Thesis Chapters by ezzatullah zamani
Genocide of the Hazaras of Afghanistan, 2019
For centuries, foreign powers have exploited the disunity and sectarian divisions in Afghanistan ... more For centuries, foreign powers have exploited the disunity and sectarian divisions in Afghanistan for their national interests. Sectarian violence and ethnic politics have provided them with the platform to meddle and interfere in the internal affairs of the country. Such intrusion and meddling have often facilitated the perpetration of some of the most heinous crimes such as the ‘Genocide of the Hazaras’ in Afghanistan. The focus of the research is primarily on external powers, but it also discusses internal forces.
The dissertation aims to study the impact of ‘1884 to 1905 Genocide’ on the Hazaras in Afghanistan and their subsequent struggle for revival. Throughout the discussion of the history of ethnic persecution in Afghanistan, the research demonstrates how Hazaras’ Genocide and oppression have prompted them to develop a unified sense of identity rooted in their shared ethnicity. Their sense of identity is further developed as they recognise their difference to others around them, namely the Pashtuns. The research also establishes grave violations of human rights in the siege of Kabul during the civil war of the 1990s and subsequent genocidal campaigns against them during the Taliban regime. The mass atrocities against the Hazaras continued post-Taliban regime in various parts of Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan.
In the past 250 years, Pashtun rulers have used the “divide and rule” strategy to suppress and subjugate other ethnic minorities. For instance, Abdur Rahman Khan engaged the Hazaras against Pashtuns and Hazaras against themselves, which has had devastating results and as a consequence, more than 62 per cent of the Hazaras were massacred during his reign (Rashid, 2010, p.45).
The massacres and atrocities of the Hazaras continued with the emergence of the Taliban regime. However, since 2001, life has slightly improved for the Hazaras. They have had a tangible impact on every aspect of life in Afghanistan from academia to non-violent political activism. Nevertheless, they still suffer from institutional racism and systematic discrimination.
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Thesis Chapters by ezzatullah zamani
The dissertation aims to study the impact of ‘1884 to 1905 Genocide’ on the Hazaras in Afghanistan and their subsequent struggle for revival. Throughout the discussion of the history of ethnic persecution in Afghanistan, the research demonstrates how Hazaras’ Genocide and oppression have prompted them to develop a unified sense of identity rooted in their shared ethnicity. Their sense of identity is further developed as they recognise their difference to others around them, namely the Pashtuns. The research also establishes grave violations of human rights in the siege of Kabul during the civil war of the 1990s and subsequent genocidal campaigns against them during the Taliban regime. The mass atrocities against the Hazaras continued post-Taliban regime in various parts of Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan.
In the past 250 years, Pashtun rulers have used the “divide and rule” strategy to suppress and subjugate other ethnic minorities. For instance, Abdur Rahman Khan engaged the Hazaras against Pashtuns and Hazaras against themselves, which has had devastating results and as a consequence, more than 62 per cent of the Hazaras were massacred during his reign (Rashid, 2010, p.45).
The massacres and atrocities of the Hazaras continued with the emergence of the Taliban regime. However, since 2001, life has slightly improved for the Hazaras. They have had a tangible impact on every aspect of life in Afghanistan from academia to non-violent political activism. Nevertheless, they still suffer from institutional racism and systematic discrimination.
The dissertation aims to study the impact of ‘1884 to 1905 Genocide’ on the Hazaras in Afghanistan and their subsequent struggle for revival. Throughout the discussion of the history of ethnic persecution in Afghanistan, the research demonstrates how Hazaras’ Genocide and oppression have prompted them to develop a unified sense of identity rooted in their shared ethnicity. Their sense of identity is further developed as they recognise their difference to others around them, namely the Pashtuns. The research also establishes grave violations of human rights in the siege of Kabul during the civil war of the 1990s and subsequent genocidal campaigns against them during the Taliban regime. The mass atrocities against the Hazaras continued post-Taliban regime in various parts of Afghanistan and neighbouring Pakistan.
In the past 250 years, Pashtun rulers have used the “divide and rule” strategy to suppress and subjugate other ethnic minorities. For instance, Abdur Rahman Khan engaged the Hazaras against Pashtuns and Hazaras against themselves, which has had devastating results and as a consequence, more than 62 per cent of the Hazaras were massacred during his reign (Rashid, 2010, p.45).
The massacres and atrocities of the Hazaras continued with the emergence of the Taliban regime. However, since 2001, life has slightly improved for the Hazaras. They have had a tangible impact on every aspect of life in Afghanistan from academia to non-violent political activism. Nevertheless, they still suffer from institutional racism and systematic discrimination.