weeks all animals were immunostimulated by intra peritoneal injection of sheep RBCs 10% (1 ml/rat). Body weight, relative body weight, total and differential leukocytes count, mononuclear cell count, delayed hypersensitivity, total protein and serum fractions were determined. Results revealed that oral administration of Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin did not affect the body weight gain or the spleen weight. On the other hand Sunset Yellow and Curcumin significantly decreased the weight of thymus gland of the rats. Total leukocyte count were not affected while Amaranth and Curcumin-treated rats revealed a significant decrease in neutrophiles and monocytes and a compensatory increase in lymphocytes. Moreover, oral administration of Sunset Yellow revealed a significant decrease in monocyte percent. Amaranth, Sunset Yellow and Curcumin significantly decreased the delayed hyper sensitivity. Total serum protein, albumin, total globulin and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio were not affected by administration of the colouring agents. Oral administration of Amaranth increases the density of albumin band. On the other hand oral administration of Curcumin decreases the density of the albumin band. Oral administration of any of the tested colouring agents did not change the density of globulin region as compared to control group. In conclusion we found that both synthetic (Amaranth and Sunset Yellow) and natural (Curcumin) colouring agents used at doses up to 10 times the acceptable daily intake exerted a depressing effect on the cellular but not humoral immune response.
The antidiarrhoeal activity of six Egyptian medicinal plant extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) and ... more The antidiarrhoeal activity of six Egyptian medicinal plant extracts (200 and 400 mg kg −1 ) and their effect on motility of isolated rabbit's duodenum was investigated. Phytochemical screening of the plant extracts for their active constituents was also carried out by TLC. Oral administration of methanol extract from Conyza dioscoridis (CD) or Alhagi maurorum (AM) in a 200 mg kg −1 dose exhibits a significant antidiarrhoeal effect against castor oil-induced diarrhoea, while Mentha microphylla (MM), Convolvulus arvensis (CA), Conyza linifolia (CL) produced no significant effect. In a dose of 400 mg kg −1 , Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Alhagi maurorum, Zygophyllum album (ZA), and Conyza linifolia produced a significant (P < 0.01) effect, while Convolvulus arvensis produced no antidiarrhoeal effect in rats. Methanol extract of Mentha microphylla, Conyza dioscoridis, Zygophyllum album, and Convolvulus arvensis induced a dose-dependent (0.4-2.8 mg ml −1 ) relaxation of rabbit's duodenal smooth muscle. Alhagi maurorum and Conyza linifolia increased the contractile force in concentrations between 0.4 and 1.6 mg ml −1 . Higher concentrations (>3.2 mg ml −1 ) caused a rapid depressant effect. The depressant effect induced by Alhagi maurorum (in a higher dose) and Zygophyllum album appeared to be due to calcium channel blocking effect, since CaCl 2 could not restore the contractile response of the tissue impregnated in calcium free-medium. However, a ganglionic blocking effect appeared to be a possible mechanism of action of Mentha microphylla and Conyza dioscoridis since a stimulant dose of nicotine could not restore the contractile response of the tissue. The effect of Convolvulus arvensis and Conyza linifolia was not through any of the common mediators. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, unsaturated sterols/triterpenes, carbohydrates, lactones and proteins/amino acids as major constituents.
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